...Intellectual Property and Developing Countries Intellectual Property and Developing Countries The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) describes Intellectual property (IP) as creations of the mind: inventions, literary and artistic works, and symbols, names, images, and designs used in commerce. Because Intellectual property is not physical, it poses some difficulty when trying to establish and enforce laws to protect it. The most common ways of protecting Intellectual property are done through patents, trademark and copyrights. Patents and trademark laws protect inventions, trademarks industrial designs, and geographic indications of source (i.e. symbols that specifically distinguish the source of goods); and copyright laws cover literary works, choreography, novels, paintings and architectural designs. Although it is a somewhat controversial issue, I have found that it is very necessary for developing countries to have customized intellectual property laws. These laws will aid in efficiently accessing and sharing of research and technological information, increased innovation, and present a more enticing environment for Foreign Domestic Investments (FDI). Although greatly debated, in the biotechnology and the pharmaceutical industry, strong intellectual property rights are very important and can literally save lives. In China alone stronger IPR laws that prevent counterfeiting could save as many an astronomical number of lives each year. The World Health...
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...abilities and knowledge of the HR manager in a modern company Skills, Competencies and Knowledge Human resource management’s role is one of the important components of the organization. There are some skills can help the manager grow into more effective. Two of the most important skills an employer's selection and recruitment.Recruiting good staff is the first basic skills of a recruiter.It is in the process of selecting a group of highly qualified candidates for recruitment office’s worker(Gold, 2007). He also decided selection as a progress of choosing people from a group of applicants who have the highest chance to succeed in the jobs. Recently, the staff is a critical component in the development of an organization The case below discussed that Jack is a smart person and donate a vast amount of knownlegde or the experience to the organization. But , everybody’s review about Jack’s attitude...
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...gifted learners poses a challenge for most educators, thus gifted leaners need to be identified and nurtured for the benefit of gifted learners, educators and the community at large. This essay is going to examine 3 blanket characteristics of a gifted learner and suggest strategies to enhance giftedness in teaching and learning process. Eric (1985) groups characteristics of gifted learners into general behavioural, learning and creative features. A variety of approaches can be used to meet the needs of gifted learners in the classroom. The teacher or educator has the following our areas when developing the curriculum: * The content of the curriculum subject * The processes that engage the students * The products of their studies * The learning environment Definition of terms Giftedness Definition 1: Giftedness is ‘a synchronous development’ in which advanced cognitive abilities and heightened intensity combine to create inner experiences and awareness that are qualitatively different from the norm. This asynchrony increases with higher intellectual capacity. The uniqueness of the gifted renders them particularly vulnerable and requires modifications in parenting, teaching and counselling in order for them to develop optically (Columbus Group, 1991) Definition 2: Giftedness is the possession and use of untrained and spontaneously expressed natural abilities (called aptitudes or gifts) in at least one ability domain to a degree that places a learner among...
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... Kricia Angela M Business Research Methods (Writeshop) Title: Impact of Organizational Climate on Job Satisfaction among Academic Staff in Metro, Manila Part I: INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY 1.1 Background of the Study 1.2.1 General context of the problem Despite these scattered efforts on job satisfaction among Academic Employee in the Metro Manila, there is a gap of research on the subject interest in Metro, Manila. Importantly in relation to their organizational climate, therefore, why this study is considered necessary at this time. 1.2.2 Description of the situation by which problem arose and developed. An earlier study by Kestetner (1994) showed that almost half of new educators leave the field during the first five years of their employment. This is expected to be of great concern to all employees because unhappy and dissatisfied employees may translate into poor performance and high staff turnover. 1.2 Initial Review of Related Literature (Five Gurus) 1.2.1 Previous studies’ results and findings related to the problem 1. Research has increasingly examined a global index representing a single strategically focused climate (e.g. a climate for service or a climate for safety) or has focused on a set of climate dimensions (Ostroff et al., 2007) 2. Studies have tended to focus on either psychological or organizational climate on individual outcomes. This is an important omission because employee’s attitudes may not only be influenced by one’s...
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...working papers The Role of Intellectual Property Rights in Technology Transfer and Economic Growth: Theory and Evidence UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION The Role of Intellectual Property Rights in Technology Transfer and Economic Growth: Theory and Evidence By Rod Falvey Leverhulme Centre for Research on Globalisation and Economic Policy, School of Economics, The University of Nottingham and Neil Foster Department of Economics, University of Vienna In cooperation with Olga Memedovic UNIDO, Strategic Research and Economics Branch UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Vienna, 2006 This publication was prepared by Olga Memedovic, UNIDO staff member from the Strategic Research and Economics Branch drawing on the background paper prepared for the UNIDO Research Project “Public Goods for Economic Development”, by Rod Falvey and Neil Foster. Rod Falvey is Professor of International Economics, Leverhulme Centre for Research on Globalisation and Economic Policy, School of Economics, The University of Nottingham. Neil Foster is Assistant Professor of economics at the Department of Economics, University of Vienna. The publication has benefited from the valuable comments provided by Professor David Greenaway during the finalization of this publication. UNIDO intern Robert Lambertus van Lavieren provided assistance during various stages of preparing this publication. The authors are grateful to Michael Bailey for proofreading the final...
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...the 4th year student Paşcaneanu Mariana Group 404 Scientific adviser: Tataru Nina Senior Lecturer Chişinău 2012 Contents INTRODUCTION 2 CHAPTER I: SHORT STORY AS A FORM OF FICTION 5 I.1.Common Characteristics of a Short Story as a Form of Fiction. Its Plot and Structure. 5 I.2. Figurative Language. Definition. Function. 9 I.3. Imagery – Language that Appeals to the Senses 11 I.3.1. Simile, Metaphor and Personification. 13 1.3.2. Symbol and Symbolism. 26 I.3.3 Allegory. 30 CHAPTER II: LANGUAGE SHAPED BY IMAGINATION IN K. MANSFIELD’S SHORT STORIES 36 II.1. Figurative Language, Symbolism and Theme in "Her First Ball": 37 II.2. Katherine Mansfield – Techniques and Effects in A Cup of Tea. 41 II.3. Literary Colloquial Style in “Miss Brill” by K. Mansfield. 49 II.3.1. Lexical features—Vague Words and Expressions 49 II.3.2 Syntactical and Morphological Features 52 II.3.3 Phonological Schemes of the Figures of Speech 55 II.4. Simplifying Figurative Language in K.Mansfield’s Short Stories 60 CONCLUSION 64 BIBLIOGRAPHY 66 APPENDIX 70 INTRODUCTION Figurative Language is the use of words that go beyond their ordinary meaning. It requires you to use your imagination to figure out the author's meaning. For example, if someone tells you that it is raining cats and dogs, you know that there are not actually cats and dogs falling from the sky. You know it really means that it is raining very hard. Figurative...
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...Pain is necessary and important. In fact, it is an inborn drive, vital to our very existence (Hebb). Pain prompts us to change something, for instance, to move our hand off of a hot stove. It, therefore, prevents us from causing damage or even death to ourselves. It motivates us to protect an injured area, and the abatement of that pain lets us know when it is safe to use that area of our body again (Doctor's Surgery Center). While pain is a crucial sensation, required for our survival, it’s no secret that in our day to day lives we want to avoid it at all cost. Pain doesn’t feel good. Therefore, if we can avoid it, we will. This desire to avoid pain makes pain control a very big business. Google the word “pain” and you will get a return of about 215 million websites. These websites offer a vast array of pain management options, including a variety of medications, surgeries, medical therapies, complementary therapies, alternative therapies, emotional therapies, products, tools, and more. Notice the next time you watch television or listen to the radio how many advertisements there are for these products. To get some idea of how much money is spent annually on pain control we will look at just a few of these pain management options. Acetaminophen is the pain relieving ingredient found in Tylenol as well as a few other prescription and over-the-counter medications. The sales of this drug in 2009 were 2.6 billion dollars (Aubuchon). More than 400,000 carpal tunnel surgeries are...
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...Introduction An organisation’s ethics determines its reputation. In today’s competitive market, in view of globalisation and technological advances, it is especially essential for organisations to practice ethical business behaviour to build a strong public image to garner the support of consumers and employees. Although practicing good business ethics has many benefits, it remains as a constant challenge for organisations, as the potential for unethical behaviour is illimitable. In recent years, the cases of corporate misconduct in Singapore have been on the rise. In June 2011, Deputy Prime Minister Teo Chee Hean announced that commercial crimes, including fraud and cheating, rose by 13% as compared to 2010 (Othman, 2012). As most organisations have established codes of ethics to guide their employees regarding their ethical responsibilities, the imperative issue here is how effective is the code of ethics in regard to instilling ethical behaviour. In this essay, we will firstly look at the definition of ethical behaviour and an overview of the ethics program. Next, the effectiveness of the code of ethics and the criteria for it to be effective will be addressed. Lastly, a conclusion will be made to determine if the code of ethics is the most effective method for instilling ethical behaviour. Ethical Behaviour in Organisations Ethics as according to Wood, et al. (2006) can be defined as a behavioural code that explains what is good and right, as opposed...
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...Psychological Bulletin 1980, Vol. 88, No. I. 60-77 Work and Nonwork: A Review of Models, Methods, and Findings Boris Kabanoff School of Social Sciences, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park, South Australia This article examines theory and research in the field of work/nonwork relations. Three different theories of work/leisure relations are examined—compensation, generalization, and segmentation. All three theories have received some support; however, the review indicates that much of the available research evidence is constrained by conceptual and methodological problems. A number of paradigms for describing work/leisure patterns are reviewed, and it is concluded that most of these paradigms are more suitable for classifying leisure definitions than for guiding empirical research. Research in this field requires objective definitions of attributes common across life spheres. A task-based description of work and nonwork is discussed, and its research utility is illustrated. It is recommended that future research be concerned with describing different work/leisure patterns, the processes underlying these patterns, and the life consequences associated with different patterns. The meaning and the relationships between labor and leisure, work and contemplation, or in the most general sense, work and nonwork have been a source of intellectual, political, and religious debate for a considerable period in Western history. However, the view that the interplay...
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...Engineering and Technology Management, 8 ( 1991 ) 67-83 Elsevier Towards a new theory of innovation management: A case study comparing Canon, Inc. and Apple Computer, Inc. Ikujiro Nonaka Institute of Business Research, Hitotsuhashi University, Kunitachi, Tokyo, Japan Martin Kenney Department of Applied Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA Abstract This paper argues that innovation can be best understood as an information process which is then concretized as a product that meets demand. Two very different firms, Canon Inc. and Apple Computer Inc., are used as case study illustrations. Innovation does not proceed through logical deduction, but rather is furthered by the use of metaphors and analogies. The bureaucratic and staid structures of the firm can be challenged and broken up to provide the space for innovations to emerge. The leader’s role in the innovating firm is as a catalyst and facilitator, not as an allknowing despot. The importance of innovations is not merely in the new product, but also the “ripple” effects of innovations which can propel the firm into a self-renewal process. Keywords: Innovation management, High-technology, Case study. 1. Introduction Increasingly, corporate competitive success is hinging upon the effective management of innovation. Innovation has been the object of considerable academic study from a variety of perspectives. However, innovations are usually considered as objects. We choose to look at...
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...Institutions in International Relations: Understanding the Effects of the GATT and the WTO on World Trade Judith L+ Goldstein, Douglas Rivers, and Michael Tomz Abstract The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ~GATT! and the World Trade Organization ~WTO! have been touted as premier examples of international institutions, but few studies have offered empirical proof+ This article comprehensively evaluates the effects of the GATT0WTO and other trade agreements since World War II+ Our analysis is organized around two factors: institutional standing and institutional embeddedness+ We show that many countries had rights and obligations, or institutional standing, in the GATT0WTO even though they were not formal members of the agreement+ We also expand the analysis to include a range of other commercial agreements that were embedded with the GATT0WTO+ Using data on dyadic trade since 1946, we demonstrate that the GATT0WTO substantially increased trade for countries with institutional standing, and that other embedded agreements had similarly positive effects+ Moreover, our evidence suggests that international trade agreements have complemented, rather than undercut, each other+ When and how do international institutions promote cooperation? Few questions are as fundamental to international relations or as salient for world leaders+ Due to the contributions of Keohane and others, we now have sophisticated theories about the emergence and effects of international institutions...
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...Public Disclosure Authorized WPS5314 Policy Research Working Paper 5314 Public Disclosure Authorized Regional Trade Agreements Caroline Freund Emanuel Ornelas Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized The World Bank Development Research Group Trade and Integration Team May 2010 Policy Research Working Paper 5314 Abstract This paper reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on regionalism. The formation of regional trade agreements has been, by far, the most popular form of reciprocal trade liberalization in the past 15 years. The discriminatory character of these agreements has raised three main concerns: that trade diversion would be rampant, because special interest groups would induce governments to form the most distortionary agreements; that broader external trade liberalization would stall or reverse; and that multilateralism could be undermined. Theoretically, all of these concerns are legitimate, although there are also several theoretical arguments that oppose them. Empirically, neither widespread trade diversion nor stalled external liberalization has materialized, while the undermining of multilateralism has not been properly tested. There are also several aspects of regionalism that have received too little attention from researchers, but which are central to understanding its causes and consequences. This paper—a product of the Trade and Integration Team, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in...
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...Thesis Proposal | Factors affecting the levels of Impulse Buying Behavior | Shristi Shakya Term VI | Table of Contents Chapter 1 1 Introduction 1 Background 1 Objectives of the Research 2 Statement of problem 2 Research Questions 2 Hypothesis 3 Need of the study 3 Limitations of the research 3 Chapter 2 3 Review of Literature 3 Literature Review 3 Theoretical Framework 3 Chapter 3 3 Research Design and Methodology 3 Research Design 3 Description of Population and Samples 3 Instrumentation 3 Data Collection Procedure: 3 Statistical tools used 3 Measurement: Scaling, Reliability and Validity 3 Bibliography 3 Chapter 1 Introduction Background An impulse purchase or impulse buy is an unplanned decision to buy a product or service, made just before a purchase (Wikipedia). Impulse buying is a sudden, compelling, hedonically complex purchase behavior in which the rapidity of the impulse purchase decision precludes any thoughtful, deliberate consideration of alternatives (Kacen, 2002). The speed of purchase decision prevents from any thoughts, considerations and studying other options or alternatives. Rook (1995) defines an impulse buying as follows: when a consumer experiences a sudden, often powerful, and persistent urge to buy something immediately. The impulse to buy is hedonically complex and may stimulate emotional conflict. The research on impulse buying behavior has many practical benefits and by revealing the relative...
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...Economy and Society Volume 37 Number 2 May 2008: 193Á223 Regional trade agreements and the pursuit of state interests: institutional perspectives from NAFTA and Mercosur Francesco Duina and Jason Buxbaum Abstract Are regional trade agreements (RTAs) carefully crafted projects that systematically advance their member states’ interests or do they instead generate outcomes that frustrate those interests? Works on the most prominent RTA Á the European Union Á have traditionally been split over this question. New research on international organizations parallels that literature. Combining rational choice and historical institutionalism, this article makes a middle-ground case: the limited rationality of national representatives and the complexity of RTAs ensure both the advancement and frustration of national interests. The focus is on shifting national preferences, the unpredictable implications of decisions over time and the pursuit of short-term gains to the benefit of some constituents but not others. Evidence from NAFTA and Mercosur supports these claims while highlighting, in line with recent scholarship, the need to include politics in institutionalist accounts of integration. The conclusion reflects on the findings and explores whether alternative, more flexible designs for RTAs might satisfy more fully the interests of the member states. Keywords: regional trade agreements; rational choice institutionalism; historical institutionalism; NAFTA; Mercosur; international...
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...Competency Models: A Review of the Literature and The Role of the Employment and Training Administration (ETA) Pilots and Demonstration Team Division of Research and Evaluation Office of Policy Development and Research Employment and Training Administration U. S. Department of Labor January 29, 2008 Michelle R. Ennis Acknowledgements The author would like to thank Heidi M. Casta, Division Director, Research and Evaluation, and Jonathan Simonetta, Team Leader, Pilots and Demonstrations, for their thoughtful review of early versions of this paper and helpful feedback. 3 Competency Models: A Review of the Literature and The Role of the Employment and Training Administration (ETA) For over 30 years, business and industry has utilized competency models to select employees. The trend to use competency-based approaches in education and training, assessment, and development of workers has experienced a more recent emergence. With the mobility of the workforce and retirement of the baby boomers, competency models are being used for succession planning as well. It is within the last few years that the Employment and Training Administration (ETA) has turned its focus on skills acquisition and assessment to the competency model process for determining the needs of business and employers and the requirements of skilled workers. Recently, ETA has been engaged with business, industry, and education/training leaders to develop competency models for targeted industries and broker...
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