...The Evolution of Intelligence in the United States John Doe Utica University The Evolution of Intelligence in the United States The beginning of intelligence in the United States dates back to the Revolutionary War and America’s first president, George Washington. President Washington requested that Congress set aside a ‘secret service fund’ for clandestine and secret activities (Revolutionary Ideas, 2007). After leading the Continental Army during the war, he knew how important it was to have secret agencies analyze and protect the new country. The use of secret agents, counterintelligence, and the clandestine paramilitary, have been used extensively to set up elaborate deceptions, gather sensitive information, and coordinate operations to cause sabotage towards other adversaries or countries that wished to cause us harm throughout the history of our country (Revolutionary Ideas, 2007). Although President Washington set a growing foundation of creating and fostering the need and use of foreign intelligence, it was President Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) that helped combined the efforts of the state and war departments to coordinate efforts on a combined government-wide level (History of the CIA, 2007). The events of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 prompted FDR to make a change to all government intelligence. FDR asked World War I veteran William J. Donovan to draft a new plan for an intelligence service that would combine all those departments’ efforts and make...
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...------------------------------------------------- AMERICAN DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE Civil Rights Movement Deyana Faraj On the 4th of July 1776, 56 delegates to the Continental Congress signed a document that would not only declare independence of America from British colonial power but less than 200 years later, become the backbone of a new established America where the walls of discrimination and segregation would finally begin to deteriorate. The Declaration of Independence is a powerful document that has led to the development of equal rights and social justice within societies on a world context. More specifically, principles in this document were instrumental when argued by African American Civil Rights leaders in achieving equality and abolishing racial segregation and discrimination against African- Americans in the United States, during the African American Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968). Before the American Civil Rights Movement, laws known as Jim Crow laws had forced racial segregation of facilities and the prohibition of intermarriage. These laws were similar to the apartheid legislation and it became the law mainly in the south of America. Where there is inequality and injustice within a government, the people of the nation demand change. Since the Jim Crow laws were enacted, the laws that mandated racial segregation in public areas and the prohibition of intermarriage in the Southern United States were socially and morally unjust and this fuelled...
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...An Analysis of the Impact of the Jock Tax on a Regional Basis Prepared for Professor McWhite Economics 5900 Spring 2016 Prepared by Zachary Zahedi Zahedi16@uga.edu 22 April 2016 Abstract: The study focuses on the marginal tax rate that professional football players face in the United States. This tax rate, which is assessed based on the proportion of days spent in the state of work throughout the NFL season, is called the jock tax. NFL players are not the only professional athletes in the United States that face this tax, however, the structure of their pay and the salary cap figures make the analysis the most manageable. After examining specific player data, my study determined that were significant discrepancies between a player’s effective tax rate within their conference and division and the average salary differences. The argument that critics have against the jock tax claim that players may be severely detrimental to the after tax earnings of all NFL players. Section I: Introduction According to a recent study in early 2016, the state of California collected just over $229 million from nonresident athletes due to the imposition of the ‘jock tax’ in 2013 (Artz, 2016). California is among 19 states that impose the jock tax on athletes that are visiting said states for performing in professional sporting events. The jock tax represents an auxiliary income tax imposed on nonresidents by the state in which the players are traveling. For example, a player...
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...Stem Cell Research Legislation Human stem cell research is a very touchy subject. The negative attention it has drawn from the press and politicians has detoured many researchers and scientists from the field. “After the scientific and political obstacles are overcome, it is anticipated that the human stem cell research field will make a tremendous difference in conditions, such as burn traumas and diabetic foot ulcers, as well as a number of degenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and myocardial infarction(Turksen, 2006).” In my opinion, the field of regenerative medicine is the key to a longer, healthier life. Without the use of human stem cell research, the conditions and diseases that plague the world will never be cured. The history on human stem cell research legislation in the United States is just under a decade old. On August 9th 2001, then, President George W. Bush told the United States the regulations for human stem cell research. The regulation stated that only certain types of human stem cell research could be funded by the federal government. “The National Institute of Health (NIH) funding for research using human embryonic stem cells derived from other sources, including somatic cell nuclear transfer, parthenogenesis, and/or in vitro fertilization embryos created for research purposes, is not allowed under these Guidelines ("Draft national institutes," 2009).” Some states disagree with this legislation; California...
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...Management Leadership Paper Gloria Brim MGT/330 March 14, 2011 Larry Meade, Faculty This thesis will cover the roles and responsibilities of organizational managers and leaders in creating and maintaining a healthy organizational culture. We will differentiate between management and leadership within the organization; the roles of organizational managers play in creating and maintaining a healthy organizational culture. We will explain how the four functions of management and strategies management can use to create and maintain organizational culture. The University Of Washington School Of Dentistry is dedicated to excellence in education, research, and community care. The school is the leading provider of dental care in the Pacific Northwest. According to University of Washington (2010), Primary mission is to educate a progressive oral health network, develop community collaborations and bring advance in science to address the pressing needs of our state, nation, and world. The manager of the department of oral surgery organizes and allocates human capital. She takes into consideration of the type of personalities that works in the department. She will try and match characteristic that will enhance productivity between coworkers in the current open position. The human capital has to meet qualifications and fit in with the present employees. If an employee is not working to full capacity, she will try to work with him to correct the issues. If it is apparent the working...
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...Environmental Psychology Article Analysis PSY/460 March 26, 2012 Environmental Psychology Article Analysis Catastrophic events are incidents that have a sudden and powerful impact that elicit a reaction from people universally (Arkkelin & Veitch, 1995). These kinds of incidents can include nuclear disasters, natural disasters, or terrorist attacks like the attacks that took place on September 11, 2001 (9/11). The examinations of the psychological phenomena that occur from these events are crucial for the understanding of how people experience, respond, and perceive global threats (Hipp et al, 2009). Specifically, the attacks on 9/11 were actions of terrorist and exposed the weaknesses of the nation, and specifically Washington DC. The article that will be scrutinized by Bornstein & Hendricks (2007) attempts to analyze the stress responses of adolescents in the Washington D.C. area within an ecological structure including, adolescent perception, maternal personal characteristics, and adolescent personal characteristics. The Theoretical Basis of the Article Bornstein & Hendricks (2007) use, “…a developmental, multivariate approach that allows for the evaluation of interrelations among variables as well as the unique contributions of each…” (p. 72). The extent of this study is distinctive because few studies have investigated the effects of disasters and war on adolescents from an ecological viewpoint. The article reflects upon the adolescent...
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...In the past, a big demonstration required months, if not years of preparation.” These two connect sentences show that in the past, we spent more time and effort in order to protest effectively. But nowadays, it is much easier to pull off a large protest than it used to be. Which indirectly tell us that today, we are careless, indolent, and slothful. What did we do in the past was honorably and effectively. Then she says “The planning for the march on Washington in August 1963, for example, start nine months earlier, in December 1962(As a result of protest was more visible)”. Think about the art illustration that cost more than a million dollar, for example, the last meal, illustrate by Leonardo Da Vinci. Why does it cost that much? Is it worthless? The answer is because he was famous and when he drew, he was giving an effort and feeling. Which make the illustration lively and valuable. Additionally, there is a simple rule for economist which state a very simple trade, good quantity expect high price because it is rare and valuable. As you could see the consequence is directly proportional to an...
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...Case Study Analysis Part A (“Power Play for Howard”) James Carruthers, Matthew Chouinard, Amber Hawes, Mike Knowlton, and Shellie Mapes MGT/445 March 21, 2011 Dr. Michael Charter Case Study Analysis Part A (“A Power Play For Howard”) Every year, hundreds of millions of U.S. dollars are verbally tossed back and forth during negotiation talks between teams and players. The contract of a player expires and the player may be traded for another player, or essentially bought by another team. The value of a player greatly depends on (a) his playing power and (b) his fan base. In the case of Juwan Howard, a player for the Washington Bullets/Wizards, both his playing power and fan base made him a wanted player by many teams when his contract with Washington expired in 1996. Negotiations became heated, particularly between Miami and Washington, until a miscalculation in the negotiation terms resulted in Howard signing with Washington for another term. Case Summary Juwan Howard was a professional basketball player in the National Basketball Association (NBA) and was looking to renegotiate his contract with his then-current team, the Washington Bullets. This would give Washington the first chance to make an offer. He had the option to renegotiate after 2 years and decided to do so. Washington's new general manager, Wes Unseld, made an original offer of 78.4 million dollars. This was not satisfactory as the open market had determined his worth much higher...
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...The Love-Hate Relationship between the U.S. Healthcare Industry and the U.S. Economy The healthcare industry plays an important part in the economy of the United States. The sustained increase and high level of spending on health care has been the subject of discussion and scrutiny for several decades. The enactment of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA) was hardly the first fiscal policy for healthcare in the history of the economy. There is a long list of fiscal policy attempts from predecessors such as Franklin Roosevelt, Harry Truman, Richard Nixon and most recently Bill Clinton (Sparer, p462). In 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt drafted amended provisions to his pending Social Security legislation to include publicly funded health care programs but ultimately removed the provisions due to opposition by the American Medical Association (Coombs, p5). Following the Second World War, President Harry Truman called for universal health care as a part of his Fair Deal in 1949 but strong opposition stopped that part of the Fair Deal (Peon, p161-168). On July 30, 1965 President Lyndon B. Johnson signed into law the legislation establishing the Medicare and Medicaid program, social insurance programs administered by the United Stated government providing health insurance coverage to people who are either 65 or meet other special criteria for need (Roemer, p845). In October 1972, President Richard Nixon signed the Social Security Administration Amendments...
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...Abstract This paper discusses the role and function of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) and Auditing Standard 5 (AS 5). Due to the increased demand for oversight in auditing standards, this paper also examines the impact of Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) and the reasons for the creation of the PCAOB, as well as the implementation of the rules and regulations. Additionally, this paper examines the impact of AS 5. Keywords: audit, AS 5, financial statements, PCAOB, SEC, SOX Table of Contents Introduction ………….……………………………………………………..……………………4 Scandals ...…..……………………………………...……………………………………………4 PCAOB Mission and Vision …………………… ……………………………………………….5 Structure ………………………….……………..……………………………………………5, 6 PCAOB's Objective….…….……..…………………………………………………………….6, 7 Duties ………………………….…..………………………………………………….……… 7, 8 Standard Setting………..………………………………………………………………..……..…8 Inspection ………………………………………………………………………………………..8 Enforcement…………..………………………………………………………………..……...8, 9 AS5 .…………………….…………………………………………………...…………….…9, 10 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….....……. 10 References …………………………………………………………………………………….. 11 History of PCAOB …………………………………………………………………… 13-19 Introduction Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) was passed in 2002 and as a result brought numerous changes to auditing. The Sarbanes-Oxley was passed in direct response to business failures, allegations of corporate improprieties and financial statement restatements. Prior to the SOX passage, auditors used a...
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...comparison.”, through a powerful use of metaphor as well as religious notions, the poet brings light to the idea of materialism and earthly greed as catalysts for the souls entrapment in the body and furthermore addresses the potential escape from such boundaries into eternal life. Despite it's ability to appeal to both Christian and Non-Christian audiences, Sonnet 146 has been often declared one of Shakespeare's more Christian poems (David E. Anderson, 2005). This very accurately acts as a reflection of the poems context, with legal requirements on churches to read Psalms from The Book of Common Prayer monthly at the time. Richmond Noble (1940, p4) in 'Shakespeare's Biblical Knowledge' lists at least 135 Psalm references in Shakespeare's plays, also vouching for other such references in the sonnets. Shakespeare's awareness and furthermore use of several Pauline paradoxes becomes apparent through the close study of the thematic structure and development of the Sonnet. Noticeably, paradoxes in Sonnet 146 work to emphasize the disparity between the initial state of the soul and the desired state expressed at the end comparable to Paul's ironic use of paradox when contrasting the 'appearance he has in the world's eyes and the reality of his life in God's site'. (Robert Hillis Goldsmith, 1978. p99) The initial metaphor 'Poor soul, the centre...
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...Israel-Palestine Conflict in International Relations Perspective Introduction to International Relations Analysing the Israel-Palestine Conflict in International Relations Perspective Background Since the early 20th Century, Israelis and Palestinians have been fighting over the land between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea. With the assumption that Palestine is a state to facilitate discussion, this report sketches out the most significant elements of the conflict on the three levels defined by Kenneth Waltz, and applies the Realist theory of international relations (IR) to the “Two-State” solution. Levels of analysis 1. First Level The first level focuses on individuals involved in the international relations. On Israel’s side, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has an important role to play because he has the final word in all political decisions. On the side of Palestine, Mahmoud Abbas enjoys an even stronger position. Not only is he the chairman of Fatah and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), he is also the President of the Palestinian National Authority (PA), which is the ruling body for the Palestinians in Gaza and the West Bank. He does not to have to face elections as he runs an authoritarian regime. On the regional level, the most influential figure is Mohamed Morsi, President of Egypt, who is vital to negotiating efforts for the conflict. Egypt is the first Arab country to accept Israel as a state and is also...
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...Aggregate Demand and Supply Models Team B ECO/372 March 26, 2015 Aggregate Demand and Supply Models Many factors within a nation’s economy have the ability to effect one-said nation’s aggregate supply and aggregate demand models. Of these factors, four will be explored through the course of this specific critique and it should be noted, that the specific nation to be observed is the United States of America. The specific factors to be observed in the United States’ economy are their unemployment, their expectations, consumer income, and interest rates. In addition to identifying these four factors and their economic effects, there will be identified what fiscal policies have been put in place by the United States government in order to aid the economy and finally, there will be an evaluation of these fiscal policies regarding their effectiveness from both a Keynesian economic perspective and that of a classical economist. Unemployment A nation’s unemployment rate, as can be expected, is calculated by dividing the total sum unemployed persons by the number of total persons available for within the nation. This formula yields the number that is considered the unemployment rate for whichever nation is in question, in this case though, the nation that is the focus of our investigation is the United States. According to the Bureau of Labor and Statistics website (2015), “the unemployment situation in the United States has been reduced to 5.5 percent. This decrease as reported...
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...Claire Miller, a special education teacher. When Jason was still an infant, the family moved from New York to Scranton, Pennsylvania. His education was exclusively Catholic. Following parochial school, he attended St. Patrick’s High School, where he came under the strong influence of Sister Celine, a nun of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, who taught Jason public speaking, debating, and rhetoric. Years later he told an interviewer, “She gave me encouragement at a time when I might have stolen cars.” Miller went to the Jesuit University of Scranton on an athletic scholarship and earned his B.A. in 1961. While in college, he garnered a first-place prize in a Jesuit Play Contest for his one-act piece titled The Winners, his first playwriting effort. He then went to graduate school at the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C., in 1962 to 1963 and, in spite of his absenteeism and breaking of rules, earned his master’s degree. In 1963, Miller married Linda Gleason, a fellow Catholic University drama student and daughter of comedian Jackie Gleason. The Millers moved to Flushing and Neponsit, Queens, in New York City. They had three children before their divorce in 1973. Afterward, Miller moved to Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. At one point, he married model Ruth Josem. He also fathered a fourth child with girlfriend Susan Bernard. In New York, Miller had found occasional work in television commercials and soap operas. However, beginning with Off-Off Broadway and Off-Broadway...
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...Final Essay Assignment James Peterson What biases, if any, might be common to U.S. intelligence agencies? Give two examples from history or modern day? & Explain what role policymakers play and what problems they face in relation to threat analysis. Course: INTL634 March 3, 2013 What biases, if any, might be common to U.S. intelligence agencies? Give two examples from history or modern day? There are a number of different types of bias mentioned in our text books. In their book, “Analyzing Intelligence” Bruce and Bennett discuss the denial and deception (D&D) bias traps than an analyst can fall into. They mention that there are three major categories: 1) Cultural and personal bias; 2) Organizational bias; & 3) Cognitive heuristics bias. Such biases can taint the analysts opinions based on their type of biases. (George & Bruce. 2008, 127-130) Cultural and personal bias may allow the perception of the intelligence to be tainted by personal beliefs and pre-conceptions that the analyst has developed over his lifetime. This type of bias also may be influenced by personal experiences, morals, customs, habits, and social environments. Organizational bias is “generally associated with the limitations and weaknesses of large bureaucratic organizations”. This type of bias is the result of actual or perceived goals, policies, and traditions of an organization. Bruce also says that the differences are even more extreme when “classified information” is involved...
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