Marcus Garvey created the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) as a small body in Jamaica. By his philosophy of promoting racial pride and developing black-owned and operated enterprises, Garvey was able to secure the popular support that eventually made his movement so grand. Garvey used mobilization, communication, and identity-forming to create largest black mass movement in history. In the end, however, the size and potential power of the Garvey movement inspired both inside and outside actors to move against Garvey, culminating in its eventual decline. Garvey’s philosophy of promoting race pride and uniting all blacks depended on mobilization. This turned out to be one of his greatest skills. With his fiery oratory and public grandeur, Garvey became a larger-than-life figure. He was able to eventually captivate followers that numbered in the millions (Cedric Robinson, Black Movements in America, 121). Any downfalls of his businesses, and eventually the movement, were not for lack of followers. Literally thousands of people wanted to buy a piece of the Garvey machine. Additionally, Garvey distanced himself from such other black leaders as W.E.B. DuBois by criticizing DuBois’s desire to have a place among whites in American society (Birnbaum and Taylor, Civil Rights in America since 1787, 272). By polarizing the black population, Garvey was able to delineate the differentiation of the UNIA and galvanize his support. Furthermore, the prevalence of UNIA chapters throughout the country, including in the overtly racist South, maintained the strength of Garveyism locally, regionally, and nationally. The growth of the UNIA, however, was not due merely to Garvey’s mobilization efforts. Garvey bolstered his rhetoric with strong lines of communication to keep his followers informed and hungry for more. He employed the Negro World as one primary communication tool. At the end of 1939, the Negro World’s circulation approached 200,000 (Robinson, Black Movements, 120). Through this powerful instrument, Garvey published editorials, world news relevant to the black population, and stories of other nationalist revolutions (Irish, Russian, etc.) occurring globally to lend credence to the UNIA’s demands (Birnbaum, Civil Rights, 271). Through such communication, Garvey was able to create a black identity that ensured the movement’s growth. Again, much of the Negro World’s writings were directly related to Garvey, again boosting his larger-than-life status. Beyond rhetoric, the Garvey movement’s greatest success may have been it’s inculcation of an identity of black pride and nationalist sentiment. Although born into a culture of subordination and subjugation, Garvey impressed upon his followers to believe that there is nothing second-class about being black. While whites fought against miscegenation as a danger to the white race and to the delicate nature of white womanhood, Garvey vehemently opposed miscegenation as the sullying of the black race (Birnbaum, Civil Rights, 270). He believed in racial sameness, a forward-looking perspective that some may argue has still not been popularly accepted (Robinson, Black Movements, 119). Thus, Garvey opposed the notion of interracial relations as improving the black lot, explicitly rejecting the notion of white supremacy. Garvey thus created a powerful black identity, bolstered by communication and by popular mobilization and built upon his boisterous personality. However, the UNIA became too powerful in the eyes of the United States government. Suddenly, Garvey found himself surrounded by enemies. Even his friends and fellow leaders of the movements were out to get him, deceiving him into poor contracts in order to pocket some of the UNIA loot for themselves. Additionally, the FBI and J. Edgar Hoover infiltrated the organization and tried to collect evidence against Garvey. Eventually, they were able to imprison him on mail fraud charges (amounting to twenty-five dollars) for the maximum sentence of five years. Garvey took ill in jail and was granted his release but was immediately deported. Without the gregarious leader who had made the UNIA such a success, the body quickly declined. Thus, the very philosophies and tools which had made Garveyism so successful also ended in its downfall. Garvey used his own powerful persona to lead the masses; once he was gone, his followers were left in disarray. Garvey was almost too successful in gathering support and raising money. The grand sums raised by the UNIA were too tempting to some of his fellow officers, leading to internal corruption and deceit. Finally, because Garvey inspired such a large following, the U.S. government felt it was in their best interest to get him out of the way. After infiltrating the UNIA, they put him in jail for the maximum term on the aforementioned, minor infraction of only twenty-five dollars in mail fraud. Sadly, those tools which brought Garvey so much success also resulted in the downfall of the UNIA.