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Marital Abuse

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Domestic Violence: Marital Abuse
Sa panahon natin ngayon, ating masasabi na ang isyu ng abuso ay hindi na bago sa ating mga pandinig. Araw-araw ay may mga nababalita na iba’t ibang uri ng abuso sa ating mga telebisyon. Mayroong mga nagagawa ang ating mga kababayan na maari na palang ituring na animal abuse, mayroong iba’t ibang kaso ng child labor na isang uri ng child abuse at ang marital abuse na isa sa mga mainit na balita o isyu ngayon dahil sa ilang mga pares ng mga artista na nagkakaproblema dahil dito.
Ang kasong isinampa ni Sunshine Cruz laban sa kanyang asawa na si Cesar Montano noong nakaraang Agosto ay isa sa mga pinag-uusapang isyu ngayong taon sa ating bansa. Ayon kay Sunshine Cruz, ang pang-aabuso ng kanyang asawa ay nagsimula pa noong buwan ng Enero. Naghain si Cruz ng reklamo na siya ay pisikal, emosyonal at sekswal na inaabuso ng kanyang asawa. Ikinwento din ni Cruz na may pagkakataon na kinuha ni Montano ang kanilang mga anak at ipinagbawalan siyang makita ang mga ito (Andrade, 2013). Lahat naman ng ito ay itinanggi ng kampo ng actor na si Cesar Montano (Cruz, 2013).
Ang mga isyu tulad ng kaso ng mag-asawang Cruz at Montano ay hindi lamang nararanasan dito sa Pilipinas, ito rin ay pinoproblema na ng halos lahat ng bansa dito sa mundo. Upang mas maging malinaw ang pagtingin sa isyu na ito, iba’t ibang mga batas at patakaran ang ipinatupad. Nilalaman ng mga batas at patakaran na ito ang sariling depinisyon ng mga bansang ito sa marital abuse at kung kailan masasabi na ang isang pangyayari ay maituturing na marital abuse.
Ayon sa isang pag-aaral ng World Health Organization, ang marital abuse o intimate partner violence ay naisasagawa kung ang isang asawa o kahit dating karelasyon ay nagdudulot na ng mga pisikal, sekswal o sikolohikal na mga pasakit sa biktima. Ang pisikal na pananakit, pagkontrol sa buhay ng biktima at ang pakikipagtalik sa biktima ng sapilitan ay mga halimbawa ng marital abuse. Ayon sa pag-aaral na ito, halos labinlima hanggang pitumpu’t isang porsyento ng mga babaeng edad labinlima hanggang apatnapu ay inaabuso ng kanilang mga karelasyon na lalaki (“Violence Against Women”, 2012).
Ayon naman sa Office on Women’s Health ng Estados Unidos, maituturing ang isang pangyayari na domestic violence kung ang isang tao na madalas ay ang mga asawang lalaki, kasintahang lalaki o mga dating karelasyon ay sinasadya nang saktan (pisikal man o emosyonal) ang kanilang mga karelasyon na babae (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2011).
Ang Spousal/Partner Violence Policy ay ipinatupad nitong Marso ngayong taon sa Canada upang mas lalong bigyan ng pansin ang dumadaming mga kaso ng marital abuse sa kanilang bansa. Ayon sa Korte Suprema ng Canada, kailangang sineseryoso at hindi minamaliit ang mga kaso ng abuso na ito dahil ito ay unti-unti nang dumadami at ang mga nagiging epekto nito sa mga kababaihan ay talagang pangmatagalan. Nakasaad sa patakarang ito na ang pisikal na pang-aabuso at ang panggagahasa o kahit ang pagbabanta pa lamang na aabusuhin o gagahasin ng nang-aabuso ang kanyang karelasyon, sila man ay legal na mag-asawa o magkarelasyon lamang, ay maituturing na kaagad na spousal violence. Nilinaw din sa patakarang ito na ang kasarian ng biktima ay hindi mahalaga, ang babae o ang lalaki sa relasyon ay maaring maging biktima ng spousal violence (Ministry of Justice, 2013).
Ang bansang India naman ay nagpatupad din ng kanilang sariling batas na tinatawag na “Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act” noong 2005. Ayon sa batas na ito, ang isang kaso ay maituturing ng domestic violence kung ang abuso, ito man ay pisikal, sekswal, berbal o ekonomikal, ay inilalagay na sa panganib ang kalusugan, kaligtasan at ang buhay ng biktima (Ministry of Urban Development, 2005).
Dito sa ating bansang Pilipinas, mayroong dalawang batas na tumatalakay sa marital abuse. Ito ay ang Republic Act # 8369 o ang Family Courts Act of 1997 at ang Republic Act # 9262 o ang Anti-violence against Women and Their Children Act of 2004.
Tinatalakay ng RA # 8369 o Family Courts Act of 1997 ang domestic abuse laban sa mga kababaihan at ang kanilang mga anak. Nakasaad sa batas na ito na maituturing na domestic violence ang isang kaso kung may pisikal o sikolohikal na pananakit, mga pagbabanta at ang pwersahang pakikipagtalik sa mga kababaihan na nagreresulta sa hindi na pagpapahalaga sa kanilang kalayaan at mga karapatan bilang isang babae (Phil. Constitution, 1987).
Binibigyang importansya naman ng RA # 9262 o Anti-violence against Women and Their Children Act of 2004 ang mga karapatan ng mga kababaihan at ng kanilang mga anak at ang pangangailangan na protektahan ang mga miyembro ng isang pamilya laban sa mga abusong nagpapanganib sa kanilang mga buhay. Ayon sa batas na ito, ang mga pang-aabusong pisikal, sekswal o emosyonal sa mga asawang babae (o dating mga asawa), mga kasintahan o ang nanay ng kanyang mga anak sila man ay kasal o hindi ay ipinagbabawal (National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women, 2004).
Upang mas lalong pang maintindihan ang abuso na ito, nakasaad din sa mga batas na ito ang iba’t ibang uri ng marital abuse. Sa pangkahalatan, mayroong apat na uri ang marital abuse. Ito ay ang pisikal na pang-aabuso, sekswal na pang-aabuso, sikolohikal o emosyonal na pang-aabuso at ang ekonomikal na pang-aabuso. Mainam na malaman at naiintindihan natin ang mga uri ng pang-aabuso na ito upang atin na kaagad malaman kung tayo ay nagiging biktima na pala ng marital abuse.
Ang mga gawain na nagreresulta na sa mga sugat o mga pasa at pinsala sa kalusugan ng biktima ay maari nang maituring na physical abuse. Ang pananakit, pamamalo, pananampal, paninipa, at ang paggamit ng iba’t ibang armas tulad ng mga kutsilyo at baril ay ilan sa mga halimbawa ng physical abuse (Benedictis, Jaffe & Segal, n.d.). Ang pamimilit sa biktima na gumamit ng droga at ang hindi pagbigay ng medikal na atensyon na kailangan ng biktima ay maituturing din na physical abuse (Woodbridge Township Domestic Violence Response Team, n.d.).
Ang sexual abuse naman ay tumutukoy sa kahit anong gawaing isinasagawa ng nang-aabuso upang mapapayag o mapilit ang biktima na sila ay magkaroong ng sekswal na relasyon. Ilan sa mga halimbawa nito ay marital rape at forced prostitution. Ayon sa organisasyong The Advocates for Human Rights (2013), ang marital rape ay isa sa mga pinamalaking isyu ng marital abuse sa ngayon. Ito ay dahil nahihirapan ang mga kababaihan na patunayan na sila ay biktima ng marital rape dahil madalas na kailangan ng mga pisikal na pinsala o mga sugat at pasa upang masabing ito ay naging sapilitan. Ang mga biktima rin mismo ay nalilito kung maituturing ba ang pangyayari na marital rape dahil sa iniisip nila na tungkulin nila na ibigay ang pangangailangan o sexual demands ng kanilang mga asawa.
Ang psychological o emotional abuse ay ang pangatlong uri at ito ay marahil ang pinakamabigat na uri ng abuso. Ang pinakapang-karaniwang halimbawa nito ay ang berbal na pang-aabuso. Ito ay ang pagsasabi ng mga masasakit na salita sa biktima upang maisip ng mga ito na sila ay walang kwenta, palagiang paninigaw at paninisi o pagsasabi sa biktima na sila ang laging may kasalanan tuwing sila ay nagkakaproblema. Maari ring ituring na psychological abuse kapag inilalayo ang biktima sa kanyang mga mahal sa buhay tulad ng kanyang pamilya at mga anak o kaya ay ikinikulong ang biktima sa kanilang tirahan. Nasasabing ito ay isa sa pinakamabigat na uri ng abuso dahil ito rin ay mahirap patunayan at at ang epekto nito sa biktima ay pangmatagalan (Leviticus, 2013).
Ayon naman sa organisasyong National Coalition against Domestic Violence (n.d.), maituturing naman na economic abuse ang isang pangyayari kung ang nang-aabuso na ang humahawak ng lahat ng pera o sweldo ng kanyang biktima. Ang hindi pagpayag na bumalik sa trabaho o ang panggugulo o panggagambala sa biktima habang siya ay nasa trabaho ay mga halimbawa rin ng uri ng abuso na ito. Sa pamamagitan ng mga gawaing ito, nasisigurado ng nang-aabuso na hinding hindi siya maiiwan ng kanyang relasyon dahil hawak niya ang lahat ng mga resources nito.
Dahil sa hindi mapigilang pagtaas ng mga kaso ng marital abuse, ilang mga teoryang ang lumabas upang mas maintindihan kung bakit nagagawa ng mga nang-aabuso ang ganitong mga uri ng gawain.
Ang pinakapopular na teoryang lumabas ay ang Patriarch o Male Dominance Theory. Ayon sa teoryang ito, nagagawa ng mga lalaki ang lahat ng gustong nilang gawin sa kanilang mga karelasyon na babae at sa kanilang mga anak dahil sila ay kaniyang mga pag-aari. Binibigyan din ng pansin ng teoryang ito ang mga dahilan kung bakit lagi ang mga lalaki ang nakikitang nang-aabuso sa isang relasyon. Ilan sa mga dahilan nito ay ang hindi mapagkakaila na mas malakas ang mga lalaki kaysa sa mga babae kaya mas kitang kita ang mga pinsalang naidudulot nito sa mga babae kaysa sa pinsala ng babae sa mga lalaki. May mga pag-aaral din na nagpapakita na ang isang biktima na lalaki na dinadala sa ospital dahil sa pang-aabuso mula sa kanyang asawang babae ay may katumbas na apatnapu’t anim na babae na dinadala naman sa ospital dahil sa pang-aabuso mula kanilang karelasyon na lalaki. Sinasabi din sa mga pag-aaral na ang pinsalang naidudulot ng mga pang-aabuso ng mga lalaki ay higit na mas malaki at mas pangmatagalan kaysa sa mga pang-aabusong mula sa mga babae. Ngunit hindi mawawala ang posibilidad na inaabuso din ng mga babae ang kanilang mga karelasyon na lalaki. Ito nga lang ay hindi masyadong nabibigyan ng pansin dahil sa mababang bilang ng mga reklamo na naihahain laban sa mga babaeng nang-aabuso (Tracy, 2007).
Ayon naman sa Social Learning theory, ang pang-aabuso ay naisasagawa dahil ang nang-aabuso ay naging bikitima rin ng pang-aabuso. Ang mga nang-aabuso ay marahil naging biktima o nakasaksi ng iba’t ibang uri ng pang-aabuso na ito noong sila ay bata pa lamang. Sa ating mga tirahan natin unang natututunan ang mga bagay kaya kung ang nakikita nila noon sa kanilang mga tirahan ay panay pang-aabuso, marahil ay naisip nila na tama ang mga ito. Marahil ay nagagawa ng mga nang-aabuso na ito ang kanilang mga gawain ngayon dahil nakuha nila ang ugaling ito sa kanilang mga magulang na idinadaan ang lahat sa mga abuso upang makuha nila ang kanilang mga gusto o pang-aabuso na lamang ang nakikitang solusyon sa mga problema sa buhay. Maari ding nakuha ng mga nang-aabuso na ito ang kanilang mga ugali sa iba’t ibang anyo ng media tulad ng mga palabas sa telebisyon (Baker, 2011).
Ang isa pa sa mga teoryang maari tayong tulungan sa pag-intindi ng mga pang-aabuso na ito ay ang Resource Theory. Ayon sa teoryang ito, ang mga nang-aabuso ay nagkakaroon ng lakas ng loob gawin ang mga pang-aabuso na ito dahil mas marami silang mga resources (social, personal o economic) kaysa sa kanilang mga biktima. Dahil nga sa mga resources na ito, lalo pang nakokontrol ng nang-aabuso ang buhay ng kanyang biktima (Hyde-Nolan & Juliao, n.d.).
Ang teoryang Conflict theory naman ay masasabing may pagkakatulad sa Resource Theory. Ayon sa teoryang ito, nagkakaroon ng problema dahil ang ating mga resources ay kulang o hindi sapat para sa ating lahat. Dahil dito, mayroong mas maraming resources at mayroon namang wala. Kung sa isang relasyon, maaring ang babae ang mas maraming resources kaysa sa kanyang karelasyon na lalaki. Dahil dito, maaring naaabuso at sinisisi ng lalaki ang babae dahil naiisip nito na nawawalan sya ng kwenta dahil ang babae ang bumubuhay sa kanya (Thenimble, n.d.).
Sa hindi mapigilang pagtaas ng mga kaso ng marital abuse na ito, may mga pagkakataon pa rin na hindi maiwan ng mga biktima ang kanilang mga asawa. Ang pinaka-una sa mga dahilang ito ay takot ang biktima sa kanyang asawa at napakalaki ng posibilidad na sundan lamang sila nito. Maari ring sinisisi ng biktima ang kanyang sarili, na kasalanan niya kung bakit ganito ang nangyari sa kanilang relasyon. Ang isa pang dahilan ay hindi sapat ang kanyang kinikita upang masuportahan ang kaniyang mga anak kaya nagtitiis na lamang ito na tumira kasama ang asawang nang-aabuso para sa kanilang mga anak. Hindi din mawawala ang dahilan na unti-unti ng nawawala ang tiwala at pagkakakilanlan ng biktima sa kanyang sarili. Marahil ay iniisip din ng biktima na kahihiyan ang pag-iwan sa kaniyang asawa at hindi nawawala ang kanyang pag-asang magbabago pa ang kanyang asawa (Jones, n.d.).
Sa tulong ng mga batas at mga teoryang ito, mapapadali na ang pagsusuri kung maituturing ba na marital abuse ang isang kaso o hindi. Kahit sino ay maaring maging biktima na marital abuse, mapa-lalaki man o babae. Ang kailangan upang maituring ang isang kaso na marital abuse ay ang dalawang panig na nagkaroon o patuloy na mayroong relasyon, sila man ay mayroong anak o wala at may mga gawain o abusong nagagawa na nagdudulot na ng pisikal, sekswal, emosyonal o sikolohikal at ekonomikal na kapahamakan sa kanyang karelasyon.
References
Andrade, J. (2013, August 14). Sunshine Cruz sues estranged husband for rape. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved from entertainment.inquirer.net/107813/sunshine-cruz-files-abuse-raps-vs-cesar-montano
Baker, S. (2011, May 13). The Social Learning Theory of Domestic Abuse. Retrieved from http://voices.yahoo.com/the-social-learning-theory-domestic-abuse-8467757.html?cat=72
Benedictis, T., Jaffe, J., & Segal, J. (n.d.) Domestic Violence & Abuse: Types, Signs & Symptoms, Causes & Effects. Retrieved from www.aaets.org/article144.htm
Cruz, M. (2013, August 14). Sunshine Cruz’s rape accusation ‘preposterous’ – Cesar Montano. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved from entertainment.inquirer.net/107941/sunshine-cruzs-rape-accusation-preposterous-cesar-montano
Hyde-Nolan, M.E. & Juliao, T. (n.d.) Theoretical Basis for Family Violence. Retrieved from http://samples.jbpub.com/9780763780340/80340_CH02_FINAL.pdf
Jones, P. (n.d.) Why women have a hard time leaving. Retrieved from www.dovechristiancounseling.com/Why-Women-Stay-in-abusive-relationships.html
Leviticus, J. (2013, August 16). Emotional Spousal Abuse. Retrieved from www.livestrong.com/article/251762-emotional-spousal-abuse/
Ministry of Justice. (2013). Spousal Violence. Retrieved from www.ag.gov.bc.ca/prosecution-service/policy-man/pdf/SPO1-SpousalViolence.pdf
Ministry of Urban Development, Department of Publication. (2005, September 14). The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005. The Gazette of India, no.49. Retrieved from http://wcd.nic.in/wdvact.pdf
National Coalition against Domestic Violence. (n.d.). Economic Abuse [Fact Sheet]. Retrieved from http://www.uncfsp.org/projects/userfiles/File/DCE-STOP_NOW/NCADV_Economic_Abuse_Fact_Sheet.pdf
National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women (2004) RA 9262 Anti-violence against Women & Their Children Act of 2004: Implementing Rules & Regulations. Retrieved from http://www.pcw.gov.ph/sites/default/files/documents/resources/ra_9262_and_irr.pdf
Philippine Constitution. (1987). Republic Act 8369: Family Courts Act of 1997. Retrieved from http://www.pcw.gov.ph/law/republic-act-8369
Thenimble. (n.d.) A Sociological Analysis of Domestic Violence via Defending Our Lives. Retrieved from http://www.booksie.com/editorial_and_opinion/essay/thenimble/a-sociological-analysis-of-domestic-violence-via-defending-our-lives
The Advocates for Human Rights. (2013). Marital and Intimate Partner Sexual Assault. Retrieved from www.stopvaw.org/marital_and_intimate_partner_sexual_assault
Tracy, S. (2007, September). Patriarchy & Domestic Violence: Challenging Common Misconceptions. Retrieved from www.etsjets.org/files/JETS-PDFs/50/50-3/JETS_50-3_573-594_Tracy.pdf
United States’ Department of Health & Human Services: Office on Women’s Health. (2011, May). Violence against Women. Retrieved from womenshealth.gov/violence-against-women/types-of-violence/domestic-intimate-partner-violence.html
Woman Health Organization. (2012, November). Violence against Women (No. 239) [Fact Sheet]. Retrieved from www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs239/en
Woodbridge Township Domestic Violence Response Team. (n.d.) The Five Forms of Domestic Violence. Retrieved from http://www.woodbridgedvrt.org/pages/fiveforms.html

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