...going to address the various market structures that will help the local mayor understand the structures of the many businesses in the city. In order to do this the following market structures will be addressed: perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly. For each of these topic structures two market characteristics will be discussed. A real-life market structure within the local city will be identified with relation to the characteristics of that market. Next the paper will discuss how high entry barriers into a market structure will influence long-run profitability of the firms. Competitive pressures that are present in markets with high barriers to entry will be explained. Then the paper will discuss the price elasticity of demand in each market structure and its effect on pricing of its products in each market. After that a description of how the role of government affects each market structure’s ability to price its products will be provided. Finally, the effect of international trade on each market structure will be discussed. In order to understand the different market structures of the city, each structure needs to be defined and discussed. The first structure to be discusses is perfect competition. This is an ideal structure that does not really exist in the real market, but; is used as a theoretical model to compare other structures to. In a perfect competition market there is free entry and exit into the market. Without the constraints of...
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...Market Structures and Maximizing Profits /XECO/212 Principals of Economic In this paper I will discuss competitive markets, monopolies, and oligopolies and what role each of these plays in an economy? I will also point out: o What the characteristics of each market structure is? o How the price is determined in each market structure in terms of maximizing profits? o How output is determined in each market structure in terms of maximizing profits? o What are the barriers to entry, if any? o What role does each market structure play in the economy? First I would like to discuss what a competitive market is. This market has a large number of buyers and sellers, such that no single buyer or seller is able to influence the price or control any other aspect of the market. That is, none of the participants have significant market control. A competitive market achieves efficiency in the allocation of scarce resources if no other market failures are present (AmosWeb). Usually the competitive market does very well because demand price and supply are price equal. The demand and supply prices cannot generate any greater satisfaction by producing more of one good and less of another (AmosWeb). People want good products and they want what they pay for. I would be willing to spend hundreds on hair supplies as long as the products are good. If a product does not really provide the satisfaction you are looking for then you want to pay little or nothing for it right...
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...2: Operations and Long –Term Investment Decision Joanne T. Johnson Eco 550 March 20, 2014 Professor Jae – Kwang Hwang Operations and Long –Term Investment Decision Introduction The grocery market is filled with various options for microwavable food depending on the preferences of the consumers. Instead of the traditional use of the oven many families now use the microwave because of their busy lifestyles. The variety of healthy low calorie -microwave food has made shopping much easier for today’s busy consumer. Low calorie labels are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and require food “labels claiming low-calories must not have more than 40 calories for a given reference amount (except sugar substitutes)”. (The Calorie Control Council, 2014) Healthy low-calorie microwave foods have come a long way since the first Swanson pre-packaged TV dinner in the 1950’s. The meal tray was heated in the oven and consisted of a small portion of meat, two vegetables and dessert. The top two competing manufacturers of microwavable low-calorie foods are Lean Cuisine owned by Nestle and Healthy Choice owned by ConAgra. Both leaders in the frozen food market began in the 80’s. Healthy Choice works rigorously with the FDA to assure foods qualify under government health standards for healthy low calorie foods. Like all businesses these two businesses need a financial business plan that allows them to assess the company’s results and set targets for future growth. Marketing is...
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...on the behaviors and goals of individuals, firms, and government agencies that actually compose the larger economy. It is essential in the everyday life. Understanding the principles and objectives of microeconomics help towards policy making, and solutions for unemployment. The following are the five most important lessons I believe everyone should take away from this course. The first lesson to take away from microeconomics is how the limits to output are determined and how the interplay of market forces and government intervention utilize and expand those limits. For example, scarcity is an imbalance between available resources and our wishlist for those resources. The resources available for producinging...
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...have shaped states’ economies so far; command economy, free-market economy and mixed economy. The free market economy provides people to follow their self-interest without government intervention while the central government takes decisions about land, labor and capital in command economy. Sloan (2007) mentions that, in essence, every economy combines of these two. Countries prefer mixed economy instead of other two opposite concepts that have never existed in rationally. The reasons why an increasing number of countries choose mixed economy is state as an entrepreneur and state as a rule of law can enforce the regulative process and it can solve the disputes between enterprises during the recession or crisis. In the free-market economy, a pure capitalist system, firms and individuals determine all the production, labor and what to consume among them. The states basically follow philosophy of laissez-faire in this economy concept and governments do not take part in decision making of economic affairs. Therefore, the drawbacks of free market economy outweigh its advantages. Highly competitive markets can reduce the prices so that people can choose what is good for them, however, lack of state intervention can cause monopoly and unequal distribution of income. Schotter (1985) claims that selfishness and utility maximization can be exposed due to self-interests of the components–companies and people–in the free market. Ignoring the consequences of this greed can cause unequal distribution...
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...affect performance. In first part of the essay we will discuss early industrialisation and different theories of late development. After discussion will lead us to key institutions: financial markets, textile industry in relation to business group and labour market and steel industry with relationship to government intervention. In the conclusion we will discuss the current situation, highlight that there is no perfect system. There are many factors that effect economic performance and in order to be successful the changes in the world should be accommodated with the changes in institutions and organisational characteristics. The main characteristics of industrialisation are changes from agricultural to industrial economic structure, substitution of machines for human skills and replacement of home-made by purchased in stores goods. The First Industrial Revolution happened in early 18th century in textile industry in UK, they had technological means, right institutional and organisational characteristics, government encouragement, and a large and varied trade network. Britain became the world's leading industrial power, producing more than half its iron, coal and cotton cloth, with most of their raw materials sourced from the colonies. By early 19th century USA took over UK’s leading role, both of them were able to succeed due to mechanisation and large pools of skilled labour. The pioneers of the Theory of Late Development described later industrialised countries as economies...
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...associated class struggles and also to establish hegemony over the world system.1 The old imperialism rise in the late 19th century as direct consequences of industrial capitalism and engaged Europe, the US and Japan in a competitive struggle for markets and territorial control. 2 Actually, structures of exploitation mean exploit a country by using certain level of strategies. In old imperialism, firstly they enter a country by colonized them, secondly they produced and exported manufactured goods in exchange for raw materials, minerals and other industrial inputs or consumer commodities their colonies. Imperialist dominated all the resources in colonial countries where this is way allowing them to accumulate capital3 via ‘unequal exchange 4and unequal development. According to James Petras, there are no differences in new imperialism and old imperialism. But there are some differences, which are in new imperialism, there more focus on development as a form of imperialism. There is still existing of structure exploitation in new imperialism where developing countries are dominated by multinational corporations. In addition, most developing countries where introduced and practice the neo-liberalism system which is also a part of structure exploitation. Neo-liberalism benefited and makes richer the capitalist as much as possible while the developing countries remain underdeveloped. Industrialization is a process of transition from agriculture sector to industry sector where there...
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...class struggles and also to establish hegemony over the world system.[1] The old imperialism rise in the late 19th century as direct consequences of industrial capitalism and engaged Europe, the US and Japan in a competitive struggle for markets and territorial control. [2] Actually, structures of exploitation mean exploit a country by using certain level of strategies. In old imperialism, firstly they enter a country by colonized them, secondly they produced and exported manufactured goods in exchange for raw materials, minerals and other industrial inputs or consumer commodities their colonies. Imperialist dominated all the resources in colonial countries where this is way allowing them to accumulate capital[3] via ‘unequal exchange [4]and unequal development. According to James Petras, there are no differences in new imperialism and old imperialism. But there are some differences, which are in new imperialism, there more focus on development as a form of imperialism. There is still existing of structure exploitation in new imperialism where developing countries are dominated by multinational corporations. In addition, most developing countries where introduced and practice the neo-liberalism system which is also a part of structure exploitation. Neo-liberalism benefited and makes richer the capitalist as much as possible while the developing countries remain underdeveloped. Industrialization is a process of transition from agriculture sector to industry...
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...Maximizing Profits in Market Structures XECO/212 Principles of Economics Maximizing Profits in Market Structures There are several types of market structures that influence the goods consumers buy and at what price is set for each good. There are three main market structures which are the competitive markets, monopolies, and oligopolies. Each of which has unique characteristics that determine what role each will play in an economy. The different ways price and output effect maximizing profits in each market structure, along with any entry barriers that may exist for each market structure is also a topic to be discussed. The unique characteristic each market structure has makes them stand apart from one another. First let’s examine a competitive market to see what characteristics make this market unique from the other two being discussed. (A market is said to be competitive when it meets the two following characteristics: there are many buyers and many sellers in the market, and the goods offered by the various sellers are largely the same (Mankiw, (2007)). The buyers and the sellers in a competitive market are price takers because of their individual impact on the price of a good in such a large market. In other words, an individual buyer or seller does not make up enough of the market to even affect the market price of a good such as milk or gasoline. For example, leaving each accepting price generated by the market around them. Since we know what a competitive...
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...was for the first time that the bottle was containing water with bubbles. For the first time Michael Ovens had started the glass blowing machine which were used in automatic production of bottles. With use of these machines 69000 bottles were produced in place of 1500 bottles which were hand-made. After all these efforts the Soft drink industry started centuries ago. In the present time soft drinks is a very large industry and it is known as cold drinks now. Now in India there are only two major competitors Pepsi and Coke. This industry comes in beverages industry in India and it is growing industry because everyone likes to have cold drinks but it is seasonal the sales of cold drinks are in boom mainly in summers. Type of market: Market Structure in Micro Economics – The ‘micro’ prefix is derived from Greek word ‘mikros’, which has meaning small. The unit of study in micro economics is the part of the economy, such as individual households, firms and industries. Micro economics is related with economic activities of individual economic units as consumers, resource owners and business...
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...industry context Structure and operation of UK economy: market structure; perfect/imperfect competition; oligopoly; duopoly and monopoly; national/local factors; determinants of free-market economy Government economic policy: aims and influence; effects on employment policy; inflation; balance of payments; economic growth in industry sector; current issues Income, wealth, employment and occupational distribution: structure and composition of business and services industry; patterns of demand for business and services; the socioeconomic framework of demand; labour demand in industry sector Demographic trends: geographical pattern of labour demand; nature of employment in business and services industries; employment profiles eg age, sex Social structures: types of people employed; geographical variations; self-employed; unemployed; labour turnover; levels of pay Industry context: contexts eg hospitality and catering, hairdressing and beauty therapy, sports and leisure, travel and tourism LO2 Understand the effect of legal and political environments on business and service industries Structure, operation and influence of local government: structure; areas of control; limits of authority; interface with national government; powers affecting business and services industries Role and influence of the EU: history of the EU; relationship with national and local government; influence of the EU directly/indirectly on business and services industries Pressure groups: role; types; political...
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...Contents Introduction 1 I. Structure of State Bank in Vietnam 2 1. History of State bank in Vietnam 2 2. Structure of State Bank in Vietnam 3 II. Operation of State Bank in Vietnam: 9 1. Monetary tools that State Bank use to moderate the Economics: 9 1.1. Open-market operation: 9 1.2. Discount, rediscount tool: 10 1.3. Required reserve: 11 1.4. Frame of interest rate 12 1.5. Selective credit control: 13 1.6. Imposing credit limit: 13 1.7. Supply fiat money: 13 2. How State Bank in Vietnam applied these tools in its activities ? 14 2.1. 2008 Monetary policies 14 2.2. Monetary policies in 2009 15 2.3. 2010 monetary policies 16 3. Comparison between State Bank of Vietnam and Federal Reserve (FED) 17 Conclusion 21 Reference 22 Introduction The State Bank of Vietnam is the central bank in Vietnam, which is a state agency management of currency in Vietnam. This is the agency responsible for issuing currency, managing monetary policy and advise the relevant currency for the government such as issuing currency, exchange rate policy, interest rate policy, management of foreign exchange reserves, the draft bill on banking and credit institutions, to consider the establishment of banks and credit institutions, management of state-owned commercial banks. Established in 1951 under the name National Bank and renamed in 1960, the State Bank of Vietnam has gradually grown and developed, contributing important role in building and strengthening...
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...AND FINANCIAL MARKETS Peter N. Ireland Department of Economics Boston College irelandp@bc.edu http://www2.bc.edu/~irelandp/ec261.html Chapter 2: An Overview of the Financial System 1. Function of Financial Markets and Financial Intermediaries 2. Structure of Financial Markets Debt and Equity Markets Primary and Secondary Markets Exchanges and Over-the-Counter Markets Money and Capital Markets 3. Financial Instruments Money Market Instruments Capital Market Instruments 4. Role of Financial Intermediaries Transaction Costs and Economies of Scale Risk Sharing and Diversification Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard 5. Types of Financial Intermediaries Depository Institutions (Banks) Contractual Savings Institutions Investment Intermediaries This chapter provides an overview of the financial system in the US economy by describing the various types of financial markets, financial instruments, and financial institutions or intermediaries that exist. 1 The chapter begins with a general statement that clarifies what function financial markets and financial intermediaries have in the economy as a whole. It then deals more specifically with: The structure of financial markets and the ways in which different types of financial markets can be distinguished. Here, it discusses debt versus equity markets, primary versus secondary markets, exchanges versus over-the-counter markets, and money versus capital markets. The various types of financial instruments, including both money market instruments and...
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...Market Structures & Amp Maximizing Pro XECO/212 Momoh Dudu 10/12/2011 What is a the number of companies rivaling in a certain market, how they differ and how they are similar, and the task they venture when entering and exiting the market determines that companies market structure. What roles does each market structure play in the economy. Many assumptions are made about the different types of markets, including competitive markets, monopolies, and oligopolies. This paper will break the wrong assumptions that there is competition in every market. It will also help to understand the following four questions. What the characteristics of each market structure consists of? How is price determined in each market structure in terms of maximizing profits? How is output determined in each market structure in terms of maximizing profits? What are the barriers to entry, if any? Competitive Markets also know as perfectly competitive market maintains two basic characteristics. The characteristics consists of having many buyers and sellers in the market and the goods and services brought forth but multiple consumers. These characteristics play a large part in devising the market price. These buyers and sellers take the market price as it is given to them. Competitive market has open doors allowing companies to enter and exit at will. Price determination is competitive markets in terms of maximizing profits are worked as total revenue minus total cost. Competition with buyers...
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...Changing role of government INTRODUCTION The market was the most appropriate instrument for realizing economic growth & improving human welfare. The state’s role was thus to be restricted to certain core function – providing public good such as defence & highways, maintaining law & order to ensure security of person & property, enforcing contracts & providing primary education to the people. In 19th century the government role in redistributing income was limited & tax system were used entirely for revenue raising, state thus remained small by modern standards until world war first. In developed economies of the west, the policy makers by & large agreed on three principles. First, there was agreement on the limitations of the private enterprise & thus mixed public-private economy was regarded as desirable. This implied nationalizing a wide range of strategic industries. Secondly, need for a coordinated macroeconomic policy was recognized because market alone failed to ensure macroeconomic stability that is that is needed for sustained growth of business. Finally, reliance entirely on market For the welfare of the people was a questionable proposition. In the three and a half decades between 1960 & 1995, government western economies assumed new role & expanded existing ones. By the mid-1990s the range of tasks performed by the government & its agencies included not only maintaince & development of infrastructure & utilities but also much more support for education, health care...
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