Free Essay

Marketing Management

In:

Submitted By rossiah
Words 1476
Pages 6
STUDENT’S NAME : ROSSIAH BTE ABDUL RAHIM

I/C NO : 691006-07-5376

PROGRAMME : EXECUTIVE BANCHELORS

CLASS DATE : 30 June 2012 & 1 & 8 JULY 2012

INTAKE DATE : MAC 2012

MODULE : MARKETING MANAGEMENT

TRAINER’S NAME : MR ANTHONY GERARD

CENTRE : IGE SEBERANG JAYA

OVERALL MARK
(Fill up by Trainer)

| | |
|QUESTION |MARK |
|1 | |
|2 | |
|3 | |
|4 | |
|5 | |
|TOTAL | |
| | |
|FINAL MARK (40%) | |

Hi ..Sir ..

Question no 1:
What are the major differences between Proton Saga 1.3FL and FLX model?

Answer:-

The Proton Saga is a subcompact car, formerly a compact car manufactured by Malaysian auto manufacturer Proton since July 1985.

The Saga and its variants contribute to most of Proton's sales and revenues since its introduction. For nearly 22 years, the first-generation Saga is the longest surviving Proton model to date, ahead of Proton's mid-size car, the Perdana. The original Saga model was based on the 1983 Mitsubishi Lancer Fiore in conjunction with the agreement with Mitsubishi to produce Malaysia's own national car. In 2008, a successor designed in-house by Proton was launched under the new management and using the Proton Savvy platform to cut development cost. In August of that year, the 3 millionth car produced by Proton was a second generation Proton Saga.

On November 30, 2010, Proton unveiled a mid-life face-lift version of the Proton Saga at the Thai International Motor Expo 2010, featuring substantial changes to the exterior sheet metal.[16] The new features introduced in the Saga FL include power windows for all 4 doors (previous Sagas only have front power windows), new Clarion audio system with USB ports, rear LED lights, steering wheel audio switches, and dual airbags. The technical specifications for the Saga FL is unchanged from the pre-facelift Saga.

Proton Saga 1.3FL
[pic]
The facelifted Proton Saga from our Thai Auto Expo 2010 coverage earlier this month, and now it’s the Malaysian market’s turn to get the car. Unveiled by Proton MD Datuk Syed Zainal moments ago, it is officially called the Saga FL.

The new features, can know that Proton is trying to get the younger crowd to consider the Saga as their first car, urban middle class folks that would otherwise buy a Myvi.

The Blue Rock colour you see here is one of the two new colors (the other is Cafe Latte, a light brown hue), and is the same colour as the Thai show car. There are now two trim lines – Standard and Executive – down from the previous three. Manual (5-speed) and automatic (4-speed) choices are available for both trims, which mean that there are four possible configurations.

Powered by the same 1,332 cc Campro engine with 94 hp and 120 Nm, the Saga FL gets Proton’s new face, which will be sign of things to come. As detailed before, the new exterior consists of new lamps front and rear, new grille, new bumpers on both ends and new design rims. Standard variants ride on 175/70 R13 wheels while Executive FLs use 185/60 R14 rubber.

Most of the new features that the FL gets over the old car is for the Executive. They are dual airbags, steering audio buttons and USB/AUX ports for the Clarion MP3 stereo. New goodies available on both trims are side mirrors with LED signal lamps, rear power windows, rear LED tail lamps. The rest of the Executive-only equipment includes driver’s seat height adjuster, powered wing mirrors, fog lamps and slim rear spoiler.he new Proton Saga facelift is now available in four different variants – the Standard M/T and A/T as well as the higher spec Executive M/T and A/T, which is one grade level less than the pre-facelift Saga, which was available in N-Line, B-Line and M-Line. Effectively, this means very basic N-Line with the cheapest price tag and the black bumper is not represented in the new line-up.

All models have the front and rear power windows, MP3 function for the audio player, and the side mirrors with LED turn indicators.

What the Executive model adds over the Standard model are the USB and AUX input, the dual front SRS airbags (Standard model doesn’t have any airbags), steering wheel audio switches, driver seat height adjustment, electric door mirrors, fog lamps, rear spoiler, a multipurpose container and side protector moulding. Wheels are alloys wrapped with 180/60R14 on the Executive, and steel wheels wrapped with 175/70R13 on the Standard.

Proton Saga 1.3FLX
[pic]
the manual variant of the FLX also sees a change, this being in drivetrain choice, the Aichi Kikai five-speed tranny making way for a Getrag five-speeder. The selection goes the same route as that chose with going with CVT – better efficiency and improved fuel economy.

To wit, the final drive’s ratios reveal much; on the Japanese gearbox it’s 4.7, while the Getrag’s is 3.8. There was no manual FLX during the drive – the word is that it’s coming about soon, and the Getrag stick shifter will make the transition to the FL as standard fitment as things move along. Elsewere, the 1.3 litre CamPro four-pot mill on the FLX is now of the IAFM+ variety, the plus suffix indicating that some minor revisions to the cam profile have been carried out, addressing some quality-related issues and for better integration with the CVT drivetrain. In terms of output figures, there’s no change – 94 hp and 120 Nm are still it, the same as found on the FL.

There’s also the inclusion of ABS and EBD, which is only available in the 1.3L Executive, essentially the M-Line version of the car. Other additions to the FLX are a new interior finishing called Tempest Grey, an exterior colour called Elegant Brown (as seen in the photos) and new graphics for the instrument cluster meters, the last offering better legibility and visual appeal compared to that on the FL.

Additionally, the FLX also features changes to the suspension setup, something that wasn’t mentioned in the presentation. The revisions are again subtle rather than radical, but for what’s on, offer a nice jump in handling performance.

The new package features stiffer springs, a thicker front anti-roll bar (21 mm, as opposed to the 19 mm one on the FL) and revised shocks – among other things, the APM-made units feature a reworked rebound rate, offering 20% to 30% more stiffness. Also, the stopper length at the back has also been increased, essentially to stop the rearward sagging lThe result on the whole is reduced body roll and the promise of more neutral handling into corners. A more aggressive handling package was also delivered during trials, which offered even better performance, but at the expense of ride comfort. This one then strikes the best balance between ride and handling, and these changes are set to make its way on to the standard FL Saga.

On paper performance figures for the CVT show improvements across the board in fuel consumption as well as CO2 figures, as noted in the photo below. We were told that the figures in the chart are for the unit operating in pure CVT mode; while engaging SAT continuously doesn’t change the torque curve, it does affect overall consumption through its modified behavior.

Across the speed spectrum, the CVT-equipped FLX is also quicker getting to the 0-100 km/h mark than the 4AT Saga – not exactly blazing, but its 13.20 seconds in that particular sprint is 0.9 seconds (or 6.38%, if you’re percentage inclined) faster than the 14.10 seconds managed by the Saga FL 1.3. Of course, the manual still gets to the century faster, taking 13.0 seconds to do so. Top speed for the CVT variant is 155 km/h, and 160 for the manual.

In use, it’s not night and day, that timing difference is, not as far as going round and round a test track would ever show, though the FLX felt a bit sprightlier being pushed. I started out in a FL, which provided handy direct comparison in terms of feel and perception.

Question no 2:
Which model do you think is more marketable-FLX 1.3 Executive or FL 1.6 Executive ? Give reasons to justify your answer
FL stand for flexible, 1.6 is mean the capacity of something. Executive is mean for the position of someone in the company or maybe brand.
My opinion is Fl 1.6 Executive reason is why, flexi is mean can used for anytime, wherever and durable. And the cappicity is more powerful more high that level is more excelent.
The status your are become higher as like executive because it was judge from what as you look.
-----------------------
Interface Global Education Authorised Centre By
N AsiaeUniversity

AsiaeUniversity

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

Marketing Management

...Internal Assignment No.1 Paper Code : BBA-203 Paper Title : Marketing Management Q.1.1 What do you understand by Marketing ? A.1.1 Marketing is the process of communicating the value of a product or service to customers. Marketing might sometimes be interpreted as the art of selling products, but selling is only a small fraction of marketing. As the term "Marketing" may replace "Advertising" it is the overall strategy and function of promoting a product or service to the customer. *********************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** Q.1.2 What are the components of marketing mix ? Q.1.2 1. Product. The Product area is concerned with developing the right "product" for the target market. This offering may involve a physical good, a service, or a blend of both. Keep in mind that Product is not limited to "physical good". 2. Place.Place is concerned with all the decisions involved in getting the "right" product to the target market's Place. A product isn't much good to a customer if it isn't available when and where it's wanted. A product reaches customers through a channel of distribution. (A channel of distribution is any series of firms - or individuals - from producer to final user or consumer.) 3. Promotion.The third P - is concerned with telling the target market about the "right" product. Promotion includes...

Words: 5117 - Pages: 21

Premium Essay

Marketing Management

...Unit outline of M 501 @ IBA Course Title: Marketing Theory and Practices: M 501 Course Instructor: Dr. Md. Ridhwanul Haq Ph.D (University of Western Sydney) MBS (The Australian National University) Post Graduate Diploma in Training and Teaching (Aus-training, Sydney) MBA and BBA (University of Dhaka) An introduction of this unit Marketing is a discipline concerned with the creation of ‘value’ and exchange of ‘values’ between marketers and their customers. Marketing helps to increase the value of organizations and their clients. Furthermore, managing the marketing is about handling and implementing updated tools and technique in business world. It is a dynamic and highly stimulating field of contemporary business studies. It has been defined as the business function that determines customer needs, identifies target markets that the company can serve better than its competitors, designs marketing strategy and develops plans and programs to serve these markets effectively and efficiently. Since the basic purpose of business "is to create a customer", the way to grow a business is through marketing. Marketing is therefore often equated with creativity and viewed as one of the most important functions in business. Approach of teaching The way that the Marketing Management unit has been developed emphasizes the importance of ‘dialogue’ (through regular collaboration and discussion) as essential to effective learning. We...

Words: 721 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Marketing Management

...ORIENTATION OF A FIRM (Production concept, Product concept, Selling concept and marketing concept) Marketing management wants to design strategies that will build profitable relationships with target consumers. But what philosophy should guide these marketing strategies ? What weight should be given to the interests of customers ? Very often, various interests conflict. There are four alternative concepts under which organizations design and carry out their marketing strategies : the production concept, product concept, selling concept and marketing concept. PRODUCTION CONCEPT The production concept holds that consumer will favor products that available and highly affordable. This is one of the oldest orientations that guide sellers. It gives too much importance to production of goods and services. Large scale production is the base of production concept. Hence, management should focus on improving production and distribution efficiency. Production is important in marketing as without production marketing is just not possible. This concept is still a useful philosophy in some situations e.g. A computer maker Lenovo dominates the highly competitive, price sensitive Chinese PC market through low labor costs, high production and efficiency and mass distribution. However, production concept is one-sided concept as production without considering the needs and expectations of consumers may not get the support of consumers. Companies adopting this orientation run a...

Words: 3953 - Pages: 16

Premium Essay

Marketing Management

...MARKETING REPORT FOR BOSCH KETTLE (TWK 6831) COURSE: MSC MANAGEMENT MODULE: MARKETING MODULE LEADER: DR BRIAN JONES HARIS HUSSAIN ZAHID (77054487) MUHAMMAD ALI (77055851) TITTO THOMAS (77044182) SUBMISSION DATE 18TH APRIL 2008 Leeds Metropolitan University Leeds Business School Contents Page No 1 Introduction 2. The Marketing Environment 2.1 Macro Environment (a) Political and Legal Environment (b) Economic and Competitive Environment (c) Social Cultural Environments (d) Technological Environment 2.2 Micro Environment 2.3 Competition (a) Competitors of Bosch Kettle 3. Critical analysis of relevant theories 3.1 SWOT Analysis 3.2 Portfolio Analysis 3.3 Porter’s Matrix 3.4 The Boston Matrix (The Product Portfolio) 3.5 Response Hierarchy Model (a) The AIDA Model (b) The innovation – adoption Model (c) The DAGMAR Model Market Attractiveness Model: the GE matrix 3.6 Critical Analysis 4. Critical Analysis of Buyer Behaviour 4.1 Consumer as Buyer 4.2 Conclusion and Analysis 5.0 Buyer Behaviour 5.1 Buyer Behaviour Role in Marketing 5.2 Consumer as Buyer 5.3 Why People Buy 5.4 How people choose (a) what influence Buyers? 6.0 Segmentation Targeting and Positioning Strategies 6.1 Segment Identification 6.2 Consumer basis 6.3 Physiographic 6.4 Geodemographics 6.5 Psychographics ...

Words: 6526 - Pages: 27

Premium Essay

Marketing Management

...What is Marketing? Fundamentals of Marketing Management Process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others. Dr. P.V. (Sundar) Balakrishnan Simply put: Marketing is the delivery of customer satisfaction at a profit. Managing World-Class Organizations S #1 Balakrishnan The Marketing Objective Activities in the Marketing Process ... “Satisfy the needs of a group of customers better than the competition.” Distinguish from Selling or Advertising: – merely a subset of marketing actions used to satisfy consumer needs. Marketing focuses on the use of all the firm’s controllable influences to satisfy the customer. S #3 Balakrishnan S #2 Balakrishnan Broad Objective of Marketing Identify needs of customers that company can satisfy Design a Product (“bundle of benefits”) that satisfies those needs - better than existing products. Promote / communicate these benefits in order to motivate purchase Price at the right level so that consumers are willing & able to buy the product and the firm’s profit goals are met Make the product available at the right Place so that exchange is facilitated S #4 Balakrishnan Core Marketing Concepts To grow the business by adapting it to changes in the environment : by monitoring Needs, wants, and demands changes in customer needs changes in competition changes in the company’s own skills...

Words: 1480 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Marketing Management

...4.705 Marketing Management Assignment Marketing Strategy For Research In Motion Table of Contents 1. Executive summary 3 2. Value Based Marketing Strategy 4 3. Marketing mix strategy 4 a) Product 5 b) Place 6 c) Price 6 d) Promotion 6 4. Driving forces of change in the mobile industry 7 5. Changes in Competitive Landscape 8 6. Understanding customer behavior 9 7. SWOT analysis 10 8. Recommended Marketing mix strategies for RIM 13 9. Target Market for Blackberry 14 10. References 15 Executive Summary Research In Motion (RIM) is one of the world’s leading manufacturer of wireless devices and also known for their smartphone and tablet range, Blackberry. It was found in 1984 by Mike Lazaidis in Canada. Initially RIM was in to wireless equipments until 1999 when they started creating Blackberry series. Blackberry is now widely used as a smartphone which is used mainly by corporate and business people. But it also attracts a broad range of users from teenagers to other professionals. It is widely available in many countries with offices operating around the world. Recent falling of stock has forced RIM to construct an all new market strategy in order to be in a highly competitive market. It has been analyzed that it is high time RIM should constitute a better marketing plan, which will focus mainly on Value based...

Words: 2269 - Pages: 10

Premium Essay

Marketing Management

...| |To apply an understanding of marketing strategies such as understanding terms, concepts, and principles relevant to planning and formulating | | |marketing strategies for appropriate product or services | | |To gain experiences in making effective marketing decisions via using the case learning approach | | |Transferable Skills: | | |Through lecture in classroom and presentation. | | |Teaching-learning and assessment strategy | | | | | |Knowledge of Discipline Area | | |Practical Skills | | |Problem solving and scientific skills ...

Words: 1263 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Marketing Management

...Marketing management is about how you use the marketing techniques such as advertising to market your product and services and at the same time manage the marketing recourses and activities. According to Kolter & Koller. 2006 marketing management is the art and science of choosing target markets and getting, keeping, and growing customers through creating, delivering, and communicating superior customer value. Marketing consists of the business activities that identify the needs and wants of marketplace, determines which target segments the organization will make offers to and designs appropriate products (McColl 1995). Marketing involves a wide range of activities that enable a business to continuously understand the needs and wants of today’s customers, satisfying them and getting value in return. Through market research a business is able to find out information about markets, target markets and their needs and competitors. Marketing management is both an art and science as it is the way you communicate with the general public to market your products and services and it also involves scientific techniques to gather information of the market in which to market the product and services. From my opinion, marketing is definitely an art because it’s the way you convince one to make a purchase and it mainly focuses on emotional response, consumer experience, brand attributes and the creativeness used and it’s never the same unlike science. In fact, they aren't anywhere. “Marketing...

Words: 1496 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Marketing Management

...Post Graduate Program in Management (PGPM) Faculty Name | Dr Tapan K Panda | Year/Term | 2014 - 15/Term-1 | Course Name | Marketing Management-1 | No. of Credits | 3 | No of Contact Hours | 20 | Session Duration | 90 Min. | About the Instructor: Dr Tapan K Panda is a professor of marketing at Great Lakes Institute of Management Chennai and Director of Kotler Srinivasan Centre for Research in Marketing. Prior to joining at Great Lakes, He taught at leading business schools of India including Indian Institute of Management Lucknow, Kozhikode and Indore as a full time faculty member. He has published fifteen books in various areas of marketing and was awarded late Dewang Mehta Best Marketing Faculty Award 2011 and AIMS International Best Management Professor Award in 2013. His areas of interest include brand management, customer relationship management, digital marketing. He can be reached at tapanpanda@gmail.com Course Objectives and Key Take Away This is the first course in marketing for students of the Post Graduate Program in Management. This course is designed to acquaint students with conceptual foundation of marketing and its various facets affecting business decision making in a modern organization. It focuses on * Building clear understanding of customer orientation in organizations and how marketing serves as a value delivery mechanism. * Sensitizing students to issues related to marketing environment and how managers...

Words: 2290 - Pages: 10

Premium Essay

Marketing Management

...Chapter 1: Marketing Management Basic Concepts THE SCOPE OF MARKETING To prepare to be marketers, you need to understand what marketing is, how it works, what is marketed, and who does the marketing. What Is Marketing?  Marketing deals with identifying and meeting human and social needs. One of the shortest definitions of marketing is “meeting needs profitably.”  The American Marketing Association offers the following formal definition: ―Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational goals.”  Marketing management is the art and science of choosing target markets and getting, keeping, and growing customers through creating, delivering, and communicating superior customer value.  A social definition of marketing is that ―marketing is a societal process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating, offering, and freely exchanging products and services of value with others.” Exchange and Transactions Exchange is the process of obtaining a desired product from someone by offering something in return. For exchange potential to exist, the following conditions must be satisfied: 1. There are at least two parties. 2. Each party has something that might be of value to the other party. 3. Each party is capable of communication and delivery. 4. Each party is free to accept or reject the exchange offer...

Words: 2214 - Pages: 9

Premium Essay

Marketing Management

...Marketing Vitamins PGP 1 Participants May 2011 Indian Institute of Management Indore Getting Started… The process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others. What is Marketing? Simply put… Marketing is the delivery of customer satisfaction at a profit. More formally… Marketing (management) is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational goals. “Marketing is the process of creating an environment to sell” A marketer can rarely satisfy everyone in a market Market Segmentation • They identify and profile distinct groups of buyers who might prefer or require varying products and marketing mixes. • Market segments can be identified by examining demographic, psychographic, and behavioral differences among buyers Target Markets • The firm then decides which segments present the greatest opportunity—those whose needs the firm can meet in a superior fashion. Positioning • For each chosen target market, the firm develops a market offering. • The offering is positioned in the minds of the target buyers as delivering some central benefit(s). How can you use this to compare Mercedes marketing with that of BMW? A Successful Marketer fully understands consumers’ Needs, Wants and Demands State of felt deprivation for basic items...

Words: 581 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Marketing and Management

...The Marketing Mindset: How to Engage Yours Strategic marketing is at once a business philosophy and a practical discipline of management pervading every function of the organization with a focus on the customer and the world in which they live. It requires clear understanding and articulation of the past and present as well as a forecast of what might happen in the future. Strategic marketing is characteristically “outside-in,” meaning that your attention originates with the customer, not the organization, ultimately helping you to create products, services, and experiences to ensure an ongoing, satisfying relationship between the two. For decades, the four Ps—product, price, place, and promotion—have served as the framework for effective marketing management. The blend of these four variables resulted in a marketing mix to form the basis of an organization’s marketing initiatives. The four Ps are: Product: products and services an organization produces and sells (because it can); Price: the amount charged (to cover costs and make profit); Place: where the organization distributes products or services (because they are the easiest and cheapest places to do so); and Promotion: what the organization says about the product or service (to the masses whenever, wherever, and however they want). This framework evolved some 40 years ago, in an age of consumerism characterized by caveat emptor—let the buyer beware. Today, organizations need to adopt the four...

Words: 899 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Marketing Management

...PAPER 3.5: MARKETING MANAGEMENT – M.B.A. III Sem UNIT 1 Modern Marketing Concept: Social Marketing concept – Approaches to the study of marketing – Marketing segmentation – Meaning – Bases for segmentation, benefits – Systems approach – Features of industrial, consumer and services marketing. UNIT 2 Marketing Environment: External factor – Demographic factors – Internal factors – Marketing mix – Four P’s marketing. Consumer Behaviour: Meaning and importance – Consumer buying process – Determinants and theories of consumer behaviour – Psychological, sociological determinants – Theories and their relevance to marketing. Marketing Research: Meaning – Objectives – Procedure. UNIT 3 Product Mix Management: Product planning and development – Meaning and process – Test marketing – Product failures – Product life cycles – Meaning and Stages – Strategies – Meaning PLC. Product-Market Integration: Strategies – Product positioning – Diversification – Product line simplification –Planned obsolescence – Branding Policies and Strategies – Packing. UNIT 4 Price Mix Management: Pricing and pricing policies – Objectives – Procedures – Methods of price fixing – Administered and regulated prices – Pricing and product life cycle – Government control of pricing. UNIT 5 Physical Distribution Mix: Distribution channel policy – Choice of channel – Channel management – Conflict and cooperation in channels – Middlemen functions. UNIT...

Words: 57203 - Pages: 229

Premium Essay

Marketing Management

...Marketing - Session 0 Marketing is a societal process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating, offering, and freely exchanging products and services of value with others. Core marketing concepts: 1. Needs, wants, & demands :    Needs : Basic human requirements (Air, water, food, clothing, and shelter ) Wants : Needs directed to specific objects that might satisfy the need (Shaped by society ) Demands :Wants for specific products backed by an ability to pay (Necessity to measure how many people are able buy a company’s products ) Offerings & brands Companies address customer needs through a value. Proposition: Set of benefits that satisfy customer needs. Offerings: Physical representation of those benefits. Brands: Offering from a known source, a brand’s name carries many associations in people’s mind that makes up its image. 2.     3. Value & satisfaction   Value: sum of tangible and intangible benefits and costs to a customer (perceived value increases with the quality and services) Satisfaction: A person’s judgment of a product’s perceived performance in relationship to his expectations. 4. Exchanges & relationships   Exchange: The act of obtaining a desired object from someone by offering something in return. (= ONE sale, to ONE customer) Relationship: several exchanges with several customer = the goal. Relationships are built through delivering value and satisfaction. The marketing process: 1- Analyzing the environment...

Words: 5098 - Pages: 21

Premium Essay

Marketing Management

...2011-05-01T10:03:11HTML: <noscript> 2011-05-01T10:03:11HTML: </noscript> 2011-05-01T10:03:11HTML: <noscript> 2011-05-01T10:03:11HTML: </noscript> 2011-05-01T10:03:11HTML: <noscript> 2011-05-01T10:03:11HTML: </noscript> 1 |P a g e Chapter 1: Marketing Management Basic Concepts THE SCOPE OF MARKETING To prepare to be marketers, you need to understand what marketing is, how it works, what is marketed, and who does the marketing. What Is Marketing?  Marketing deals with identifying and meeting human and social needs. One of the shortest definitions of marketing is “meeting needs profitably.”  The American Marketing Association offers the following formal definition: ―Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distributionof ideas, goods, and services to create exchangest hat satisfy individualand organizational goals.”  Marketing management is the art and science of choosing target markets and getting, keeping, and growing customers through creating, delivering, and communicating superior customer value.  A social definition of marketing is that ―marketing is a societal process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating, offering, and freely exchanging products and services of value with others.” Exchange and Transactions Exchange is the process of obtaining a desired product from someone by offering...

Words: 1963 - Pages: 8