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Marketing

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ANALISIS DEL ENTORNO DE MARKETING Dentro del vertiginoso panorama global, la empresa debe vigilar 6 fuerzas principales: * Entorno Demográfico: Se deben tener en cuenta: * Crecimiento de la Población Mundial * Estructura de Edades de la Población * Mercados Étnicos * Grupos de Educación * Conformación de Hogares * Desplazamientos Geográficos de la Población * Desplazamiento de un Mercado de Masas a un Micromercados: Edad, Sexo, Origen étnico, etc. * Entorno Económico * Distribución del Ingreso * Ahorros, deuda y disponibilidad de crédito * Entorno Natural * Escasez de materias primas * Aumento en el costo de la energía * Aumento en los niveles de contaminación * El cambio en el papel de los gobiernos * Entorno Tecnológico * Ritmo acelerado del cambio tecnológico * Oportunidades ilimitadas de innovación * Variación en los presupuestos de R&D * Creciente regulación del cambio tecnológico * Entorno Político Legal * Leyes que regulan los negocios * Crecimiento de grupos de interés público * Entorno Socio Cultural * Alta persistencia de los valores culturales centrales * Existencia de subculturas * Cambio en los valores culturales secundarios al paso del tiempo

LA INTIMIDAD CON EL CLIENTE Y OTRAS DISCIPLINAS DE VALOR Según los autores, el liderazgo de las compañías depende de su enfoque a entregar en línea un valor del cliente superior en una de las siguientes tres disciplinas del valor: * Excelencia Operativa: describe un enfoque estratégico específico para la producción y entrega de productos y servicios. El objetivo de una compañía con esta estrategia es liderar su industria en precio y conveniencia. Buscan minimizar gastos generales, para eliminar pasos intermedios de producción, para reducir transacciones y otros costos de fricción y para optimizar los procesos comerciales a lo largo de las fronteras comerciales y organizacionales. Entrega a los clientes productos o servicios a precios convenientes con el mínimo de inconveniencia. * Intimidad con el Cliente: continuamente personalizan y moldean sus productos y servicios para que encajen con una definición del cliente cada vez mas fina. Esto puede ser costoso, pero las compañías que utilizan esta estrategia, están dispuestas a gastar ahora para construir una lealtad para el largo plazo. Los empleados de estas compañías harán casi cualquier cosa para asegurarse de que cada cliente obtenga exactamente lo que quiere. * Liderazgo de Producto: estas compañías luchas por producir un flujo continuo de productos y servicios de lo mejor en su clase. Estas empresas deben: ser creativas, comercializar rápidamente sus ideas, buscar nuevas soluciones para los problemas que sus propios productos o servicios más recientes acaban de solucionar. Convertirse en un líder de la industria, requiere que una compañía seleccione una disciplina de valor que tenga en cuenta sus capacidades y cultura así como las fuerzas de los competidores. Pero el mayor reto es mantener ese enfoque, para dirigir infatigablemente esa estrategia a lo largo de toda la organización, para desarrollar la consistencia interna, y para confrontar el cambio radical.

MIOPIA DEL MARKETING La razón de que el crecimiento de las compañías se esté amenazado, haya disminuido, o se encuentre detenido, no es que el mercado esté saturado, se debe a que ha habido una falla de gestión. Algunas de las fallas del marketing de este tipo de compañías son: * La creencia de que el crecimiento está asegurado por una población cada vez más grande y opulenta. * La creencia de que no hay un sustituto competitivo para el producto principal de la empresa * Demasiada confianza en la producción masiva y en las ventajas de reducir rápidamente los costos por unidad a medida que crece la producción total * Preocupación por un producto que se presta para la experimentación científica, mejoramiento y reducción de costos de manufactura cuidadosamente controlados. Una compañía debe evitar caer en alguno de estos aspectos para lograr un crecimiento sostenido a lo largo del tiempo.

PLANES DE MARKETING Sin un plan de marketing, no sabrá cuando ha alcanzado sus objetivos. Su propósito básico es actuar como un mapa de ruta para decirle como actuar desde el principio del plan como alcanzar sus objetivos y metas. El plan de marketing, le permitirá dirigir y redireccionar sus actividades a vías alternas para lograr llegar a su objetivo con un mínimo de dificultad. Teniendo un plan de marketing, es posible describir una gran imagen en detalle de la compañía; esto le permite ver a todos los miembros como sus acciones afectan las de los demás. Un plan de marketing, permite además establecer y asignar la cantidad de recursos necesarios para el desarrollo del proyecto. Un buen plan de marketing, hará que un dólar haga el trabajo de diez. Además asegura que cada tarea sea asignada en la secuencia correcta, y que todos los elementos y estrategias sean coordinados sinérgicamente para maximizar su efecto y asegurar la terminación del mismo con los recursos disponibles.

Tipos de Plan de Marketing Plan de Nuevo Producto El plan de nuevos productos, es preparado para un producto, servicio o línea de productos o marcas que no ha sido introducida por la empresa. Con los planes de nuevos productos, algunas veces es necesario hacer supuestos basados en productos o servicios similares que la compañía ha vendido, o que han sido introducidos por otras compañías. Plan de Marketing Anual Son utilizados para aquellos productos, servicios o marcas que están actualmente en la línea de productos de la compañía. Este plan es a futuro, es como llegará de su posición actual a alguna otra posición en un futuro.

PLANEANDO EL DESARROLLO DE UN PLAN DE MARKETING Un buen plan de marketing, requiere un gran manejo de información, obtenida de muchas fuentes. Este es utilizado para desarrollar la estrategia de marketing y las tácticas para alcanzar un grupo específico de objetivos y metas. La Estructura del Plan de Marketing Todo plan de marketing debe tener debe tener una estructura antes de comenzar, es importante que sea presentado en una forma lógica sin omitir ningún detalle. Sus secciones son: * Resumen Ejecutivo: incluye una descripción del producto o servicio, la ventaja diferenciadora sobre la competencia, la inversión requerida y los resultados esperados. * Tabla de contenido * Introducción: Una explicación de los detalles del proyecto. * Análisis Situacional: contiene una gran cantidad de información, y como su nombre lo indica, presenta un análisis de la situación que se enfrentará con el servicio o producto propuesto. Debe contener: * Situación Ambiental: incluye la demanda y marcas demandadas para su producto o servicio. * Situación Neutral: Tiene que ver con grupos y organizaciones * Situación de la Competencia: Son aquellos con los cuales compite * Situación de la Compañía: Describe su situación en su compañía y los recursos disponibles * Target Market: describe exactamente quienes son sus clientes y que, donde, cuando, por que, como, cuanto y que tan frecuentemente compran. El concepto básico de la estrategia, significa concentrar los pocos recursos en los puntos decisivos. Conocer a sus clientes, es tan importante como conocerse a si mismo, a su competencia y a los otros ambientes que influyan en su trabajo. * Problemas y Oportunidades: esta es una sección que enfatiza los puntos principales presentados en las secciones anteriores. También indica como se va a sacar ventaja de cada oportunidad y que se hará frente a cada problema. Este es un resumen de su análisis inicial del ambiente. * Metas y Objetivos del Marketing: son los logros que se desean alcanzar con la ayuda del plan de marketing. Se debe detallar exactamente lo que se piensa hacer. * Estrategia de Marketing: se describe lo que se va a hacer para alcanzar los objetivos y las metas. * Tácticas de Marketing: describe cada una de las acciones requeridas para implementar cada una de las estrategias definidas en la sección anterior, y el tiempo para estas acciones. * Implementación y Control: permite controlar el proyecto una vez se ha implementado. * Resumen: discute las ventajas, costos y rendimientos y presenta nuevamente la ventaja diferencial que el producto o servicio ofrece sobre la competencia. Básicamente dice porque el plan será exitoso.

INVESTIGANDO SU AMBIENTE Se debe saber que es el producto o servicio, describirlo en detalle, y especificar por qué hay una demanda para este en el mercado. El Análisis Situacional Basado en el análisis situacional, se podrá desarrollar una estrategia óptima para alcanzar sus metas y objetivos. Para hacer un análisis situacional, debe responder preguntas acerca del ambiente que esta enfrentando; algunas de estas preguntas son: * Target Market: es ver a los consumidores primero y buscar diferentes formas de describirlos, algunas pueden ser: * Grupos Culturales, Étnicos, Religiosos y Raciales: es importante no solo identificar los grupos que son mercados potenciales de su producto o servicio, sino también el tamaño y características de cada grupo. Es mucho más rentable segmentar el mercado de acuerdo a ciertas características comunes y concentrar el mercadeo a los segmentos particulares que se pueden servir mejor. * Clases Sociales: las clases sociales son muy importantes en la segmentación, ya que la gente se comporta de manera diferente aunque su nivel de ingresos sea similar. * Grupos de Referencia: son aquellos en los cuales se realiza la búsqueda de información. Es poco importante si el grupo de referencia es grande o pequeño, solo que los compradores siguen su consejo cuando realizan la compra. * Demográficos * Estado de Trabajo de las Familias y Ocupaciones * Agentes de Compra y Decidores de Compra * Percepción del Riesgo * Ingresos de cada miembro de la familia * Ingreso disponible * Descripciones, clasificaciones y tratos adicionales del Target Market: otros medios de categorización que pueden dar luces sobre el mercado objetivo. * Deseos y necesidades del Target Market * Descripción del Producto: es una versión abreviada del material detallado en la introducción del plan de marketing. * Tamaño del Target Market: refleja el potencial de cada segmento del target market. * Tendencia de Crecimiento: describe que le está sucediendo al mercado objetivo. * Hábitos de Medios de Comunicación: ayuda a conocer cuantas horas por semana dedican a cada categoría de comunicación.

Todos los aspectos anteriores aplican a los compradores individuales, pero es necesario tener en cuenta los clientes organizacionales, en los cuales es necesario quien es el decisor de la compra, y saber que con las organizaciones se le vende a más de un individuo. En la venta a una compañía es conveniente saber: Monto del dinero disponible para la compra, Historial de compra, Información adicional del comprador * Competencia: Es un factor muy importante que actúa contra sus intereses, se le debe prestar especial atención cuando se está dirigiendo a un mercado estancado o a un mercado en declive. * Recursos de la Firma: Indica los recursos de la firma en términos de fortalezas y debilidades * Ambiente Tecnológico: Puede que no sea relevante para su situación específica, pero si lo es, descríbala completamente. * Ambiente Económico: La política afecta el mercadeo de los productos o servicios, es una parte del ambiente que no se puede ignorar. * Ambiente Legal y Regulatorio: Note el impacto del ambiente legal y regulatorio antes de completar el plan de marketing * Ambiente Cultural y Social * Otros Aspectos Ambientales * Problemas y Oportunidades: Se debe revisar toda la situación ambiental y volver a evaluar cada problema y oportunidad que se pueda anticipar. * Fuentes de Información para completar la Información Estas son fuentes secundarias de información, algunas pueden ser: cámaras de comercio, asociaciones de mercado, revistas y publicaciones del mercado investigado, bases de datos, estudios recientes, departamentos de comercio, gobierno.

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...qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwer...

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Premium Essay

Marketing

...Assessment: MKC1 Market Environmental Variables Reading: Contemporary Marketing: Chapter 3 Questions: 1. How would you categorize Generation X using the five segments of the marketing environment? A: Competitive Environment B: Political-legal environment C: Economic environment D: Technological environment E: Social-cultural environment 2. Joe and Ryan both have storefronts in the local mall. Joe sells candies and Ryan sells pretzels. Are Joe and Ryan in direct competition with each other? A: Yes B: No Consumer Behavior and Marketing Reading: Contemporary Marketing: Chapter 5 Questions: 1. Rachel and Sarah’s parents always purchased groceries from the local Aldi marketplace. What is this type of behavior an example of? A: Cultural influences B: Social Influences C: Personal factors 2. Maryanne purchases Maxwell House coffee every two weeks from the grocery. What is this type of behavior an example of? A: Routinized Problem Solving B: Limited problem solving C: Extended problem solving 3. Aaron does research on several local colleges before applying to his first three choices. This is an example of: A: High – involvement purchase decision B: Low – involvement purchase decision Marketing Plans Reading: Contemporary Marketing: Chapter 2 + Ch. 2 Appendix Web sites: http://www.jpec.org/handouts/jpec33.pdf http://www.netmba.com/marketing/process/ Questions: 1. Strategies are designed to meet objectives...

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