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ACADEMIA DE STUDII ECONOMICE
FACULTATEA DE MARKETING

TEMA GEOGRAFIE
AMERICA DE NORD SI
CENTRALA

BUCURESTI
2011

America de Nord si Centrala, Resurse naturale si economia, Suprafata, populatie, capitala
America de Nord si Centrala
Specific geografic si cadru natural
Cea mai mare parte din teritoriul sau se extinde in latitudini medii cu o remarcabila parte in Oceanul Arctic.Continentul se extinde de la est spre vest pe aproape 176o longitudine si de la nord la sud pe 69o latitudine.America de Nord este scaldata la nord de Oceanul Arctic, la est de Oceanul Atlantic, la sud de Golful Mexic si la vest de Oceanul Pacific.
Suprafata continentlui e de aproape 23,5 mil km2 .Conturul Americii de nord si centrala este extrem de neregulat.Continentul are 3 mari golfuri : Hudson Bay, Golful Mexic, Golful Alaska.
In nord se formeaza 2 mari peninsule,Labrador si Alaska si un imens arhipelag, Arhipelagul Arctic Canadian, principalele insule fiind Baffin, Victoria si Ellesmere.O alta insula importanta Newfoundland se afla in sud-estul peninsulei Labrador.Dar cea mai mare insula din regiune si totodata de pe intreaga planeta este Groenlanda care are o suprafata de peste 2000000 km2 .
America Centrala constituie de fapt o legatura istmica si insulara intre America de Nord si America de Sud.Insulele din America Centrala sunt in general muntoase si vulcanice si grupate in 2 arhipelaguri : Antilele Mari(Cuba,Haiti,Puerto Rico,Jamaica) si Antilele Mici (Virgine,Dominica,Grenada,Barbados,Trinidad,etc).
In ceea ce priveste cadrul natural,se disting 3 zone paralele, orientate nord-sud : doua lanturi muntoase care inchid in centru o zona de platouri si campii.In vest se afla marele zid muntos al Cordilierilor format din Muntii Coastei,Cascadelor,Sierra Nevada,Sierra Madre de Vest, in lungul tarmului Pacific si Muntii Stancosi cu altitudini ridicate, culminand la peste 6000m.Muntii Stancosi inchid podisuri intinse si inalte(Yukon,Columbia,Marele Bazin,Colorado,etc.) si se continua in America Centrala istmica sub forma unui singur sir muntos care inchide platouri.In est, paralel cu tarmul Atlanticului se desfasoara Muntii Apalasi,munti vechi si erodati cu inaltime redusa culminand la numai 2000m.In partea centrala intre cele 2 mari lanturi muntoase se desfasoara o zona mai joasa formata din Scutul Canadian cel mai vechi nucleu al Americii de Nord si Marile Campii cu un relief jos si monoton.
Datorita marii desfasurari in latitudine,in aceasta regiune se intalnesc cu exceptia celui ecuatorial toate tipurile climatice.In ansamblu America de Nord si Centrala este o regiune foarte bogata in ape.Se remarca prezenta celui mai mare sistem lacustru, Marile Lacuri si a uneia dintre principalele sisteme fluviale de pe glob : Mississippi-Missouri (peste 6000 km lungime),precum si alte cursuri importante de apa : Mackenzie,Yukon,Sf. Laurentiu in nord, Columbia,Colorada si Rio Grande in vest.
Vegetatia naturala a Americii de Nord si Centrala a fost foarte mult modificata de activitatea umana dar caracterele generale se mentin in cea mai mare parte a continentului.Cea mai intinsa padute este Taigaua sau Padurea Boreala, o enorma intindere de conifere care ocupa cea mai mare parte a Canadei de Sud si Centrala apo se extinde in Alaska.In S.U.A se gasesc paduri amestecate dominate de cateva specii de pini galbeni in sud.In partea vestica a continentului padurile sunt dispuse pe inaltime si coniferele sunt dominante.Se mai gaseste si o mare varietate de specii adaptata la climatul variat de pe platourile din zonele de coasta caracterizand atmosfera tropicala a Mexicului.In vasta campie Mississippi formatiunea vegetala caracteristica si anume preria a fost inlocuita in cea mai mare parte de terenuri cultivate.In vest,indeosebi, unele platouri sunt acoperite de o vegetatie semidesertica si desertica in care predomina cactusii,agavele si yucca.
Fauna este bogata si variata.In padurile de conifere caracteristice sunt elanul,ursul grizzly,zibelina, hermelina, lupul, vulpea, jderul, veverita, castorul si altele.Mai spre nord,in tundra, traiesc renul,boul moscat,ursul alb,vulpea polara,iepurele alb si altele.In regiunea subtropicala specifice sunt mamiferele ca :jaguarul,puma,tapirul, opossum,furnicarul maimutele s.a.,reptile(caiman,iguane,serpi),pasari (papagali,tucani,pelicani s.a.). Resurse naturale si economia
America de Nord detine numeroase depozite de minereuri importante. Petrolul si gazele naturale se gasesc in cantitate mare in partea nordica a Alaskai, vestul Canadei, sud-estul si vestul Statelor Unite (Umiat, Barrow, Baibow Lake, Oklahoma City, Ciudad Pemex) si deasemenea in estul Mexicului. Uriase depozite de carbune gasim in vestul si estul Canadei si al Statelor Unite (Foar Corners, Black Bute). Estul Canadei, nordul Statelor Unite si partea centrala a Mexicului dispun de depozite importante de minereu de fier (Wabana, Birmirngham, Adirondack). In Canada gasim de asemenea si zacaminte de cupru (Kennicott, Butte, Morenci), nichel (Lynn Lucky Sodbury), uraniu (Echo Bay, Blind River, Blue Water), zinc, azbest si potasiu. Statele Unite dispun de mari cantitati de cupru, nichel, roci de fosfat si uraniu. Ca si celelalte, Mexicul dispune de rezerve importante de bariu, cupru, fluor, zinc, magneziu si sulf. Mentionam ca toate cele trei state detin depozite importante de aur si argint. Extractia minereurilor reprezinta o crestere importanta a activitatii economice din Statele Unite, Canada si Mexico. Statele Unite a reprezentat unul dintre cei mai mari producatori de petrol ai lumii de-a lungul a multi ani, Canada a fost si ea un producator insemnat inca din anii 1940, iar Mexicul a devenit leader mondial in productia de petrol inca din 1970. Statele Unite este a doua tara din lume in productia de gaze naturale si prima in extragerea carbunelui, produs in special in minele din Muntii Appalasi. Minereul de fier a fost un produs major al Statelor Unite si Canadei, extras din depozitele din vestul Lacului Superior.
Statele Unite ale Americii
Suprafata,populatie,capitala

Suprafata este de 9363364 km patrati (locul 4), populatia de 270262000 locuitori (locul 3), densitatea de 28,9 locuitori pe km patrat.
Capitala SUA este Washington oras situat pe raul Potomac, la confluenta cu Anacostia, in apropiere de tarmul Atlantic. Suprafata sa este de 170 km patrati iar populatia este de 543213 locuitori. 22489sie25czk4f

Principalele orase si aglomeratii urbane
Denumirea

Principalele orase si aglomeratii urbane Denumirea | Populatia(mil loc) | Orasului | Aglomeratiei urbane | |

New York | 7,3 | 18,1 | Los Angeles | 3,5 | 14,5 | Chicago | 2,8 | 8,1 | Houston | 1,7 | 3,7 | Philadelphia | 1,6 | 5,9 | San Diego | 1,2 | 2,5 | Dallas | 1,0 | 3,9 | Pheonix | 1,0 | 2,1 | Detroit | 1,0 | 4,7 | San Francisco | 0,78 | 6,3 | |

Resurse naturale si economie
Economia SUA este foarte dezvoltata, ocupand locul I ca putere economica. Economia ei este foarte diversificata si moderna desi are ca adversara pe Japonia.
Are ca resurse minerale : huila ( 849 000 000 t), lignit, petrol (386000000 t - in G. Mexic, Middlecontinent si in Alaska), gaze naturale ( 529,5 miliarde m3 - locul II pe glob in G.Mexic ,Middlecontinent, Alaska), minereu de fier - locul II pe glob, crom, nichel, tungsten locul III pe loc, molibden- locul I pe glob, vanadiu- locul I pe glob, cupru, (2 478 000-locul II pe glob), plumb - locul I pe glob, zinc, bauxita, aur, argint - locul II pe glob ,stibiu,staniu, uraniu- locul I pe glob, toriu, azbest, sulf - locul I pe glob, fosfati naturali- locul I pe glob,saruri potasice, sare- locul I pe glob, carbuni (bazinul fluviului Mississippi, Muntii Apalasi si Muntii Stancosi).
Produse industriale : energie electrica - (locul I pe glob - din care 276,1 md. kWh hidroenergie, 54,0 md.kWh energie nucleara si 1,5 md. kWh energie geotermica), fonta-locul II pe glob,otel (96 601 000 t -locul III pe glob), cocs metalurgic-locul I pe glob,aluminiu-locul I pe glob, cupru rafinat-locul I pe glob, plumb- locul I pe glob,zinc-locul I pe glob, aparate optice si fotografice, masini de cusut, de scris, de calculat, autoturiasme (Detroit si Cleveland)- locul II pe glob, turbine, masini agricole si textile, autovehicule, magneziu- locul I pe glob, capacitatea rafinariilor de petrol - locul I pe glob,benzina, uleiuri usoare, uleiuri grele, acid sulfuric-locul I pe glob, acid azotic- locul I pe glob, acid clorhidric locul I pe glob,soda caustica - locul I pe glob, ingrasaminte azotoase- locul I pe glob, materiale plastice si rasini sintetice- locul I pe glob, cauciu sintetic - locul I pe glob, anvelope - locul I pe glob, produce farmaceutice, cherestea - locul II pe glob, celuloza, hirtie, ciment-locul II pe glob, fiere de bumbac- locul II pe glob , tesaturi de lina, tesaturi de bumbac, fire de lina.tesaturi de matase naturala,fire si fibrer artificiale, tesaturi artificiale, fire si fibre asintetice- locul I pe glob, imbracaminte si incaltaminte, tigarete, tigari, lapte, unt, brinza- locul I pe glob,carne - locul I pe glob,conserve de carne,de fructe, de peste, margarina- locul I pe glob, zahar - locul III pe glob, bere, vin, avioane (Seattle si San Diego)si tehnica aerospatiala - locul I pe glob,confetii(New York-cel mai mare centru din lume).Modul de utilizare a terenurilor:arabil - 18,6%;culturi arborescente - 0,2% ;pasuni si fanete - 27,7% ;paduri - 31,6% ;alte terenuri - 21,9% .Resurse agricole: grau - locul I pe glob ,secara, porumb - locul I pe glob,orz,ovaz locul I pe glob,orez,sorg,sfecla de zahar,restie de zahar,bumbac - locul II pe glob, arahide, cafea, soia - locul I pe glob,tutun - locul I pe glob, banane, cartofi - locul III pe glob,lamai,portocale si mandarine,ananas, mere, prune, pere, piersici, struguri.Cresterea animalelor :bovine (102 755 000 capete - locul III pe glob) , porcine (59 992 000 capete - locul II pe glob) , ovine , cabaline - locul III pe glob ,caprine.
Comert exterior :S.U.A. ocupa primul loc in lume, concentrand mai multde 10% din totalul mondial.Exporta masini, avioane, aparatura, produsechimice si petrochimice, confectii, carbune, produse agricole, imbracaminte, cafea, hartie si produse din hartie .Importa :masini si vehicule,produse chimice, grau si faina, carbune, metale si produse metalice,fibre textile, aparataj stiintific, otel, petrol si produsepetroliere, minereu de fier si hartie.
Turismul
La sfarsitul secolului al XX-lea S.U.A. a devenit prima tara a lumii ca venituri obtinute din turism; ca numar de turisti este depasita doar de Franta si Spania. Principalele atractii sunt: statiunilebalneomaritime (Miami, Palm Beach- in Florida, Malibu – in California), balneare (Colorado Spirngs), montane si de sporturi de iarna (Denver,Sun Valley,Lake Placid), parcurile nationale si altezone ocrotite, cu peisaje si fenomene naturale deosebite , monumente ale naturii (Yellowstone), pesteri (Mammoth Cave), canion (Grand Canyon), cascade (Niagara,Yosemite), mari orase cu edificii modern monumentale , muzee si alte obiective: New York (Statuia Libertatii,
Empire State Buildind, ins. Manhattan, Chtysler Building, Banca Manhattan - "zgarie-nori") , Washington (White House) , Chicago, Los Angeles , San Francisco (Golden Gate Brigde), etc. Canada
Suprafata,populatie,capitala
Canada este a doua tara din lume ca suprafata insa cu populatie doar a treizeci si una, majoritatea populatiei fiind concentrata in partea de sud la cateva sute de km de granita cu S.U.A.Suprafata ei este de 9958319 km2 iar populatia de 29,6 mil loc,capitala sa fiind Ottawa.
Populatia si orasele

Populatia Canadei este formata in principal din urmasii colonistilor albi din secolele trecute indeosebi de origine britanica si franceza si ai imigrantilor.In ansamblu predomina anglo-canadienii(circa 45%) si franco-canadienii(circa 30%) urmati de alti europeni.In numar redus exista amerindieni si eschimosi.Peste 3/4 din populatie sunt concentrate in mediul urban.Principalele orase sunt :Toronto,Montreal,Vancouver (fiecare cu peste un milion loc),Edmonton,Calgary,Ottawa,Quebec.
Resurse naturale si economie Canada este una dintre cele mai bogate tari in resurse de sol si subsol si are o economie dezvoltata si diversificata. Canada are mai rezerve de minereuri de fier (peste 125 mld de tone, locul 2 pe glob), minereuri neferoase (plumb, zinc), metale pretioase (mai ales aur) si rare (uraniu). Acestora li se adauga zacaminte importante:carbune,petrol,gaze naturale. Canada are si un fond forestier urias (aproape 400 mil ha), intinse pasuni naturale si terenuri arabile si unu dintre cele mai maripotentiale hidroenergetice de pe glob.La sfarsitul secolului al XX-lea, Canada a ajuns unu dintre cei mai mari producatori mondiali de minereuri neferoase (zinc, locul 1, cupru, plumb), minereuri de fier, metale pretioase, gaze naturale.
Productia de petrol este in crestere depasind deja 100 mil de tone. Desi are o productie semnificativa de hidrocarburi, carbuni si uraniu, Canada si-a dezvoltat o puternica industrie hidroenergetica: aproape 2/3 din productia de energie electrica este obtinuta in hidrocentrale. Industria prelucratoare, diversificata este concentrata in sud-est, zona fluviulu Sf Laurentiu fiind una dintre cele mai puternice axe economice de pe glob, prin centrele:Montreal, Toronto, Hamilton, Windsor O alta concentrare industriala mai importanta se afla in provincia Columbia Britanica, In vest (exploatarea huilei, industriile lemnului, chimica si constructii navale.

Turismul
Principalele atractii turistice sunt:
* parcurile nationale si alte zone ocrorite, cu peisaje si fenomene naturale deosebite, fauna bogata (Wood Buffalo, Banff Nahanni);
* statiunile montane si sporturi de iarna (Calgary), vanatoarea si pescuitul;
* orasele:Montreal,Toronto,Quebec.

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...Marketing is the process of communicating the value of a product or service to customers, for the purpose of selling that product or service. Marketing can be looked at as an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, delivering and communicating value to customers, and customer relationship management that also benefits the organization. Marketing is the science of choosing target markets through market analysis and market segmentation, as well as understanding consumer behavior and providing superior customer value. From a societal point of view, marketing is the link between a society’s material requirements and its economic patterns of response. Marketing satisfies these needs and wants through exchange processes and building long term relationships. Organizations may choose to operate a business under five competing concepts: the production concept, the product concept, the selling concept, the marketing concept, and the holistic marketing concept.[1] The four components of holistic marketing are relationship marketing, internal marketing, integrated marketing, and socially responsive marketing. The set of engagements necessary for successful marketing management includes capturing marketing insights, connecting with customers, building strong brands, shaping the market offerings, delivering and communicating value, creating long-term growth, and developing marketing strategies and plans.[2] Marketing may be defined in several ways, depending on...

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...oriented philosophy is so important. The phrase market-oriented is used in marketing conversations as an adjective describing a company with a marketing orientation. Market orientation more describes the company's approach to doing business. Market-oriented defines the company itself. If a company is market-oriented, its board and executive leadership believe that the best way to succeed is to prioritize the marketplace above products. This usually goes over well with customers, but the company also must have adequate research and development to provide what the market wants. Hence, a market-oriented organization is one whose actions are consistent with the marketing concept. Difference Between Marketing Orientation & Market Oriented by Neil Kokemuller, Demand Media http://smallbusiness.chron.com/difference-between-marketing-orientation-market-oriented-14387.html Marketing is a management process and management support for marketing concept is very important element in success. If a company wants to be successful then it is market oriented. Marketing involves identifying the customer requirements and estimate the customer requirements in future. It requires planning which is very important process of marketing. To satisfy the needs the business should provide benefits – offering right marketing at right time at right place. Generally market based companies adopt strategic level marketing that defines the mission and long term objectives of the company. Market oriented...

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