cÖ_g Aa¨vq

1.1 f~wgKvt- wPivPwiZ Ges msMwVZ mgvR MV‡bi cÖvq mgvšÍiv‡j weevn bvgK mvgvwRK cÖwZôv‡bi AvMgb N‡U| GwU cwievi MV‡bi m~‡ÎB Av‡m| A_©vr cwievi Ges weevn G‡K A‡b¨i cwic~iK wn‡m‡e M‡o I‡V| ïiæ‡Z cwievi Ges weevn MV‡bi cðv‡Z ag©xq `„wófw½ cÖvavb¨ †cZ| ZvB weevn †Kvb Pzw³ bq, GwU cweÎ KZ©e¨ wn‡m‡e Mb¨ nZ| e„nËi mgvR e¨e¯’vi g‡a¨ †hgb ¸iæZ¡c~b© cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q weÁvb I cÖhyw³i Ges wkívqb I bMivqb BZ¨vw`i cÖfv‡e, †Zgwb weevn e¨e¯’vi g‡a¨I bvbvwea cwieZ©b jÿ¨ Kiv hv‡”Q, weevn e¨e¯’v nj gvbe mgv‡Ri GK AZ¨šÍ cÖvPxb cÖ_v| eZ©gv‡b weevn e¨e¯’v mf¨ mvgv‡Ri GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~b© cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| cwiev‡ii wfwË nj weevn| Avevi GB weev‡ni gva¨‡gB cwievi mgv‡R ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i Ges ¯’vqxfv‡e cÖwZwôZ nq| e¨w³MZ I mvgvwRK Dfq †ÿ‡ÎB Gi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg|

wØZxq Aa¨vq
2.1 weev‡ni msÁv t- weevn m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ mgvRweÁvbx bvbv msÁv cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| mvgvRweÁvbx I‡qóvi gvK© (Wester Mark) Zuvi ‘The History of Human Marriage (1921) bvgK MÖ‡š’ weevn‡K msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z, ‘Marriage is more or less durable connection between male and female lasting beyond the mere act of propagation till after the birth of offspring.’ Gi A_© n‡”Q GB †h, weevn bvix cyiæ‡li ga¨Kvi Kg ‡ekx ¯’vqx GKwU m¤úK© we‡kl, hv mšÍvb Rb¥`v‡bi ciË Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| GQvov weevn n‡”Q GKwU AvBbvbyM I Rbg‡Zi ¯^xK…wZ m¤§Z eÜz‡Z¡i ewntcÖKvk| mvgvwRK b„weÁvbx †jvC Zuvi Social Organization (1950) bvgK MÖ‡š’ weev‡ni msÁv w`‡Z wM‡q e‡j‡Qb, ‘It is a relatively permanent bond between permissible mates.’ A_©vr weevn n‡”Q GKRb bvix I GKRb cyiæ‡li g‡a¨ Av‡cwÿKfv‡e ¯’vqx Ges mgvR ¯^xK…Z eÜb we‡kl| mvgvwRK b„weÁvbx g¨vwj‡bvùx (Malinowski) Zuvi g‡Z Sex and Repression in savage society MÖ‡š’ weevn‡K e‡j‡Qb, ‘A Contract for the production and maintenance of children.’ A_vr weevn n‡”Q GKRb bvix Ges GKRb cyiæ‡li mšÍvb-mšÍwZ Rb¥`vb Ges jvjb cvj‡bi GKwU Pzw³ we‡kl| wZwb AviI e‡jb, Òweev‡ni ga¨ w`‡q †hŠb m¤úK© D‡aŸ©I wcZ…Z¡ I gvZ…Z¡ jv‡fi my‡hvM m„wó nq|Ó mgvR weÁvbx j¨vÛevM© Zuvi Foundation of Sociology (1956 : Page- 133) MÖ‡š’ weev‡ni †h msÁv w`‡q‡Qb Zv nj- ‘Marriage consists of the rules and regulations which define the rights, duties and privilege of husband and wife, with respect to each other.’ A_©vr weevn n‡”Q Ggb KZK¸‡jv wbqgbxwZ I AvBb-Kvbyb, hv ¯^vgx-¯¿xi cvi¯úwiK AwaKvi, `vwqZ¡-KZ©e¨ Ges my‡hvM myweav‡K msÁvwqZ K‡i|

mgvRweÁvbx nU©b Ges nv›U (Harton and Hunt) Zuvi Sociology (1968 : Page- 216) MÖ‡š’ e‡j‡Qb ‘Marriage is the approved social pattern where by two or more persons etablish a family’. A_©vr weevn n‡”Q GKwU Aby‡gvw`Z mvgvwRK e¨e¯’v, hvi gva¨‡g `yB wKsev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³ GKwU cwievi cÖwZôv Ki‡Z cv‡i| mgvRweÁvbx GÛvimb Ges cvK©vi (Anderson & Parker) Zuvi Society (1964 : Page- 199) MÖ‡š’ weev‡ni msÁv w`‡Z wM‡q e‡j‡Qb ‘Marriage is the sanctioning by a society of a durable bond between one or more males and one or more females establish to permit sexual inter course for the implied purpose or parenthood.’ A_©vr weevn n‡”Q mgvR¯^xK…Z GK ev GKvwaK cyiæ‡li mv‡_ GK ev GKvwaK gwnjvi GKwU eÜb, hvi gva¨‡g Zviv mšÍvb-mšÍwZi Rb¥`vb K‡i wcZ…Z¡ I gvZ…‡Z¡i AwaKvix nq| myZivs weevn nj GK ev GKvwaK cyiæ‡li m‡½ GK ev GKvwaK cyiæ‡li mv‡_ GK ev GKvwaK bvixi wgjb, hv mgvR Øviv ¯^xK…Z Ges GB cÖwµqvq ci¯úi m¤úwK©Z bi-bvix ¯^vgx-¯¿x‡Z iƒcvšÍi Ges mšÍvb cÖRbb I mšÍvb cÖwZcvj‡bi ˆeaZv jvf K‡i|

2.2 weev‡ni aib t- b„weÁvbxiv †`wL‡q‡Qb †h, wewfbœ mgv‡R wewfbœ ai‡bi we‡qi e¨¯’v i‡q‡Q| Avi cwZ cZœxi msL¨vI wewfbœ mgv‡R wewfbœ Gi Dci wfwË K‡i weevn‡K wewfbœ fv‡M fvM K‡i‡Q| wb‡gœ Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj-
01| ¯^vgx-¯¿x msL¨vi wfwˇZ t- weevn 2 cÖKvi| Zv‡`i m¤ú‡K© wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj- (K) GKK weevn (Monogamy) t- GKK weevn cÖ_vi Aax‡b GKRb cyiæl GKB mg‡q GKRb bvix‡K weevn Ki‡Z cv‡i| GwU me‡P‡q †ekx cÖPwjZ weevn c×wZ| Gi myweav¸‡jv me©Rb¯^xK…Z| GKK weev‡ni gva¨‡g ¯^vgx-¯¿xi g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK kª× Ges †Q‡j †g‡q‡`i cÖwZ AwaZi †mœn-fvjevmv cÖ`v‡bi †ewk my‡hvM i‡q‡Q| gv-evev Df‡qB Zv‡`i mšÍvb-mšÍwZi myôz cÖwZ cvj‡bi cÖwZ AvšÍwiK AvMÖn †cvlb K‡i| Aax‡b †hgb GKw`‡K cvwievwiK myL-¯^v”Q›`¨ bó nq| Ab¨w`‡K ¯¿x I †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK wnsmv we‡Øl †`Lv †`q| †m Rb¨ eûcZœx‡Z¡i †P‡q GKK weevn e¨e¯’vq ¯^vgx-¯¿xi g‡a¨ Ges gvZv-wcZv I mšÍvb‡`i g‡a¨ Ges m‡e©vcwi †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i wb‡R‡`i †fZb †mœn-fvjevmv AwaKZi cwijwÿZ nq| GKK weevn e¨e¯’vq e„× gvZv wcZv mšÍvb mšÍwZi wbKU †_‡K AwaKZi hZœ jvf Ki‡Z cv‡ib, hv eûcZœx‡Z¡i Aax‡b Am¤¢e| GRb¨ b„weÁvbx g¨vwj‡bvùxi g‡Z, ‘Monogamy is, has been, and will remain the only true type of marriage.’ A_vr GKK weevn n‡”Q me©Kv‡ji Rb¨ h_v_© e¨e¯’v| 1957 mv‡j b„weÁvbx Murdock cwiPvwjZ Rix‡c (world Ethnographic Sample) 565wU mgv‡Ri g‡a¨ gvÎ 24% mgv‡R GKK weevn cÖ_vi cÖPjb †`Lv hvq| GKK weevn ïay DbœZ mgv‡RB bq, wkKvix I msMÖn AZ©YxwZ wbf©i mgv‡RI GKK weevn ixwZi cÖPjb i‡q‡Q| ejv hvq wewfbœ gv‡bi Av_© mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi Dci GKK weevn wbf©i K‡i Ges bvix cyiæ‡li mgvbycv‡Zi Ici wbf©i K‡i| GB cÖm‡½ Murdock e‡jb ‘Where the Predictive accomplishment of the two sexes is approximately equal and a small unit is as efficient as a larger one monogamy may be economically advantageous.’ (L) eû weevn (Polygyny) t- G ai‡bi weevn c×wZi Aax‡b GKRb cyiæ‡li GKB mg‡q GKvwaK ¯¿x _v‡K| eû ¯¿x weevn Ges eû ¯^vgx weevn Df‡qB eû weev‡ni (Polygyny) `ywU wfbœ iƒc| Gw¯‹‡gv DcRvwZ Ges Avwd«Kvi wb‡MÖv‡ni †fZi eûcwZœ‡Z¡i (Polygyny) cÖ_v we`¨gvb wQj| cÖvPxb Kv‡j e¨wejbevmx I wneªæ‡`i g‡a¨ eû weevn cÖPwjZ wQj| eû ¯¿x weevn `vm cÖ_vi mv‡_ Nwbôfv‡e hy³, mvavibZ hy‡× weRqxiv a„Z bvix‡`i ¯¿x I DccZœx wn‡m‡e e¨envi KiZ| b„weÁvbx I‡qóvigvK© eûcZœx‡Z¡i wbgœwjwLZ KviY¸‡jv D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb t eva¨Zvg~jK †KŠgvh© (Enforced celibacy), `ªæZ eo n‡q IVv; ˆewPÎ; AwaK msL¨K mšÍvb-mšÍwZ, mvgvwRK gh©v`v, Ges A_©‰bwZK cÖ‡qvRbxqZv BZ¨vw`| cyiæ‡liv hLb Zvi cÖ_g ¯¿xi Mf©Kvjxb mg‡q `xN©w`b a‡i †KŠgvh© eªZcvj‡b eva¨ nq| ZLb wØZxq weev‡ni e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z cÖe„Ë nq| mvavibZ, †h‡nZz †g‡qiv Av‡Mfv‡M eywo n‡q hvq ZLb †Kvb †Kvb Avw`evmx Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ eûcZœx‡Z¡i †iIqvR jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| ˆeevwnK Rxe‡b ˆewPΨ Avbv I eû cZœx‡Z¡i Ab¨Zg KviY|
AwaK msL¨K mšÍvb-mšÍwZ cvIqvi cÖebZv cyiæl‡K eûcZœx‡Z¡i cÖwZ cÖjyä K‡i| †Kvb †Kvb Awaevmx Rb‡Mvôxi †fZi `j‡bZviv Zv‡`i †kªôZ¡ cÖgv‡bi Rb¨ eûcZœx‡Z¡i AvK…ó nq| eûcZœxZ¡ †hŠb I wek¦¯ÍZvi gvÎv n«vm K‡i Ges GwU weevwnZ GKvwaK ¯¿xi †fZi cvi¯úwiK wnsmv I N„bv we‡Ø‡li Rb¥ †`q|

eû¯¿x MÖn‡bi myweav I Amyweav `y‡UvB Av‡Q|

myweav¸‡jv nj t- GwU cwZZve„wˇK †iva Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- cyiæl GKvwaK we‡q K‡i Zvi †hŠb evmbv ˆea Dcv‡q PwiZv_© Kivi my‡hvM cvq| eû cZœx‡Z¡i gva¨‡g mgv‡Ri abx e¨w³iv GKvwaK ¯^v¯’¨evb mšÍvb Rb¥ w`‡Z cv‡i| GKvwaK ¯¿xi d‡j mšÍvb-mšÍwZ myôzfv‡e cÖwZcvwjZ nq|

Amyweav¸‡jv njt- eûcZœxZ¡ cwiev‡i KZ©v e¨w³i Dci A_©‰bwZK †evSv Pvwc‡q †`q| eûcZœxZ¡ ¯¿x I mšÍvb-mšÍwZ‡`i g‡a¨ wnsmv we‡Øl Rb¥ †`q| Wilson 1930 `k‡K Tanzania ‡`i Nyakyusa Dci 18 ermi eq¯‹‡`i 3000 †jv‡Ki Dci Rixc Pvwj‡q †`wL‡q‡Qb Zv‡`i g‡a¨ 34% AweevwnZ, 37% GKK weevwnZv Ges 29% eû¯¿x weevwnZv, wKš‘ 45 eQi Dc‡ii †jv‡Kiv eû ¯¿xMvgx| eZ©gvb mgvR hZB wkívwqZ n‡”Q Ges cvðvZ¨ ms¯‹…wZ hZB MÖnY Ki‡Q mgv‡R ZZB GK weevn ixwZ †`Lv hv‡”Q| hw`I Bmjvg eû weev‡ni mg_©b K‡ib wKš‘ AwaKvsk gymjvgbv Kvh©Z GK ¯¿x MÖnY K‡ib|

02| eû weev‡ni wfwˇZ weevn‡K Avevi 03 fv‡M fvM Kiv hv| h_v t- (K) eûcwZœK (Polygyng) (L) eûcwZ (Polygyng) (M) ‡Mvôx weevn (Group Marriage)

wb‡gœ DcwiD³ weevn¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t- (K) eûcwZœK weevn (Polygyny Marriage) tÑ MÖxK fvlvq cwjwRb A_© nj ÒA‡bK gwnjvÓ GK ¯^vgxi m‡½ GKvwaK gwnjvi weevn n‡”Q eû¯¿x weevn| we‡k¦i wewfbœ mgv‡R eû¯¿x weevn cQ›`| †hgb- Avwd«Kv, wbKU cÖvP¨, fviZ, Pxb, cwj‡bwkqv Ges DËi `w¶Y Av‡gwiKvq A‡bK Awaevmx mgv‡R Gi D`vnib †g‡j| †h me mgv‡R eûcZœx weevn cÖ_v Av‡Q †mLv‡b Zv _vKevi wcQ‡b A‡bK KviY jÿ Kiv hvq| eûcZœx weevn cÖ_v me mgq K…wl DbœZ mgv‡R †`L‡Z cvIqv hv| hviv K…wl KvR K‡i DØ„Ë dmj Drcv`b Ki‡Z wKQzUv mÿg Zv‡`i g‡a¨B eûcZœx weev‡ni cÖebZv jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| †hv×v mgv‡Ri `L‡j A‡b‡K µxZ`vmx _v‡K| ZvB Gme mgv‡R eûcZœxi weij bq| †hLv‡b †g‡q‡`i PvB‡Z †Q‡j‡`i msL¨v Kg †mLv‡b G cÖ_v _vKvUv ¯^vfvweK| (L) eûcwZ weevn (Polyandry) t- weev‡ni ixwZ Abyhvqx GKRb gwnjvi m‡½ GKvwaK cyiæ‡li ‰eevwnK m¤úK© ¯’vwcZ n‡j eûcwZ weevn e‡j| eû ¯^vgx weevn LyeB weij NUbv| wKš‘ Prince Peter Ggb A‡bK mgv‡Ri ZvwjKv cÖYqb K‡i‡Qb †hLv‡b GB weevn ixwZ cÖPwjZ| †hgb- DËi bvB‡Rwiqvi wKQz DcRvwZ, kªxjsKvi Kvw›`ªqvb, B‡›`vPvqYvi fvjv mgvR, wmwKg, Kvk¥xi, wZeŸZ I fvi‡Zi KwZcq †hme A‡j cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i ¯^íZv we`¨gvb †mLv‡b `vwi‡`ª¨i Kvi‡b GKRb bvix I mšÍvb-mšÍwZi fib †cvlb I jvjb cvj‡bi Rb¨ GKvwaK cyiæ‡li DcvR©b ÿgZvi cÖ‡qvRb nq| †h mKj mgv‡R bvixi msL¨v Kg †mLv‡b Kb¨v g~j¨ †ewk Ges Gi d‡j eû ¯^vgx MÖn‡bi cÖPjb †`Lv hvq| myweav¸‡jv n‡jv t- GwU Rb msL¨v e„w× wbqš¿b K‡i| cvwievwiK m¤úwË wef³ nq bv| GwU cwiev‡ii Avw_©K Ae¯’v‡K m”Qj iv‡L|
Amyweav¸‡jv nj t- GKvwaK ¯^vgxi GKgvÎ ¯¿x wn‡m‡e Zvi ¯^v¯’¨nvwb NU‡Z cv‡i; GwU eܨv‡Z¡i KviY n‡Z cv‡i| ZvQvov eû ¯^vgx MÖnY c×wZ †h mgv‡R we`¨gvb †mLv‡b weevn we‡”Q` mn‡R NU‡Z cv‡i| eûcwZ weevn 2 cÖKvi h_v t-
(i) åvZ…Z¡g~jK eûcwZ weevn (Fratcrunal Polyandry Marriage) tÑ GB cÖ_vq GK ¯¿xi `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK ¯^vgx _vK‡Z cv‡i| hviv ci¯ú‡ii fvB| Bnv Polygyny Gi wecixZ cÖ_v| wZeŸZxq‡`i g‡a¨ Aek¨ K‡qK fvB wg‡j GK ¯¿x MÖnY K‡i| Gi Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨ nj cwiev‡ii g‡a¨ m¤úwË mxgve× ivLv| †Kbbv K‡qK fvB wg‡j GK ¯¿x MÖnY Ki‡j fvB †h fvB‡q ‰cwÎK m¤úwË fvM K‡i †bIqvi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| DËi fvi‡Z DËi cÖ‡`‡ki Rbmvi evIqvi mgv‡R I åvZ…Z¡ eû¯^vgx MÖnY cÖ_v we`¨gv| Aek¨ †mLv‡b eo fvB Ab¨vb¨‡`i Zzjbvq †ewk myweav cvq| †hgb- weevn Abyôv‡b †Kej eo fvB B eo wn‡m‡e AskMÖnY K‡i| Ab¨vb¨ fvBiv eo fvB‡qi we‡qi ci Ggwb‡Z H weevwnZ ¯¿xi †hŠ_ ¯^vgx e‡j cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i| Z‡e Zv‡`i mš¿v‡biv åvZv, ¯^vgx‡`i wcZv e‡jB m‡¤^vab K‡i|
(ii) AåvZ…Z¡g~jK eû¯^vgx weevn (Non Fratcrunal Polyandry) t- GB cÖ_vq ¯^vgxiv ci¯ú‡ii fvB I Nwbô RvwZ m¤úwK©Z bq| G cÖm‡½ GKwU K_v ejvi `iKvi| cvðvZ¨ mgv‡R GgbwK Avgv‡`i mgv‡R I AbeiZ weevn we‡”Q` ‡e‡o hv‡”Q| hw`I GKvwaK weevn †eAvBbx e‡j ‡NvwlZ b„weÁvbxiv cÖPwjZ GB e¨e¯’vi bvgKib K‡i‡Q Serial monogamy.

(M) ‡Mvôx weevn (Group Marriage) t- GKvwaK cyiæl I GKvwaK gwnjvi g‡a¨ AbywôZ cyi“l I GKvwaK gwnjvi g‡a¨ AbywôZ weevn‡K e‡j †Mvôx weevn| b„ weÁvbx gM©vb (L.H. Morgan) gvbe mgv‡Ri weKv‡ki GK ch©v‡q †Mvôx weev‡ni cÖPjb N‡U e‡j D‡jøL Ki‡Qb| eZ©gvb mg‡q †Mvôx weevn †`Lv hvq bv ej‡jB P‡j| †UvWv (Toda) ‡`i g‡a¨ †Mvôx weevn Abymib Kiv nq|
†Mvôx weev‡ni Av‡iv KZK¸‡jv fvM i‡q‡Q| h_vt- (i) AšÍt‡Mvôx weevn (Endogamy Marriage) (ii) ewn©‡Mvôx weevn (Exogamy Marriage) (iii) †`ei weevn (Levirate Marriage) (iv) k¨vwjKv weevn (Sororate Marriage) (v) mgvšÍivj weevn (Parallal Marriage) (vi) welg KvwRb weevn (Cross Cousin Marriage) wb‡gœ DcwiD³ †Mvôx weevn¸‡jvi AšÍf~©³ weevn¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ fv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t-
(i) AšÍ©‡Mvôx weevn (Endogamy Marriage) t- †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î cyiæl I bvix‡`i Zv‡`i wbR †Mv‡Î weevn Ki‡Z nq| ‡ciæi BbKv mgv‡R wb‡Ri MÖv‡gi ev m¤cÖ`v‡qi cvÎ-cvÎx weev‡ni Rb¨ wbe©vPb Ki‡Z nq| MÖvg Af¨šÍ‡i cvÎ-cvÎx LyR‡j Zvi bvg n‡e AšÍ©MÖvg weevnixwZ|
Avevi wbR¯^ m¤cÖ`vq †_‡K cvZ-cvÎx wbe©vPb Ki‡j Zv n‡”Q Local Endogamy. wn›`y RvwZeb© cÖ_vq wb‡Ri wb‡Ri RvwZeb© ev DcRvwZ eb© †_‡K weev‡ni cÎ-cvÎx wbe©vPb Ki‡Z nq| ¯¦eb© weevn wn›`y mgv‡R eûj cÖPwjZ| cÖvPxb cwj‡bwkqvb mgv‡R AwfRvZ cwievi Ges mvavib gvby‡li cwiev‡ii g‡a¨ weevn‡K fxlYfv‡e wb›`v Kiv nZ| GgbwK AvRI GKRb kªwgK eo wkícwZi †g‡q‡K we‡q Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| AšÍt‡Mvôx weevn cuvP cÖKvi| h_vt DcRvZxq AvšÍt‡Mvôx (Tribal Endogamy), RvwZ-eb©wfwËK AvšÍt †Mvôx weevn (Caste Endogamy), †kªYxg~jK AvšÍtweevn (Class Endogamy), DcRvZ eb©wfwËK AvšÍtweevn (Sub-Caste Endogamy) Ges bi‡Mvôx MZ AvšÍtweevn (Race- Endogamy).
(ii) ewn©‡Mvôx weevn (Exogamy Marriage) t- hw` †Kvb gvbyl¨ mgv‡R ixwZ _v‡K †h, †Kvb †Mvôxi AšÍf©~³ cyiæl ev bvix‡K Aek¨B wfbœ †Mvôx‡Z weevn Ki‡Z n‡e Giƒc weevn‡K Exogamy Marriage e‡j| Gi wewfbœ iƒc Av‡Q| DËi fvi‡Z †Kvb e¨w³‡K Aek¨B Zvi MÖv‡gi evwn‡i weevn Ki‡Z nq| Bnv‡K ejv nq Village Exogamy. fvi‡Zi †Kvb †Kvb A‡j GB weevn ixwZ i‡q‡Q| wn›`y weevn ixwZ Abymv‡i Clan nj ewn© weevn †Mvôx| Bnv‡K Clan Exogamy ejv nq| Avcb mšÍvb mšÍwZi mv‡_ wcZv-gvZvi weevn me©Rbxbfv‡e wbwl×| wKš‘ gymwjg mgv‡R PvPv‡Zv, gvgv‡Zv, dzdv‡Zv, Lvjv‡Zv fvB †evb‡`i g‡a¨ weevn cÖPwjZ| mvgvwRK b„weÁvbx I‡q÷vi gv‡K©i g‡Z ewn©weev‡ni cÖavb KviY n‡”Q †hŠb cÖe„wËg~jK Abyf~wZi Abycw¯’wZ A_ev wbKU AvZœxq e¨w³e‡M©i g‡a¨ †hŠb D`vmxbZvi Dcw¯’wZ|
(iii) †`ei weevn t- GB weevn ixwZ AYyhvqx †Kvb e¨w³ gviv †M‡j Zvi weaev ¯¿x g„Z ¯^vgxi fvB‡K weevn K‡i| Gi Av‡KwU A_© i‡q‡Q| Radcliff Brown G cÖ_v‡K ‘True Levirate’ bvg w`‡q‡Qb| Radcliff Brown Avwd«Kvi by‡qe I Ryjy DcRvwZ‡`i g‡a¨ jÿ¨ K‡i‡Qb †h †Kvb mšÍvbnxb weaev Zvi m¤úwËi DËivwaKvix m„wói Rb¨ Zvi g„Z ¯^vgxi åvZvi m‡½ msM‡g wjß nZ| Ges mšÍvb jvf n‡jB Gi Aemvb N‡U| Z‡e g„Z ¯^vgxi GB åvZv D³ gwnjvi ¯^vgx bq Avevi Zvi Ji‡l m„ó mšÍv‡bi mvgvwRK wcZvI bq hw`I †m ˆRweK wcZv|
(iv) k¨vwjKv weevn (Sororate Marriage) t- †Kvb e¨w³i g„Zz¨eib Ki‡j †m Zvi g„Z ¯¿xi †h †Kvb †evb‡K weevn Ki‡e Ggb ixwZB n‡”Q Sororate. wKš‘ Avgv‡`i g‡b cÖkœ Avm‡Z cv‡i hw` g„Z ¯^vgxi †Kvb fvB ev g„Z ¯¿xi †Kvb †evb bv _v‡K Z‡e wK n‡e? †m‡ÿ‡Î g„Z ¯^vgxi esk ev †Mvôxi KvR n‡e weKí †Kvb cvÎ-cvÎx †RvMvo K‡i †`Iqv| eÜb iÿvi Rb¨B H weKí e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv nq|
(v) mgvšÍivj weevn (Parallal Cousin Marriage) t- PvPv‡Zv Ges Lvjv‡Zv fvB †ev‡bi g‡a¨ G ai‡bi weev‡ni jÿ¨ n‡jv †Mvôxi g‡a¨ m¤úwË gh©v`v I msnwZ iÿv Kiv`w¶Y Avwd«Kvi Tswana iv gvi fvB‡qi Kb¨vi mv‡_ weevn‡K cÖ_g cQ›` Ges evevi Kb¨vi mv‡_ weevn‡K 2q cQ›` wn‡m‡e Mb¨ K‡i| wKš‘ Zv‡`i g‡a¨ weevn A¯^vfvweK n‡jI evevi fAB‡qi Kb¨vi mv‡_ weevn cÖPwjZ| 50% mvavib †jv‡Ki gvi fvB‡qi Kb¨vi mv‡_ weevn Ges 48% AwfRvZ †jvK‡`i g‡a¨ wcZvi fvB‡qi Kb¨vi mwnZ weevn we`¨gvb|
(vi) welg KvwRb weevn (Cross Cousin Marriage) tÑ dzdv‡Zv Ges gvgv‡Zv fvB †ev‡biv nj A_©vr wecixZ wj½ag©x †ev‡bi mšÍv‡bivBb µm KvwRb Avi Zv‡`i g‡a¨ weevn‡K e‡j Cross Cousin Marriage. G ai‡bi weev‡ni †cQ‡bI Avw_©K cÖkœ RwoZ, ev½vwj gymwjg mgv‡R Kb¨v Zvi evev gvi m¤úwËi DËivwaKvix GLv‡b †Kvb cyiæl e¨w³ wb‡Ri †ev‡bi Kb¨v‡K A_©vr fvwMœ‡K wRb cv‡Îi m‡½ weevn †`q| D‡Ïk¨ e¨w³i †evb Zvi Kv‡Q gvZvi m¤úwË `vex K‡i bv| GB cÖ_`w¶Y fviZ, Pxb I ‡gjv‡bwkqvi wKQz Ask Ges DËi Av‡gwiKvi wKQz As‡k jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|
03. mvgvwRK gh©v`vi wfwˇZ t- mvgvwRK gh©v`vi wfwˇZ weevn‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_vt-
(i) Aby‡jvg weevn (Hypergamy)
(ii) cÖwZ‡jvg weevn (Hyporgamy) wb‡gœ DcwiD³ weevn m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t-
(i) Aby‡jvg weevn (Hypergamy) t- G ai‡bi weev‡ni A_© n‡”Q wn›`y mgv‡R D”Peb©fz³ e‡ii mv‡_ wbgœeb©fz³ Kb¨vi weevn| hw` †Kvb wcZv-gvZv Zv‡`i †P‡q wbgœe‡b©i †g‡q we‡q †`b Zvn‡j m¤§vb nvwb N‡U| Aby‡jvg weevn n‡”Q Avm‡j GK ai‡bi Ameb© weevn cÖ_v|

(ii) cÖwZ‡jvg weevn (Hyporgamy) t- G weevn n‡”Q Aby‡jvg weev‡ni wecixZ| Gai‡bi weevn n‡”Q Av‡iK ai‡bi Ameb© weevn, †mLv‡b ei wbgœe‡b©i I K‡b D”Peb©f~³|
04| cvÎ cvÎxi eqm, wkÿv, iæwP ev Af¨vm Avw_©K Ae¯’v, mvgvwRK gh©v`vi wfˇZ t- DcwiD³ ¸bvewji wfwˇZ weevn Avevi 02 cÖKvi| wb‡gœ Zv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj tÑ
(i) mgweevn (Homogamy) t- †h weev‡n †Q‡j I †g‡qi g‡a¨ eqm, wkÿv, iæwP ev Af¨vm, Avw_©K Ae¯’v Ges mvgvwRK gh©v`v mgvb fv‡e we`¨gvb Zv‡K mgweevn e‡j|
(ii) Amgweevn (Heterogamy) t- G weevn mgweev‡ni m¤ú~b© wecixZ| G weev‡n DcwiD³ ¸bvewji GKwUI _A‡K bv| cvÎ-cvÎxi g‡a¨ G me ¸b¸‡jv _v‡K bv| GKR‡bi GKwU ¸b _vK‡j Av‡iK R‡bi g‡a¨ †h ¸b cwijwÿZ nq bv|
05| cvÎ-cvÎxi wbe©vP‡bi wfwˇZ t- cÖ‡Z¨K mgv‡RB weev‡ni KZ¸‡jv wbqg-bxwZ we`¨gvb| weevn m¤úv`‡bi c~‡e© cvÎ-cvÎx wbe©vP‡bi †ÿ‡Î fzj n‡j cvwievwiK Rxe‡b AkvwšÍ †b‡g Av‡m| G weevn Avevi 2 cÖKvi| h_vt-
(i) ¯^-wbe©vwPZ weevn (Romantic Marriage) t- c~‡e©i gZ GLb weev‡ni wbqg bvB| GLb cvÎ cvÎx weev‡ni Rb¨ evev-gvi Dci wbf©i K‡i bv| †h weevn cvÎ-cvÎx wb‡Ri cQ›` Abyhvqx K‡i Zv‡K ¯^-wbe©vwPZ weevn e‡j|
(ii) Av‡qvwRZ/ms‡hvwRZ weevn (Arranged Marriage) t- G weevn ¯^-wbe©vwPZ weevn n‡Z wfbœ| †h weevn Awffve‡Ki cQ›` Abyhvqx nq Zv‡K Av‡qvwRZ/ms‡hvwRZ weevn e‡j| GB AvaywbK hy‡MI wcZv-gvZvB †Q‡j ev †g‡qi weevn wb‡R‡`i cQ›` Abyhvqx K‡i|
06| mvgwqK weevn (Companionate Marriage) tÑ mgvR weÁvbx †evMviWv‡mi g‡Z, ‘This is the marriage of two persons on the understanding that as long as there are no children, the marriage may be dissolved simple by mutual consent.’ Gi A_© n‡”Q, GwU Ggb GK ai‡bi weevn †hLv‡b GKRb bvix I GKRb cyiæl mšÍvbnxb e‡j ci¯ú‡ii m¤úwZ‡Z Zv evwZj n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| mgvRweÁvbx wjÛ‡m (Lindsey) D³ weevn c×wZ‡K cixÿvg~jK weevn (Trial Marriage) cÖ_vi †P‡q fvj e‡j‡Qb|
7| cixÿvg~jK weevn (Experimental Marriage) tÑ KviI KviI g‡Z GKRb bvix Ges GKRb cyiæ‡li ¯’vqxfv‡e weevn e܇b Ave× nIqvi c~‡e© cixÿvg~jK weev‡ni AwfÁZv Zv‡`i `v¤úZ¨ Rxe‡b mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i, G `„wófw½ ˆeevwnK Rxe‡bi †kl w`‡K weevn we‡”Q‡`i m¤¢ebv‡K n«vm K‡i| cixÿvg~jK ch©v‡q mswkøó bvix-cyiæl G‡K Ab¨‡K fvjfv‡e Rvb‡Z cv‡i Ges G‡K Aci‡K e¨w³‡Z¡i mv‡_ Lvc LvB‡q †bIqvi AwfÁZv AR©b K‡i|

Z…Zxq Aa¨vq
3.1 weev‡ni ¸iæZ¡ t- weevn e¨e¯’v nj gvbe mvgv‡Ri GK AZ¨šÍ cÖvPxb cÖ_v| eZ©gv‡b weevn e¨e¯’v mf¨ mgv‡Ri GKwU AwZ ¸iæZ¡c~b© e¨e¯’v| gvbe mvgv‡Ri b~b¨Zg GKK ms¯’v nj cwievi| GB ms¯’vi m„wó nq weev‡ni gva¨‡g| myZivs cwiev‡ii wfwË nj weevn| Avevi GB weev‡ni gva¨‡gB cwievi mgv‡R ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i Ges ¯’vqxfv‡e cÖwZwôZ nq| myZivs gvbe mgv‡R weevn I cwievi ci¯ú‡ii m‡½ IZcÖZfv‡e m¤úK© hy³| weevn e¨e¯’vi ¸iæZ¡ I Zvrch© cÖm‡½ wbgœwjwLZ welqmg~‡ni Av‡jvPbv Avek¨K|

01| ¯^vfvweK Ges ¸”Q mgvRRxeb t- ¯^vfvweK Ges my¯’ mgvR Rxeb m¤¢e K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ weev‡ni ¸iæZ¡ Ges Zvrch© we‡iva weZ‡K©i D‡aŸ©| †Kej weevn e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡gB mgvR KZ…©K ixwZ Abymv‡i cwievi cÖwZwôZ n‡Z cv‡i| myZivs cwievi cÖwZôv KivB nj weev‡ni mgvwRK D‡Ïk¨|

02| mvgvwRKxKi‡bi †ÿ‡Î t- mgv‡R beRvZ‡Ki h‡_vchy³ cÖwZcvjb I cwiPh©vi cÖ‡qvRb Ab¯^xKvh©| Avevi wkïi wkÿv `xÿv I mvgvwRKxKi‡bi `vwqZ¡I nj AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~b©| gvbe RvwZ I gvbe mgv‡Ri `vwqZ¡ I avivevwnKZvi cÖ‡qvR‡bi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z GB mg¯Í `vq-`vwqZ¡ wba©vwiZfv‡e wbw`©ó nIqv we‡klfv‡e `iKvi| GB `vwqZ¡ ¯^vfvweKev‡eB Ave× wcZvgvZvi Dc‡iB eZ©vq| Ges GB Kvi‡b wkïi jvjb cvjb I mvgvRxwKi‡bi †ÿ‡Î †Kvb mgm¨v nq bv|

03| †hŠb wµqvKg© wbqš¿b t- my¯’ mgvR Rxeb I cvwievwiK Rxe‡bi ¯^v‡_© bi bvixi †hŠb wµqvKg© wbqš¿b nIqv `iKvi| weevn nj gvbe gvbexq wgj‡bi mgvR KZ…©K Aby‡gvw`Z ixwZ| my¯’ cwevi Rxeb Z_v e„nËi Kj¨v‡bi ¯^v‡_© bi-bvixi †hŠb m¤ú‡K© GB bxwZ‡K ¯^vxKvi Kiv nq|

04| mvgvwRK ¯’vwqZ¡ I msnwZ cÖwZôv t- mgv‡Ri g‡a¨ weevn e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g bZzb bZzb mvgvwRK m¤ú‡K©i eÜb M‡o I‡V| GB e܇bi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z gvbe mgv‡Ri wfwË my`„X nq| GBfv‡e mgv‡R `vwqZ¡ I msnwZi m„wó nq|

05| cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© t- mgvRe× gvby‡li eûwea cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i g~j wbqvgK nj weevn, GB ˆeevwnK m¤ú‡K©i cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z bi-bvixi mgvwRK m¤úK©mg~n w¯’ifv‡e Av‡Q| Zv Qvov e„nËi gvbe mgv‡R beRvZ‡Ki mwVK ¯’vb I mvgvwRK f~wgKv wba©vib Kiv `iKvi| ZvQvov mgv‡R emevmiZ e¨w³ e‡M©i mv‡_ m¤ú‡K©i gxgvsmv nIqv `iKvi| G‡ÿ‡Î weevn e¨e¯’vi ¸iæZ¡ I Zvrch© A¯^xKvi Kiv Am¤¢e|

3.2 e¨w³Rxe‡b weev‡ni Zvrch© t- wewfbœ w`K †_‡K e¨w³ Rxe‡b weev‡ni ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| (K) weevn e¨e¯’v gvbe mgv‡R e¨w³i †hŠb cÖe„wˇK cÖkwgK K‡i| weevn gvbyl‡K †hŠb ¶zavi cwiZ…wßi mn I ¯^vfvweK my‡hvM cÖ`vb K‡i| Ae`wgZ †hŠb evmbvi K‡b e¨w³i gvbwmK Amy¯’Zv I weK…wZ †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| Ges Zvi dj wn‡m‡e e¨w³Rxe‡bi wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î bvbv ai‡bi A¯^vfvweKZv ‡`Lv †`Iqvi Avk¼v _v‡K| e¨w³i †hŠb Kvgbv-evmbv weevwnZ Rxeb hvc‡bi gva¨‡g PwiZv_© nq| Ges GBfv‡e mgvR e¨w³e‡M©i e¨w³‡Z¡i ¯^vfvweK weKv‡ki c_ myMg I ¯^vfvweK nq| (L) e¨w³i Kv‡Q weev‡ni GKwU eo D‡Ïk¨ nj mšÍvb cÖRbb I eskMwZ Ae¨vnZ ivLv| ZvB †`Lv hvq `¤úwZgv‡ÎB cyÎ mšÍvb Kvgbv K‡i _v‡K| wn›`y‡`i Kv‡Q weev‡ni g~L¨ D‡Ïk¨ nj cyÎ jvf| wn›`y‡`i ag©xq weav‡b ejv nq †h, ÒcyÎv‡_© wµq‡Z fvl©v.Ó (M) e¨w³ Rxe‡bi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z weev‡ni GB ˆYwZK g~j¨ we‡klfv‡e ¸iæZ¡c~b©| gvbe mgv‡R weev‡ni eÜb nj GK AZ¨šÍ cweÎ eÜb| weevwnZ Rxe‡bi gva¨‡g cvIqv hvq cvi¯úwiK mvnP© I mnvbyf~wZ, †cÖg-cÖxwZ fvjevmv| weev‡ni ag©xq f~wgKv LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~b©| cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, weevn nj gvbe mgv‡Ri GK AZ¨šÍ cÖvPxb cÖ_v| cwievi ms¯’vi m„wó nq weev‡ni gva¨‡g| Avevi GB weev‡ni gva¨‡gB cwievi mgv‡R ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i| mgv‡R weev‡ni ¸iæZ¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Acixmxg|

PZz_© Aa¨vq
4.1 evsjv‡`‡ki mgv‡R weevn e¨e¯’v t- mvavibZ evsjv‡`‡k wPiKygvi ev Kzgvixi msL¨v LyeB Kg| G Øviv cÖgvwbZ nq †h, Avgv‡`i †`‡k eq¯‹ cyiæl I gwnjv‡`i cÖvq meB weevn e܇b Ave× nq| evsjv‡`‡ki mgvR e¨e¯’vq wewfbœ ai‡bi weevn e¨e¯’v cÖPwjZ Av‡Q| wb‡gœ Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj tÑ evsjv‡`‡ki cÖPwjZ weevn¸‡jvi g‡a¨ nj GKK weevn, eû ¯¿x weevn, weaev weevn, w¯’ixK…Z weevn, †mwf‡iU weevn, m‡iv‡iU weevn, †ivgvw›UK weevn, c¨vivjvj I µm KvwRb weevn, AšÍ© weevn I ewn© weevn| evsjv‡`‡ki gymwjg mgv‡R DcwiD³ weevn¸‡jv jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| wKš‘ Gi g‡a¨ GKK weev‡ni cÖPjb me©vwaK|
DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbvi †cÖwÿ‡Z Aviv ej‡Z cvwi †h, weevn GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~b© mvgvwRK eÜb| wewfbœ †`‡k wewfbœ ag©vej¤^x mgv‡R weevn e¨e¯’vi I wewfbœZv †`Lv hvq| evsjv‡`‡ki mgvR e¨e¯’vq I wewfbœ ai‡bi weevn e¨e¯’v cÖPwjZ Av‡Q Ges mgvR cwieZ©‡bi avivq Gme weevn e¨e¯’vqI cwieZ©b Avm‡Q| wkÿv I m‡PZbZvi d‡j eZ©gvb mg‡q eû ¯¿x MÖn‡bi cÖPbZv A‡bKUv K‡g wM‡q‡Q| ˆeevwnK AvBb cÖYxZ nIqvq ¯¿xi webv AbygwZ‡Z ¯^vgx Ab¨ ¯¿x MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv|

4.2 mv¤cÖwZK evsjv‡`‡ki weevn e¨e¯’vi cwieZ©b aviv t- mgvR m`v cwieZ©bkxj| mKj mgv‡RiB GKwU mvavib ‰ewkó¨ nj cwieZ©bkxjZv| †hgb- MÖvgxY mgvR Ges MÖvgxY mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e weev‡ni ixwZ ev aviv cwieZ©Y we‡klfv‡e jÿbxq| evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvg mgv‡R cÖavbZ wn›`y I gymjgvb G `yB m¤cÖ`v‡qi †jvK evm K‡i _v‡K| Dfq mgv‡Ri weevn ixwZ wKQzUv Avjv`v ai‡bi| MÖvg mgv‡R GLbI ei I K‡bi AwffveK‡`i gZvg‡Zi Dci wbf©i K‡i weevnKvh© mym¤úbœ nq| Z‡e Av‡Mi w`‡b we‡qi cÖ¯Íve, cvÎ-cvÎx †`Lv Ges we‡qi wewfbœ Abyôvb‡K †K›`ª K‡i hZme AvPvi Abyôvb cvjb Kiv n‡Zv Zv wKQz wKQz wejyß n‡q hv‡”Q| Av‡Mi w`‡b we‡q bv nIqv ch©šÍ cvÎx cvÎ c‡ÿi ‡`Iqv Mnbv I Kvco coZ bv| GLb cvÎxiv Mv‡q nj‡`i Abyôv‡bB cvVv‡bv Kvco c‡o Ges Km‡gwUKm e¨envi K‡i| c~‡e©i evj¨weevn cÖ_v AvRKvj wbq‡gi e¨wZµg wn‡m‡eB †Kej wU‡K Av‡Q| GLb miKvi KZ…©K wba©vwiZ mgq †Q‡j‡`i 21 eQi Ges †g‡q‡`i 18 eQ‡ii Av‡M weevn Kiv AvBbMZ `Êbxq Aciva|
Avevi cvwK¯Ívb Avgj †_‡KB gymwjg mgv‡R †hŠZzK cÖ_vi cÖPjb ïiæ nq| eZ©gv‡b Kb¨vcb G‡Kev‡iB APj| Kb¨vc‡bi e`‡j MÖvgv‡j AvRKvj ei cb ev †hŠZzK Pvwn`v LyeB e„w× †c‡q‡Q| GLb Ggb cvÎx †LuvRv n‡”Q †h, cvÎx PvKix Ki‡Q ev PvKix Kivi †hvM¨Zv AR©b K‡i‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgv‡j †cÖg cwib‡qi msL¨v LyeB Kg| mvgvwRK I ag©xq g~j¨‡eva GwU mg_©b K‡i bv| Z‡e wkwÿZ †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i GKwU bMb¨ Ask MÖvgxY cwievi Rxe‡b †cÖg cwib‡q Ave× nq|
B`vbxs MÖvgxY mgv‡R cwjwRb ev eû ¯¿x MÖnY cÖ_v A‡bK K‡g wM‡q‡Q| Gi KviY wkÿvi cÖmvi, mvgvwRK m‡PZbZv e„w× Ges Avw_©K AmsMwZ| weevn we‡”Q‡`i †ÿ‡ÎI cwieZ©b my¯úó| Avgv‡`i MÖvgxY mgv‡R c~‡e©i Zzjbvq weevn we‡”Q`, ¯^vgx-¯¿xi c„_Kvevm e„w× †c‡q‡Q|

cÂg Aa¨vq
5.1 Dcmsnvi t- Dchy³ Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, weevn ¯¿x cyiæ‡li g‡a¨ GKwU mvgvwRK eÜb| ¯¿x-cyiæ‡li g‡a¨ G eÜb †gvUvgywU ¯’vqx n‡q _v‡K| G weevn eÜb‡K mn‡R I gwR©g‡Zv wQbœ Kiv hvq bv| weevn e¨e¯’v mgv‡R ¯’vwqZ¡ I msMwZ msiÿb, cwiev‡ii wfwË, †hŠb m‡¤¢v‡Mi cwiZ…wß, mšÍvbmšÍwZ Rb¥`vb I jvjbcvjb cÖf…wZ Kvh©vewj m¤úv`b K‡i, mgv‡R wewfbœ ai‡bi weevn jÿ Kiv nq| Avevi kn‡i bqvevm jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| weevn n‡”Q cwievi MV‡bi c~e© kZ©| weevn e¨wZZ cwievi MVb Kiv hvq bv| cwievi MVb Ki‡Z n‡j weev‡ni ¸iæZ¡ Ab¯^xKvh©| e¨w³ Rxe‡b, mgvR Rxe‡b, ag©xq g~j¨‡ev‡ai †ÿ‡Î weev‡ni ¸iæZ¡ I Zvrch© Acwimxg|

MÖš’cwÄ * †mb, i½‡jvj Ges bv_ wek¦¤¢i Kzgvi, cÖviw¤¢K mgvRweÁvb, wbD GR cvewj‡KkÝ, XvKv- 2003|

* Luvb, †nv‡mb †gvkviid, Avjx nvmvb Gg Ges Pzbœy nK Avwgbyj, Aby cÖKvkbx, †gŠwjK mgvRweÁvb|

* ‡nv‡mb Avwgi cÖ‡dmi, mgvRweÁv‡bi cwiwPwZ|

* ingvb nvweeyi, mgvRweÁvb cwiwPwZ, nvmvb eyK nvDm, XvKv|

* ingvb †gvL‡jmyi †gvt AvL›` cÖ‡dmi, kvgxg Avey †gvnv¤§` †kL Ges Kexi ûgvq~b †gvt, b„weÁvb cwiwPwZ|