...Comparing three Mars rovers Mars is not easy to reach or explore. Nearly two-thirds of all missions have failed. However, in recent years, the United States has had more success landing rovers. Of recent missions, two rovers essentially crash-landed in a cocoon of airbags and one soft-landed. The first lander, Sojourner, part of the Mars Pathfinder mission, was about the size of a milk crate and weighed 33 pounds. It landed using airbags on July 4, 1997, and stayed active 10 times longer than scheduled (NASA, Chronology of Mars Exploration 1). The next missions were the twin rovers Spirit and Opportunity, which were launched a few weeks apart and landed on opposite sides of the planet in the summer of 2003, also using airbag technology. They both were the size of golf carts and outlasted their scheduled missions many times over. Curiosity landed in August 2012 and is the largest and most ambitious rover. The size and mass of a Mini Cooper, it survived a complex soft landing. Curiosity also supports the most complex science, containing drills, lasers, and a small analytical laboratory (Gibson 289). Curiosity can communicate with Earth in three ways. First, Curiosity can engage in direct communication from the rover to Earth’s Deep Space Network. Second, Curiosity can use a fast relay via the orbiting Mars Odyssey spacecraft. Finally, Curiosity can utilize a slow relay to communicate via the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The scientific missions have focused on whether Mars once harbored...
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...2015 Comparing Three Mars Rovers Mars is not easy to reach or explore. Nearly two-thirds of all missions have failed. However, in recent years, the United States has had more success landing rovers. Of recent missions, two rovers essentially crash-landed in a cocoon of airbags and one soft-landed. The first lander, Sojourner, part of the Mars Pathfinder mission, was about the size of a milk crate and weighed 33 pounds. It landed using airbags on July 4, 1997, and stayed active 10 times longer than scheduled. The next missions were the twin rovers Spirit and Opportunity, which were launched a few weeks apart and landed on opposite sides of the planet in the summer of 2003, also using airbag technology (NASA 1) . They both were the size of golf carts and outlasted their scheduled missions many times over. Curiosity landed in August 2012 and is the largest and most ambitious rover. The size and mass of a Mini Cooper, it survived a complex soft landing (Gibson 289). Curiosity also supports the most complex science, containing drills, lasers, and a small analytical laboratory. Curiosity can communicate with Earth in three ways. First, Curiosity can engage in direct communication from the rover to Earth’s Deep Space Network. Second, Curiosity can use a fast relay via the orbiting Mars Odyssey spacecraft. Finally, Curiosity can utilize a slow relay to communicate via the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The scientific missions have focused on whether Mars once harbored flowing water...
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...completion. The project will be tracked using precise quality measures, and the contractor will have to submit detailed monthly status reports. The RFP for Mulder simply includes a statement of the type of work to be done, an expected budget limit, and the desired completion date. QUESTIONS 1. What do you think will happen? 2. How do you think the crisis facing Yrisket will affect the Mulder project? The Agentfox project? ENDNOTES 1. It could be argued that Phase D in the electioncampaign project will be extended if the candidate is elected, whereupon the “operation” phase represents the elected official’s full political term—but that would be stretching the analogy! For the Mars rover, however, reducing and interpreting the data that the rover signaled back would likely continue for months or years after the rover has stopped functioning; if analysis and interpretation of data were included in the original system concept for the project, then it would constitute Phase D for the system. 2. Traditionally, the practice of systems engineering has been applied to large-scale, hardware Based on proposals received in response to the RFPs, the managers responsible for Mulder and Agentfoxeachselectacontractor. Unknowntoeither manager is that they select the same contractor, Yrisket Systems. Yrisket is selected for the Mulder project because...
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...Cody Nitz Mars Rovers In the summer of 2003 we sent two rovers to Mars. These rovers where sent to Mars to give NASA a better understanding of the climate and water on Mars. With the technology that the Mars Rovers had it was like we were sending up two geologists. Spirit was the first rover to be sent off to Mars and it left June 10th, 2003 and landed January 3rd, 2004. It would be followed by Opportunity which was sent off on July 7th, 2003 and landed January 24th, 2004. NASA’s original goal for the rovers was very easy. They just wanted them to travel 40 meters in 1 day and to travel a total of 1 kilometer total. These rovers did that and a whole lot more and are currently still going. The design of these rovers came from the basic design of the 1997 Mars Pathfinder Mission. The rovers are identical they have 6 wheels and good suspension for driving over some harsh Mars surfaces. It has solar panels for its energy and also has radioisotope heater units for when the rover does not get a lot of sunlight. Each rover weighs 174 kilograms, is 1.6 meters long, and is 1.5 meters tall. The rovers also had a lot of heavy duty airbags for landing. These were very necessary because if any little piece broke it could affect the whole mission. The rovers also included different tools that would study the rocks and the surface of Mars to decide if there had ever been water on the planet. These tools consisted of a panoramic camera that helped the scientist from NASA...
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...The topic of Mars has long been of interest to astronomers and science fiction enthusiast alike. The premise of another planet supporting life excites people like no other. In 2004, The United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration, or NASA, began preliminary science experiments and instrument proposals for the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) and a robotic space probe mission to Mars. After long testing and development stages, the mission birthed a rover, Curiosity, which was launched in November 2011 and subsequently landed August 6th 2012. As we speak Curiosity is collecting invaluable data for our understanding of mars including: habitability, climate and geology, and possibly setting up a manned mission to mars in the future. The possibilities that this new information can bring are the main reason that scientist and nonscientists alike are so excited for this pivotal mission. The Curiosity project began development in 2004. Astronomers and engineers worldwide entered their instrument proposals to NASA so they could hopefully be a part of the final mission. These components were sifted thoroughly and select components were developed for four years. By 2008, they were mostly finished with the hardware and software developments and they carried on testing. This extensive testing delayed liftoff, which was originally slated for September 2009, until November 2011. NASA then administered a poll on their website to decide the name of the rover, with Curiosity ultimately...
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...Project: Living on Another Planet/Green Building or City In: Computers and Technology Project: Living on Another Planet/Green Building or City During my research, some very interesting facts were accumulated. By accumulating modern data on Mars, I attempted to outline the possibilities of colonization in my own perspective. One consideration is that not only is technology lifting mankind up into new heights, but we are on the verge of a new cooperation on a global scale. This cooperation that I am conveying is that world governments are now working together to eventually go to Mars. This exploration will be a culmination of data produced from the rovers that are currently sending data to us from Mars. (http://www.googleearth.com, go to Mars entry) We now know there are natural resources available to use to sustain life, and harvesting them will lead to our first colony being started and expanding there. The question arises, as to how to get there, and with careful thought, the technology that we now possess will certainly deliver us there to Mars. The first fact to consider is that we have a natural satellite that is only approximately 252,000 miles away from us, which is the Moon. (www.answers.ask.com) (http://www.chacha.com) We also have the International Space Station, revolving around the earth. (http://wiki.answers.com) We are also going to be building an outer space vehicle that is larger than the Gemini space capsule, but will be built to go deeper into space...
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...Unit 2 Assignment 2: New Technology in my Field-Research and Essay Nanobots on Mars Nanorobotics on Mars Ryan Robert Smith ITT Technical School Abstract Putting such large equipment on other planets is not altogether as we know the Mars rover Curiosity has made some amazing finds in its short time on the Martian surface, suggesting that Mars was once a wet and fertile planet. Although these findings still in their infancy and not fully substantiated it still gives us time for pause wonder and awe. However one of the main issues with Curiosity is its size. About the size of an SUV which requires more than a million pounds of fuel at an enormous cost to get to the red planet. Limiting its range and over all likelihood to be practical. With curiosity carrying around 165 pounds of research equipment to go even farther would be exponentially expensive. With nanobot technologies not only can we save on costs concerning such explorations, you can also save on logistics. We can send not one or tens or hundreds or even thousands but tens of thousands if not more nanobots out into the solar system at a much more reasonable cost and too many locations. The first nabobs could arrive on mars as a cloud of “smart dust” each one about one-one-billionth of the size of Curiosity. From a drop capsule these sand grain sized robots dropped from an orbiting spacecraft studying or merely passing by the Martian planet dropping them to ride Mars’s lower gravity (about 38% less than Earths)...
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...Submitting Essays Essays are due before midnight on Sunday Oct 11th (end of week 10). They should be submitted online through the submission box provided in the Assessments page on Moodle. You can submit in a range of file formats (MS Word, WordPerfect, PDF, Postscript, HTML, RTF and plain text). Essay Topics — Choose one of the following 1. History of Radio Telescopes Describe the development of single dish radio telescopes and advantages of radio interferometers. Discuss major discoveries that were possible after detection of radio waves from space and how they changed our understanding of Universe. 2. The Earliest Evidence for Life Review the earliest evidence for life on Earth. What form does the evidence take and where is it found. Discuss the controversies relating to some of this evidence and give your conclusion on the earliest date at which we can be confident that life was present on Earth. 3. Atmosphere Evolution on Rocky Planets Compare evolution of atmosphere on Earth, Venus and Mars, and explain differences in current atmospheric conditions on these planets. Describe how the Earth’s atmosphere helped life to originate, survive and develop, and how has life affected the atmosphere over time. 4. Life in Extreme Conditions Explain what extremophile life forms are and where they are found on Earth. In view of what we have learnt about extremophiles discuss the possibility of extraterrestrial life in different places of our Solar system...
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...The Advancement and Obstacles of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Abstract This essay discusses articles that observe the financial standing of the National Aeronautic and Space Administration, as well as the correlation between public opinion and governmental funding. The main discussion goes through a history of the administration, separated into five different eras based on significant missions, and how each era differed based on the expected outcome of a mission or program. In addition, the government and the public’s financial support is discussed for each program. The fifth era then leads into the discussion of current funding and cuts from the Obama administration and the future of the agency with different goals in place. NASA has changed the face of America. From the beginning, the administration had very ambitious and innovative ideas that sparked heavy admiration and support yet, also much criticism. This large support and opposition has led to many different obstacles to overcome in progression, such as lack of funding and public support for astronomically innovative ideas. History Lambright (2010) states the most fundamental explanation of the development of NASA, saying, “NASA has a life that is a function of its internal dynamics and political environment. As that environment has changed, NASA has adapted—sometimes voluntarily, other times under pressure. As NASA has altered, so, too, has its relationship with external...
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...The Uncertainty and Disadvantage of Nuclear Power NE 471 Dr.Chang South Carolina State University ANTRON CALDWELL ABSTRACT The future global economy is likely to consume increasing amounts of energy considering the increasing demand for cheap, clean and reliable energy from developing countries such as India and China. Though there are technologies capable of supplying this energy these energy sources come at the expense of increased ozone damaging CO2 emissions. CO2 emissions are believed to be a significant contributor to the rise in the average temperature of the Earth’s climate known as global warming. In the United States electric power plants emit about 2.2 billon tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) each year, which is about 40% of the nation’s total carbon emissions (NRDC, 2014). It is generally accepted by climate scientist that if annual carbon emissions are not reduced by at least 80% by the year 2030 then there will be an increase of greater than 2°C (35.2°F) which is considered an acceptable safe level or approximately 4°C (39.2°F) by the year 2100 in the Earth’s climate temperature (Carrington, 2013). These increases in the Earth’s temperature would be catastrophic, however measures taken by the government through the Clean Air Act to regulate emissions from stationary and mobile sources, and groups such as the National Resource Defense Council (NRDC) have somewhat reduced the emissions from stationary sources such as power plants and mobile sources such...
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...weird and crazy otaku. I'm Lissa Nubla and welcome to my blog! 1 - What is Anime? (The photo above is an example of an anime art/drawing.) So, what is anime? Why is it popular all around the world, just like here in the Philippines? Does anime affect the way of living of the people that watch or are addicted in watching it? According to the article What is Anime by Serdar Yegulalp that I read, "The word anime -- pronounced "ah-knee-may" -- is an abbreviation of the word animation. In Japan, the word's used to refer to all animation." Also, according to Katherine Luther, anime is essentially Japanese animation and in fact, the word 'anime' is a shortened version of the word 'animation'. I read an essay about anime that interested me a lot. It is in What is Anime by Elaine Barlow. What she said in the article is that, "In many ways anime is also a state of mind; a state of understanding that many Americans have trouble getting to. The realization that animation is an acceptable meduim for dramatic story telling and not something...
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...Pakistan Supreme Court annulled New Law Protecting the Prime Minister Supreme Court of Pakistan on 3 August 2012 annulled the new law called Contempt of Court Act 2012(COCA 2012). Pakistan’s Supreme Court 3 August 2012 struck down a law designed to protect the new prime minister from being charged with contempt and thrown out of office like his predecessor. The court ousted the previous prime minister, Yousuf Raza Gilani, from office in June by charging him with contempt of court for failing to reopen corruption proceedings against President Asif Zardari. OIC suspended Syria The Organisation Islamic Cooperation(OIC) suspended Syria on 16th August 2012 saying the muslim world can no longer accept a government that “massacres its people”,further isolating the embattled regime. Senkaku Islands became the Bone of Contention between China and Japan Ten Japanese on 23 August 2012, made an unauthorized landing on Uotsuri, which is known in Japan as the Senkaku Islands and in China as the Diaoyu Islands. The uninhabited islands surrounded by rich fishing grounds are controlled by Japan but also claimed by China and Taiwan.The Senkaku Islands dispute engulfs in itself a territorial dispute on a group of uninhabited islands. Of the ten Japanese people who visited the island, five were apparently conservative local assembly members.The Senkaku Islands are located in the East China Sea between Japan, and the Republic of China. The archipelago contains five uninhabited islands. Somalia...
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...Cooperative Strategy ‘The authors have provided an ambitious overview of the cooperative strategy literature. The book will be welcomed by serious students and scholars focussed on this important phenomenon.’ Paul W. Beamish, Canada Research Chair in International Business, Ivey Business School, University of Western Ontario ‘This book provides a comprehensive, well-organized and richly illustrated analysis of inter-firm cooperation. While relevant for managers and business students, it extensively draws on the most up-to-date research, making it also a valuable source for academics studying strategic alliances and the wide array of management issues they raise. Child, Faulkner, and Tallman have done a remarkable job of putting together in a highly consistent way all the knowledge available on what has become an essential facet of business development, namely Cooperative Strategy.’ Pierre Dussauge, Professor of Strategic Management, HEC – School of Management, Paris ‘I highly recommend this book for alliance scholars and practitioners. The breadth of coverage of the practical and theoretical literature on cooperative strategy is one of the book’s primary contributions. The authors demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter and the numerous case studies demonstrate a close connection with actual experience.’ Andrew Inkpen, J. Kenneth and Jeanette Seward Chair in Global Strategy, Thunderbird, The Garvin School of International Management ‘Companies need...
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...fourth EDItION fourth EDItION This clear, learner-friendly text helps today’s students bridge the gap between Its comprehensiveness allows instructors to tailor the material to their individual teaching styles, resulting in an exceptionally versatile text. Highlights of the Fourth Edition: Additional readings and essays in a new Appendix as well as in Chapters 7 and 8 nearly double the number of readings available for critical analysis and classroom discussion. An online chapter, available on the instructor portion of the book’s Web site, addresses critical reading, a vital skill for success in college and beyond. Visit www.mhhe.com/bassham4e for a wealth of additional student and instructor resources. Bassham I Irwin Nardone I Wallace New and updated exercises and examples throughout the text allow students to practice and apply what they learn. MD DALIM #1062017 12/13/09 CYAN MAG YELO BLK Chapter 12 features an expanded and reorganized discussion of evaluating Internet sources. Critical Thinking thinking, using real-world examples and a proven step-by-step approach. A student ' s Introduction A student's Introduction everyday culture and critical thinking. It covers all the basics of critical Critical Thinking Ba ssha m I Irwin I Nardone I Wall ace CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION FOURTH EDITION Gregory Bassham William Irwin Henry Nardone James M. Wallace King’s College TM bas07437_fm_i-xvi.indd i 11/24/09 9:53:56 AM TM Published by McGraw-Hill...
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...fourth EDItION Critical Thinking A student ' s Introduction Ba ssha m I I rwi n I N ardon e I Wal l ac e CRITICAL THINKING A STUDENT’S INTRODUCTION FOURTH EDITION Gregory Bassham William Irwin Henry Nardone James M. Wallace King’s College TM TM Published by McGraw-Hill, an imprint of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOC/DOC 0 ISBN: 978-0-07-340743-2 MHID: 0-07-340743-7 Vice President, Editorial: Michael Ryan Director, Editorial: Beth Mejia Sponsoring Editor: Mark Georgiev Marketing Manager: Pam Cooper Managing Editor: Nicole Bridge Developmental Editor: Phil Butcher Project Manager: Lindsay Burt Manuscript Editor: Maura P. Brown Design Manager: Margarite Reynolds Cover Designer: Laurie Entringer Production Supervisor: Louis Swaim Composition: 11/12.5 Bembo by MPS Limited, A Macmillan Company Printing: 45# New Era Matte, R. R. Donnelley & Sons Cover Image: © Brand X/JupiterImages Credits: The credits section for this book begins on page C-1 and is considered...
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