...Reformation was underway in 1517 there were printing centers in over 200 of the major European cities.[1] These centers became the primary producers of Reformation works by the Protestants, and in some cases anti-Reformation works put forth by the Roman Catholics. Printed texts and pamphlets There were a number of different methods of propaganda used during the Reformation including pamphlets/leaflets, texts, letters and translations of the Bible/New Testament. Pamphlets or leaflets were one of the most common forms of propaganda during the reformation period. Pamphlets usually consisted of approximately eight to sixteen pages and were relatively small and easy to conceal from the authorities, thus making them very useful to reformers whose ideas were not accepted by the Roman Catholic authorities. The majority of these pamphlets promoted the Reformation and the Protestant ideas; however pamphlets were also used by Roman Catholic propagandists, but not to the same effect.[2] Protestant and Roman Catholic propaganda during the Reformation attempted to sway the public into adopting or continuing religious practices. Propagandists from both groups attempted to publish documents about church doctrine, to either retain their believers or influence new believers. Occasionally these printed texts also acted as manuals...
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...Renaissance, Protestant, and Roman Catholic Churches Struggle for Power During the early modern period, from the 14th to the 17th centuries, Europe went through transformations in religious, cultural, and intellectual terms. Mainly due to these changes were the competing perspectives of the Renaissance, the Protestant Reformation, and the Roman Catholic Church on the nature and role of the Church within Christianity. The Renaissance originated in Italy and spread through Europe, marking a rise of classical learning, humanism, and artistic achievement. It focused on a rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman texts, generating a renewed interest in secular knowledge and creativity. The Renaissance greatly influenced...
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...pre-Reformation Catholic sentiments authors and discussing about the Counter Reformation and the Catholic Council of Trent. He brings up different scholarly arguments on how to interpret the Reformation. Janz tries us much as he can to stay neutral and give explanations on what the questions are. He therefore, provides documents that hold the ability to place challenges on both viewpoints and supports a study of the texts themselves. In his book, Janz includes opinions explaining the significance of both Martin Luther and John Calvin. This paper is therefore, intended on highlighting the significance of these two individuals and contrasting the opinions contained in writings of each. The significance of Martin Luther Many people wonder why there exists a great fuss over martin Luther and the Protestant reformation. They also don’t understand how and why this German monk turned out to be a lightning rod for change in religion and community in Europe during the Renaissance. Many people also do not comprehend the significance of the circumstances and the importance Luther and his persuade on the Reformation and how it affects them in the present days. Back in 1520 Luther was thought of as an insightful church leader and other thought of him as an ecclesiastical terrorist. His thoughts transformed the universe essentially, and were the flashpoint where thoughts and tendencies, which had been blazing in Europe made people to begin talking, and they brought about bigger ideas. Martin Luther’s...
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...CHAPTER 24 TEST QUESTIONS MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Luther’s initial stimulus for formulating the Ninety-Five Theses was a. his excommunication from the Roman Catholic church. b. the sale of indulgences. c. his time spent in England during the English Reformation. d. the turmoil caused by having two popes during the Great Schism. e. the influence of John Calvin. 2. The author of the Ninety-Five Theses was a. John Calvin. b. Erasmus. c. Voltaire. d. Martin Luther. e. Henry VIII. 3. The Catholic church dramatically pushed the sale of indulgences in the sixteenth century because of the a. need to match the resurgence of the Byzantine empire. b. threat posed by Islam. c. need for Henry VIII to pay off the national debt. d. expense associated with translating original Greek classics. e. need to raise funds for the construction of St. Peter’s basilica. 4. Which one of the following was not one of Luther’s problems with the Roman Catholic church? a. the selling of indulgences b. pluralism c. absenteeism d. the immense wealth of the Catholic church e. the church’s decision to translate the Bible into vernacular languages 5. Who said, “I cannot and will not recant anything, for it is neither safe nor right to act against one’s conscience. Here I stand. I can do no other.”? a. Martin Luther b. Jesus c. John Calvin d. Sima Qian e. Henry VIII 6. In the centuries following the fall of Rome, the only unifying...
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...B) 1. Northern Renaissance: Portrait of a Man – Jan Van Eyck 2. Catholic Reformation: Madonna with the Long Neck - Parmigianino 3. Aristocratic: Laughing Cavalier – Frans Hal 4. Protestant Reformation: Noli me tangere - Hans Holbein the Younger 5. Catholic Reformation: Girl with the Pearl Earring – Jan Vermeer The period of Mannerism first came about in Europe during the 1500s. The works created during this period were often influenced by the harmonious ideals of artists such as da Vinci, Raphael and Michelangelo. Well known for its intellectual sophistication and preoccupation with artificiality and artiness, the works of this time were often formulaic, theatrical and over-stylized. The figures in Mannerist art often portrayed as graceful, with elongated limbs, small heads and stylized facial features. The poses used are difficult or deliberately created rather than arising naturally or spontaneously. Unlike Renaissance paintings, Mannerism works favored compositional tension rather than balance and clarity. These artists favored the unorthodoxy of something new and expected, perhaps making them the first modern artists. The majority of these works had a religious subject, as the Christian church had much influence during these years. A leading example of a Mannerism painting is Madonna of the Long Neck by Italian painter Parmigianino. The oil on wood painting is currently held in Uffizi, Florence. The image depicts the Virgin Mary and baby Jesus surrounded by six angels...
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...Age of Discovery People Bartolomeu Dias – A Portuguese explorer who’s motives were “to serve God and his Majesty, to give light to those who were in darkness and to grow rich as all men desire to do”. Anne Boleyn – The second wife of Henry VII, she promised Henry that if he married her she would produce a son. Instead she gave birth to Elizabeth I, she was soon beheaded by Henry. Catherine of Aragon – Henry VII first wife who gave birth to a daughter, Mary. She was divorced and replaced by Anne Boleyn. Charles V – The Holy Roman Emperor who was a devoted Catholic, he opposed to Luther’s teachings. He summoned Luther to the town of Worms in 1521 to stand trial so he could take back statements. Yet Luther refused, Charles issued the Edict of Worms and declared Luther an outlaw. Charles went to war with the Protestant princesses who followed Luther, ordering all the princesses to the city of Augsburg. There the princesses signed the Peace of Augsburg. Christina de Pizan – One of the first European writeres to question different treatment of boys and girls. She was highly educated for her time and one of the first women to earn a living as a writer. She produced many books and manual son military techniques. Desiderius Erasmus – A Christian humanist who wrote his most famous work The Praise of Folly. Erasmus believed in Christianity from the heart, not one of ceremonies or rulers. He thought that in order to improve society, all must read the Bible. Edward VI – The son...
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...In the early 16 century the Roman catholic church and by extension its clergy came under heavy criticism. This was due to their financial, legal dealing; as well as change in popular opinion to the convention Catholic concepts of salvation. Along with other contributing factors led to the Protestant Reformation. Some of the contributing factors included criticism of the church, the teachings of Martin Luther, England’s shift towards Protestantism, and Calvinism. As stated earlier the growing resentment towards the basic tenants of Catholicism helped Protestant Reformation appeal to various groups across Europe. We will examine the contributing factors and how the led to mass appeal across Europe in a more exhaustive manner in the paragraphs...
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...The Protestant Reformation was the dawn of multiple ideas, as it inspired people to see the Roman Catholic Church in a new light. Multiple new religions were brought up and new philosophical thoughts were spawned. Then, along came the Peasants’ Revolt of 1524-1526 in Germany. This savage war was not only sprung up from the religious ideas of Martin Luther, but also from the dissatisfaction of peasants about their poor working conditions and the unfair treatment from their lords. German peasants had been displeased of their living conditions with being continuously faced with ludicrous feudal dues and state taxes. Upon hearing Martin Luther’s remarks, the peasants’ economic troubles and religious beliefs? combined to be the sparks that were...
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...Its greatest leaders undoubtedly were Martin Luther and John Calvin. Having far reaching political, economic, and social effects, the Reformation became the basis for the founding of Protestantism, one of the three major branches of Christianity. The 16th century reformation was not unpreceded. Reformers in the medieval church addressed aspects in life well before 1517. One of the most famous people from the reformation was martin Luther. The Protestant Reformation lasted from 1517 to 1648. During the Middle Ages the Roman Catholic Church was an extremely powerful, unifying force of the people. As a result, the pope acted as the intermediary between men and God. As the Church gained more and more power it began to use corrupt methods to earn money and control the mass. When the Church needed to finance its large building projects for Renaissance artists it sold indulgences. Indulgences were "tickets" that saved humans from going to the purgatory. Land owning nobles' wealth and power were being exploited as the Church grew. This set the stage confrontation of those called Protestants to the corrupt nature of the Catholic Church. Martin Luther, a German monk led this movement with a group of followers calling them Lutherans. Luther nailed...
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...Short answer: With the short answers, you will be expected to write a paragraph answering one or more questions posed to you. a. Describe the importance of the individual in Renaissance humanist thought. Humanism, an educational and philosophical outlook that emphasizes the personal worth of the individual and the central importance of human values as opposed to religious belief, developed in Europe during the Renaissance, influenced by the study of ancient Greek and Latin literature and philosophy. Humanists believed that people should enjoy life on earth, and question the bible while interpreting how they wish. Humanism was more independent from the Roman Catholic Church, and allowed people to think about other things rather than just Religion. In art, music, philosophy, and political theory, the new emphasis was on what was human; hence the word humanism has come to describe much of the Italian Renaissance This effected the Renaissance Worldview because people of the time started to believe more in Humanist ideas and life on earth rather than just working to death, just to go to heaven. Or Individualism. People thought it right to be themselves - the great man can shape his own destiny. Humans are the center of the universe and the "measure of all things." Humans could do well at many things: "The Renaissance Man." Humans began to have a questioning attitude and challenged tradition and authority. They believed life on earth was more important than the afterlife...
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...Religion was one of the aspects of the Renaissance that changed drastically over a few centuries. Before the Renaissance, during the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church was dominant in most states of Europe. The Pope was the singular most influential and feared bodies in politics. At this time, the church would be the center of all community life, especially because the clergymen were often the only people in a town who were literate. Before the Renaissance, the church was the undisputed dominant force of order. As the Renaissance started to blossom, the church was still the center of life and a refuge from the horrors of war and plague. However, by this time various factors had begun to act against the church's influence. As the Renaissance was re-awakening, it was also a rebirth of thought. So various people began taking up their own views and opinions of the world and began questioning the church and the Pope. The major facts that were weakening the church's influence included the Rise of Humanism, the invention of the Printing Press, the awareness of corruption in the church, and the work of individual Reformers. Humanism The rediscovery of Humanism in probably the most influential force that powered the Renaissance. The basic concept of Humanism is the belief that all human concept of Humanism is the belief that all human beings have a capacity to reason. Humanism shows a reverend respect for the beauty of the human body and power of an individual's mind. It saw...
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...1. The Empires described in the quote above built their power mostly directly on B) The technology of gunpowder 2. The quote accurately describes all of the following empires EXCEPT A) Han China 3. Sikhism is accurately defined as a region that D) Originated in India, with a blend of Muslim and Hindu beliefs 4. Which of the following decisions by the Portuguese most directly affected the Arab African cities of the east coast of Africa? B) To monopolize the Indian Ocean Trade 5. All of the following are common problems that the Muslim Empires of 1450-1750 shared EXCEPT: A) Sunni-controlled governments whose power was seriously challenged by a Shi’a minority 6. Which of the following European powers established hegemony over the Indian Ocean trade during the 16th Century? D) Portuguese 7. A dividing line drawn by the Pope to separate Portuguese and Spanish claims was established through the C) Treaty of Tordesillas 8. by the 16th Century the center of commercial activity for Europeans had shifted from the Mediterranean to the E) Atlantic Ocean 9. Whose beard is being cut off in the picture above? C) A Russian Boyar during the reign of Peter the Great 10. What is the main reason that the individual’s beard is being cut off? A) To make him comply with an official order intended to make his country modernize 11. The successful return of Magellan’s ship Victoria to Spain in 1522 signaled that? B) Europeans were now positioned to make themselves...
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...reformations include the Protestant Reformation, the English Reformation, and the Catholic Reformation. The events that lead to these reformations during the 16th century are quite lengthy. During the 14th century, salvation outside of the church was not possible. Thus, religion played a prominent role in the daily lives of people. However, many issues began to rise amongst all things religion. In 1309, internal conflict within the Catholic Church caused for its capital to be moved from Rome to Avignon. This shift of power started a war between France and England that lasted for nearly a century. To add to the turmoil, in 1347 the Black Death took the lives of more than 25 million Europeans within four years. Due to the plague, the church saw that a second pope was needed and established one in Rome. Then again in 1409, a third pope was elected. As three popes were battling for power, ordinary Christians became confused on who to believe. By the time the church resolved its problems, simple teachings of Christ were abandoned, and people saw the need to reform (HistoryTubeTV). Also known as The Reformation, the Protestant Reformation’s main goal was to reform the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. During the 15th century, the Christian church was the most powerful institute in medieval Europe, but the debauchery within the church eventually lead to its declining power and influence. Between 1450 and 1520, a series of popes – called the Renaissance popes –...
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...The Theological Background of Christian Zionism: Part I - Reflection By Mikael Knighton on Sunday, May 8, 2011 at 11:39am The Theological Background of Christian Zionism Part I - Reflection By: Mikael Knighton Christians Standing with Israel, Founder The Theological Background of Christian Zionism is a three part series authored by Mikael Knighton, founder of Christians Standing with Israel. The series consists of three installments: Reflection, Reconciliation, and Reconsideration. The series has been published in both the US and in Israel, where it was translated to Hebrew and published in the NATIV, a Jewish magazine facilitated by the Ariel Center for Policy Research (ACPR). Synopsis Over the centuries, Christian support of the state of Israel has been looked upon with a suspicious and vigilant eye. In fact, history will clearly show that the essence of pure evil, operating under the guise of “Christianity”, has facilitated a complete and justifiable collapse in Judeo-Christian relations. Only recently has the relationship between the Jewish people and Christians become fruitful, and the "mending" process, albeit positive, continues to evolve. Even so, the question remains: “Why do Christians support the state of Israel?” Christian Zionism, a theological belief that identifies the restoration of the Jewish people to their biblical homeland as the literal fulfillment of biblical prophecies foretold thousands of years ago, may arguably exist as the most...
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...Business Mount Royal University April 12, 2013 The beginning of the 16th century marked a time in which the Roman Catholic Church controlled a large portion of the political, social, and religious influence in Europe. During this century individuals within the Church were looking towards a more pure and simple Christian lifestyle, but in doing so would have to work against the Church. England, in comparison to the rest of Europe, was more so isolated and distant and while Protestantism grew in the European society it took a far different shape in England. This was because England retained much of the principles and the practices of Catholicism. In addition, whilst the Reformation that took place in Europe was brought on by religious differences and ideals, its basis in England was one of personal and political change. The Reformation in England was centuries in the making and resulted from many merging forces. It was in the 1530’s that the statutes of Henry VIII began to collate an official break from the papal authority of Rome. The 16th century proved to be a boisterous period in the history of England. The uncertainty associated with the stability and religious beliefs of the government were crucial factors in the unclear identity of England until the 1600's. As is often the case with defining periods in history, timing was of grave importance as centuries of Catholic corruption collided with the beginnings of a religious debate all across Europe. The increasing need for...
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