...Catherine II balance of power Adam Smith VOC Ptolemaic universe Newton John Locke capitalism joint-stock companies putting-out system Copernican universe deism Discussion Questions Examine the centralizing efforts in countries like France, Spain, and England. How and in what ways were they successful? Why was the Holy Roman Empire not as successful as other European states in centralizing power? Examine the idea behind the balance of power. How did this concept play itself out in Europe? How was this balance of power different from the political patterns in the rest of the world? Examine the career of Martin Luther. What were the foundations of his Reformation? What legacy did he leave Europe? Why did earlier reformers not have the same impact? Examine the rise of capitalist thought and practice. What factors led to this rise? Examine the leading thinkers of the scientific revolution. Why were the early discoveries of the scientific revolution met with such resistance? In what ways did these discoveries destroy an old worldview and create a new one? How did their ideas influence the Enlightenment? What were the foundations of the Enlightenment? Could there be a...
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...Short answer: With the short answers, you will be expected to write a paragraph answering one or more questions posed to you. a. Describe the importance of the individual in Renaissance humanist thought. Humanism, an educational and philosophical outlook that emphasizes the personal worth of the individual and the central importance of human values as opposed to religious belief, developed in Europe during the Renaissance, influenced by the study of ancient Greek and Latin literature and philosophy. Humanists believed that people should enjoy life on earth, and question the bible while interpreting how they wish. Humanism was more independent from the Roman Catholic Church, and allowed people to think about other things rather than just Religion. In art, music, philosophy, and political theory, the new emphasis was on what was human; hence the word humanism has come to describe much of the Italian Renaissance This effected the Renaissance Worldview because people of the time started to believe more in Humanist ideas and life on earth rather than just working to death, just to go to heaven. Or Individualism. People thought it right to be themselves - the great man can shape his own destiny. Humans are the center of the universe and the "measure of all things." Humans could do well at many things: "The Renaissance Man." Humans began to have a questioning attitude and challenged tradition and authority. They believed life on earth was more important than the afterlife...
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...* People were firm believers in an afterlife. This made people follow religion much more closely, so with that in mind they would obey anything the church would say. * The church manipulated the followers of the church to believe that they would essentially make the decision whether they were destined to heaven or hell. The church took full advantage of this and collected taxes from its followers. * Followers were required to pay a 10th of their earnings to the church. This was called tithing, the people were asked to pay a 10th of income, crops, seeds, or livestock. * The church also convinced its people that they would either go to heaven, hell or purgatory after death. Purgatory was believed to be a place that the soul went to after death if one wasn’t condemned to hell and wasn’t a firm enough believer in god to go to heaven. So the person’s soul would remain in purgatory until his or her soul was purified. The important part to this was the more prayers the person received while in purgatory the faster there souls were purified. So people would buy what they called indulgences with money and in return the church would reduce the time they spent in purgatory. This was another tactic used by the church to increase its wealth and dominance. * PS 1…Tetzel’s Sermon on Preaching Indulgences How many mortal sins are committed in a day… , and those that commit them must needs suffer endless punishment in the burning pains of Purgatory. * Luther, The Ninety-Five...
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...Puritans Aspirations of a Model Society Chelsea J. Austin Ms. K. L Gooden, instructor APUSH Fall- 113 Sumter Central High School November 1, 2013 Brainstorm Puritans: Puritans were a religious group Separated from the Church of England Thought that the Church of England in their eyes was corrupt Wanted to purify the Church of England were single-minded visionaries convinced of the rightness of their beliefs were practical and businesslike persecuted for their beliefs and fled England for Holland and, ultimately, for North America Many historians feel that the Puritan ethics of thrift, hard work, and self – sufficiency contributed to the success of the New World. Aspirations of a Puritan Model Society: Peaceful environment Entirely focus on God and do his will Strong community Outline Introductory Sentence: Puritans came from New England in the seventeenth century with hopes of creating a model society. Thesis Statement: Their aspirations for a model society consisted of making a strong community, peaceful environment, and a society focused solely on glorifying God and doing his will. Introduction: Puritans came from New England in the seventeenth century with hopes of creating a model society. They came trying to escape the religious persecution of New England and the corruption of the Church of England. Puritans attempted to establish a utopian society that would thrive from honoring God's laws...
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...power, the Catholic Church abused it by exploiting the uneducated laity in a variety of different ways. Luther had his tower experience in 1516, while he was studying the Bible he came to a realisation that the Catholics have misinterpreted it and they are not following the word of God. One year later, Luther published his ideas on how the Catholic Church could reform and make it into a more complete religion, these were the Ninety-five Theses. This was the start of Luther’s challenge to the Catholic Church. The most significant reason why Luther was able to challenge the Catholic Church so successfully in 1517-25 is because of the role of Luther, as he was the figurehead of Lutheranism and was very key to the challenge to the Catholic Church. Another significant reason why Luther was able to challenge the Catholic Church so successfully in 1517-25 is because of the response of Church and the Holy Roman Empire. Furthermore, the support of Luther made it easier for Luther to challenge the Catholic Church and so was an important reason. The role of Luther is the most important reason why Luther was able to challenge the Catholic Church so successfully in the years 1517-25. The Ninety-five Theses in 1517, the 1520 pamphlets and printing press were very significant factors in making the word of Luther more public to the uneducated laity about how the Catholic Church is exploiting them. The printing press helped Luther challenge the Catholic Church easily because Luther’s Ninety-five...
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...The Church of St. Ignatius is what I believe one of the early Baroque buildings of Prague and “is considered the third greatest Jesuit complex in Europe.” (Your Guide Through Prague) It was built in the 17th century, and the flamboyant, overwhelming of the stucco decoration is typical of early Baroque churches built by the Jesuits. According to my notes, it was devoted to the founder of the Jesuit order. Jesuits were known to being conformed to hard discipline, absolute obedience, and lived a very frugal life according to their founder’s model. On the top of the church face, there is a statue with gold surrounding it or a halo. I would assume this is St. Ignatius himself. Out of all the types of statues and statues on buildings around Prague, usually the man with the gold “light” surrounding him is Jesus Christ. However, I think the Jesuit rules allowed this great figure to have this surrounding him. Most of the paintings inside the church have intricate designs; they basically make you marvel and be overwhelmed by how outdone everything is inside. As we learned later in class, the same artist who created many statues on the Charles Bridge designed most of the works inside the church. “Another kind of mystical attraction of the church is the inscription on the tympanum, which connects to their own text and chronogram: MAIORI DEI GLORIAE et SANCTI IGNAZII HONORI PIAETAS EREXIT. This translates as: “Built to the greatness of God’s glory and the honorable pious St Ignatius.”...
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...Study Guide: Module 6 |I. Christianity is a Practical Religion |Instructions to Student: | | |Write your answers in this column. The cell will expand as you type. | |Core Christianity (textbook): Chapter 10 | | | |What is the relationship between works and salvation? |If you are saved you will do good works. | | |Why do Christians do good works? |For the Love of God, compassion to others, it’s a command in the bible | |II. Christianity is a Movement that | | |Transforms Culture | | |A. Core Christianity (textbook): Chapter 11 | | | |When did Christianity become Rome’s national religion? |AD 313 | | |What was the...
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...The English Reformation has a history of its own; a series of numerous events that brought about a reshaping of the Church, a paradigm shift in peoples understanding of ministry, as well as some other critical theological beliefs. And so it is also widely considered as the turning point for Christianity in England because it brought along reformed ideas, thoughts and ways of doing things, not only in the church, but also in England. A new dawn had come. The English Reformation is also remembered for the political ambitions and struggles which juxtaposed side by side with the theological and spiritual issues of the time. There were hot debate, burnings at the stake, organized coups, charges of treason and heresy and divorces which polluted the air. The history of the English Reformation certainly does not make for bedtime stories, nevertheless it is what it is and Christianity in England consequently took a dramatic turn of events. When we think of the Anglican Communion we think of the Book of Common Prayer and when turn the pages we can do nothing else but think of the scholar, priest and revolutionist who created it, Thomas Cranmer. Out of the smoke of the reformation arose the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer (1489-1556). Cranmer, amongst many is one of the iconic figures who helped influence Christian church history, and is often referred to as the ‘Architect of Church of England.’ In particular, Cranmer’s most noted contribution came to the surface during the...
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...The Influential Religion Blaise Pascal once said, “ men never do evil so completely and cheerfully as when they do it from religious conviction.” Through personal views religion is seen to be a system of belief that represents peace and happiness. With historical context though, religion changes into a one word meaning “war” with the addition of corruption. As a result through several primary source documents, religion is seen to be corrupted and as a root of death and war. In a letter from Martin Luther, a protestant reformer, he gives off a brief example on how the church becomes corrupted to Pope Leo X. “ These things are clearer than the light to all men: and the Church of Rome, formerly the most holy of all churches, has become the most lawless den of thieves, the most shameless of all brothels, the very kingdom of sin, death, and hell; so that even the Antichrist, if he were to come, could devise any addition to its wickedness”(p.2).1 Luther was pointing out how the Roman Catholic church, which was once pure, became fraudulent to what it used to be and that even the devil himself couldn't make this place any more sinful. It was distorted to the point that any one who spoke out against it, such as Martin Luther did, would be either killed or persecuted. Religion had turned from being able to worship, into having control, as the church became wealthy through unreasonable taxation and the sale of indulgences. Also the Pope as a figure was supposed to be compared to...
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...Anabaptist Movement----------------------------------------------------------10 Persecution of the Anabaptists--------------------------------------------------------------------------12 Conclusion---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15 Bibliography------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16 Introduction At a surface level looking at Anabaptists one will see a radically reformed sect of Christianity. Digging deeper will bring to light many groups coming together under the belief that the state church was no longer leading and teaching biblical theology. There were groups that popped up all across Europe in the wake of reformation lead by Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Ulrich Zwingli. Even before the time of the Anabaptist movement there was a high level of persecution for those who stood against the state church and the pope. There was a difference between what the reformers were doing and what the Anabaptists were doing. “The Reformers aimed to reform the old Church by the Bible; the Radicals attempted to build a new Church from the Bible.” There are also many great leaders from this radical group of Christians that need to be studied to know where this group was coming from. There is much more to this radical group known as the Anabaptists than meets...
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...challenged roman catholic traditions and the papal power which influenced europe in the middle ages. he initiated the protestant reformation which was hugely significant in the history of christianity. deep study of the scriptures gave way to many revelations for Luther. He believed and preached that salvation and subsequently eternity in heaven could not be simply earned through the doing of good deeds, but can only be received as a free gift of God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ as a redeemer from sin and subsequently eternity in Hell. At the time, the roman catholic church was selling 'indulgences' which were then believed to ensure acceptance to heaven and release from purgatory for those who bought them, regardless of sin, thus allowing people to think they could buy their way into heaven. The money was then used to construct cathedrals and monuments. Luther challenged the church on the corrupt nature of these promises they made to the public and endeavoured to expose the truths of the bible. As many germans were unable to read and understand the bible, they relied heavily on the word of the pope and the church, however Luther preached that ones faith and belief in Jesus Christ and God alone would result in forgiveness of sin, causing great chaos amongst the church and additionally, a large number of followers. The protestant reformation started in 1517, when Luther published the 95 theses which was largely a response to the selling of indulgences by priest Johann...
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...An Essay on Martin Luther’s 95 Theses Martin Luther’s Issues with the Catholic Church By: Andre Swift HIST 101 In the 16th-century of Europe, some scholars and theologians started questioning the teachings and behaviors of the Catholic Church. During this time, translations of the Bible and the early writings of church philosopher Augustine had became available and it seemed that these writings did not coincide with what the church was currently doing. Augustine’s writings “had emphasized the primacy of the Bible rather than Church officials as the ultimate religious authority” (A & E Television Networks, LLC, 2013). He also believed that people could not reach salvation by their own deeds or acts, but that only God could grant salvation by his holy grace. The Catholic Church had taught during the Middle Ages that salvation was only possible through good works, works of righteousness, or good deeds that was pleasing to God. Martin Luther studied Augustine’s writings and came to the conclusion and shared in “Augustine’s two central beliefs, which would later form the basis of Protestantism” (A & E Television Networks, LLC, 2013). During this time, “the Catholic Church's practice of granting "indulgences" to provide absolution to sinners became increasingly corrupt” (A & E Television Networks, LLC, 2013). The selling of Indulgences had been banned in Germany, but the church kept doing it with no consequences. Thus, enter Martin Luther. He saw this practice as...
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...communicate. When the printing press came out, it allowed anything to be printed in other common languages such as English, French, Latin, German, and other European languages that were common at the time. The printing press also helped creating a standardized language by making up and printing a dictionary. The dictionary was able to give people the knowledge to understand each other better and know the same meaning of every word. It was less costly for people to learn how to write and read, making it easier to communicate more effectively. The spread of knowledge through the printing press was getting many more people interested in the written word other than believing myths. The printing press has been involved and influenced in the Reformation, the Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution. Also, it spread the knowledge from when Galileo discovered the shift from when people used to believe the Earth was the center of the universe, to when the sun was discovered as the center of the universe. For the church, the printing press was bad in a way because they had a difficult time controlling or stopping new religious ideas that...
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...Emily McAlhany HST 6100 Dr. Vice September 27, 2013 Martin Luther’s Theological Stance Martin Luther was a monk but he constantly felt like God was mad at him, he tried everything but he still could not shake that feeling. He disagreed with what the Catholic Church taught in regards to getting into heaven. He, like Erasmus, did not like the selling indulgences to get into heaven. However, unlike Erasmus, Luther openly states ideas against the Pope. As a monk, Luther had to remember passages and recite them, and he admits that one word in a passage confuses him. This passage is in the book of Romans, and the word in righteousness. He said he meditated day and night to try and understand the context of the passage. He re-read the text as it was written and figured out the meaning. …I gave heed to the context of the words, namely, “In it the righteousness of God is revealed as it is written, He who through faith is righteous shall live.” There I began to understand that the righteousness of God is that by which the righteous lives by a gift of God, namely by faith. And this is the meaning: The righteousness or God is revealed by the gospel, namely, the passive righteousness with which merciful God justifies us by faith, as it is written, “He who through faith is righteous shall live.” Later in that same paragraph Luther talks about the things God does in us, like God gives us strength and wisdom. I think Luther is starting to tell us that it is through God’s Grace...
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...------------------------------------------------- Top of Form What period of European history name means rebirth? Bottom of Form Value: 1 ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form Who researched the law of gravity and developed calculus? Bottom of Form Value: 1 ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form Who spoke out against the practice of selling indulgences? Bottom of Form Value: 1 ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form Who lead the first expedition to circumnavigate the earth by sea? Bottom of Form Value: 1 ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form What term describes a country's desire to accumulate gold? Bottom of Form Value: 1 ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form What was the first legislature in the North American English colonies? Bottom of Form Value: 1 ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form This term refers to the colonial trade route from Africa to the Americas. Bottom of Form Value: 1 ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form What do we call the colonial uprising of former indentured servants? Bottom of Form Value: 1 ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form What was the main cash crop of the Virginia colony? Bottom of Form Value: 1 ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form What term describes...
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