...Outline and asses marxist theories on social inequalities. Marxism is a political, social, and economic philosophy derived from the work of the 19th-century historians Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. It views human history as a struggle between social classes and asserts that capitalism is inherently exploitative. According to Marxism, social inequality is an unfair situation, in which some individuals or groups have more money, influence and power etc over others, usually referring to the bourgeoisie, who use this advantage to oppress the proletariats. Marxists would argue that social inequality is caused by false class consciousness, and that eventually would lead to a revaluation. Marxism is a conflict theory, focusing on inequalities and divisions within society. According to Karl Marx, all stratified societies have two major classes, the bourgeoisie (rich) and the proletariats (poor). The rich owns the means of production, such as land capital, machinery etc, while the poor does not, this gives the ruling class the power to exploit the lower class, through the use of the superstructure, e.g. the legal and political system to justify their actions and maintain social order, due to the fact that the ruling class have more influence compared to the working class. According to Karl Marx, the rich exploits the working class who have to sell their labour to survive, thus creating huge inequalities, furthermore, due to the fact that many working class people rely on this...
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...Outline and assess Marxists explanations of class inequality There are many concerns in sociology as to whether class is still important. Many argue that it is not important as an individual’s identity is based on status, values and intelligence. Postmodernists claim that class is now dead. We can now be defined by consumption (what we spend money on) rather than class. However, others argue that class in still an influence on people’s lives, affecting certain aspects such as health and education. Marxism is a conflict theory that believes class division within society still exists between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat through the unequal distribution of wealth, power and status. The relationship between the two classes is based upon exploitation and class conflict. The proleteriat produce more goods only to get paid a low wage in return which enables the bourgeoisie to gain large profits. They believe the middle class also exists, but it is fragmented and undergone through the process of polarisation, either rising to the bourgeoisie or falling into the proletariat. The higher classes will get smaller and richer while the working class will get larger and poorer, eventually leading to revolution. Marshall argues that the underclass does not exist, claiming that the underclass would work if appropriate work was available. They also point out that half of those who claim benefits are in full-time work. They believe the concept of underclass is an ideological justification...
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...Marxist feminist Michelle Barrett (1980) argues that the role ideology plays in convincing women that unpaid domestic labour is fulfilling is important. Barrett discusses the ideology of ‘familism’ the notion that female fulfillment lies in the family. For Marxist feminists, the cause of female oppression is rooted in capitalism. They argue that although individual men benefit from women’s subordination, the main beneficiary is capitalism. Women are an unpaid labour force, as unpaid housewives, and have been used in WW1 as a reserve army of labour. This oppression is believed to be maintained by the role women adopt within the capitalist’s system as the unpaid homemaker in the family. Women are conceived that this unpaid role is natural and normal, through the ideology of ‘familism’ that promotes female fulfillment as achieved through motherhood intimacy and sexual satisfaction. Marxist feminists believe that in order to end female subordination, we must overthrow capitalism as well as the ideology of familism. This would free the sexes from restrictive family roles and ensure that domestic labour was shared equally. Strengths of Marxist feminists include the fact that they have demonstrated the power of structural factors, such as capitalism and ideology in constructing an explanation for women’s subordination. However, Marxist feminists have been criticised for failing to explain women’s subordination in non-capitalist societies. Marxist feminism also places insufficient emphasis...
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...Capitalism acts to constrain the forces of production. The notion of free and competitive market penalizes inefficiency and redistributes the surplus to the more efficient enterprises. Adam Smith’s idea of invisible hand promotes rivalries. Therefore the majority of petty owners is pushed out of the market and forced to sell labor power. The surplus value is derived from exploiting these workers. The rate of exploitation is surplus value divided by the labor value. Laborers produce a use value but get paid only for their labor value. The left-over surplus value becomes profit for the capitalist. This wealth can be use for investment, mechanization, research development, management and etc. Industrial enterprises spend money on capital and labor to produce a product. Rate of profit is calculated from surplus value divided by capital and labor cost. Therefore the rate has an inverse relationship with labor and capital cost. As they fall, rate of profit rise. The average cost is total spent divided by output. By mechanizing, it allows companies to produce more resulting in cheaper price per unit For example, say three companies produce the same amount of goods using identical labor and capital cost structure. When one company mechanizes, it can produce more goods by only increasing capital and not labor cost. It can also produce more merchandise with same amount of capital and labor. These two scenarios are both forms of increase efficiency. They also are forms of labor exploitation...
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...Assignment 5 Paper Both freedom and equality are political issues that have yet to be fully resolved and understood despite our nation being founded on both. Although we as a society have glamorized our country as being the “Land of the Free” and where “Everyone is created equal,” there are still social issues that give reason to believe that we as citizens of the United States aren’t so equal and not exactly all that free. In the Dialogue readings, I have selected four of which I feel could be strongly applied to the political beliefs of both freedom and equality. In the “Self and Society” book complied of different readings and philosophical authors, I have chosen Albert Camus, B.F. Skinner, Horace Miner, and C. Wright Mills as comparisons to the ideas on freedom and equality. In Camus’ reading entitled “The Guest,” the schoolmaster named Daru is visited by a horseman, Balducci. Alongside Balducci is his captive prisoner, an Arab who remains nameless throughout the reading. Balducci instructs Camus to take the prisoner to police headquarters to face accusations against a supposed crime he had committed. Throughout the story, Daru is seen living well in his furnished and heated home that looks over an impoverished, cold and often corrupt land. This demonstrates quite obviously that not everyone is considered equal, as the rest of the land is cold and freezing while Daru is kept warm. Daru, who goes against Balducci’s orders, and remains true to his own personal freedoms...
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...Abstract The concept of ethnocentrism is the practice of judging other cultures according to our own culture (Maciones, 2012); doing so inadvertently we use this as a racist and stereotype judgment. The movie “The Chaser” was filmed in South Korea; I will compare the movie with my culture as an Americanized-Hispanic. Introduction Ethnocentrism can be defined as our point of view of another culture; basing our opinion by comparing it to our own culture. Depending on how one uses this categorization we can easily come to a conclusion which becomes more of a stereotype or racist judgment. The effects of ethnocentrism can be negative and affect others in their life in great multitudes. We can use the example from 9/11. Since then many Muslims have been judged and put into a category simply because of their religion; not everybody who is Muslim is also tied into al-Qaeda. Just because woman/man wear head gear also make them an extremist who is out to bomb something. But because of this tragedy, we have done just that, accused and damned their religion and beliefs; because they are not like us and well because of 9/11. “The Chaser” The movie I chose was “The Chaser”; a movie filmed in South Korea about an ex-detective turned pimp who finds himself in financial trouble because two of his girls disappeared. After sending his last girl, he finds out that the customer is also the last customer of the other two girls who just went missing;...
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...Manhattan 语法—中文精简版 一、SC 的做题方法与原则 1、不是找对的，而是选最好的。 2、方法：排除法，首先在稿纸上写下所有选项，然后根据一些相似性将答案大致分组，根 据各组的不同特点划去错误的，比较剩余选项，针对区别进行判断，剩下最好的。 3、做改错题时，首先应通读句子，找出句子中能帮助做题的关键词。在很多情况下，句子 中帮助做题的关键词离划线部分会很远。 4、GMC 原则：grammar, meaning and concision, including：主谓一致，平行，代词，修 饰，动词时态、语态和主被动，比较和习惯用法 二、意思与句子简洁 GMAT改错题关键的三个要点，顺序依次为： STEP 1、首先看有无语法错误 STEP 2、看意思表达是否准确 STEP 3、是否简洁 （一） 意思 1、正确用词 ①Economic-经济的； economical-节约的；合算的；有效的 ②Aggravate-加重，恶化； aggravating-令人愤怒的 ③Known as –被认为是，很著名； known to be-被承认…；known for ④Loss of –失去；loss in-贬值 ⑤Mandate-命令；have a mandate-拥有选举权 ⑥Native of- （人）来自；native to –物种起源于 ⑦Range of –多种的； ranging-变化 ⑧ Rate of –速度或频率； rates for – 价格… ⑨Rise –上升,形容无方向，单纯上升； raise-（打赌或工资）上涨，有方向 ⑩Such as –比如； like-好像（举例只能用such as, 不能用like） ⑾Try to do –努力去完成； try doing –尝试去做 ⑿ impale-刺穿；impel-逼迫 2、情态动词 （1）当原句意思上没有问题时，忠实原句，不做任何修改，即使修改过来也成立。 Actual: If Chris and Jed met, they DISCUSSED mathematics. Hypothetical: If Chris and Jed met, they WOULD DISCUSS mathematics. （2）当原句意思上有问题时，要替换为相对好点的那个。 EG：should 在GMAT中表示“道德上的义务”，而不是“好像”的意思。 3、词在句中的位置 （1）要关注一些重点词，all, only；位置不同句子意思也不一样。 EG: ONLY the council votes on Thursdays. The council votes ONLY on Thursdays. （2）关注句子的整体顺序，是否会产生歧义；EG：主被动语序强调的对象不同。 （3）在英语中，一般主语会放在谓语前面，因此一般不会用倒装结构，除非开头是否定词。 定语从句中，一般不用倒装。例如：OG129。 4、搭配 句子各成分是搭配在一起才有意义。 （二） 简洁 § 简洁是GMAT 最后考到的点，只有在语法和意思都无误的情况，才选择最简洁的；换言 之，如果语法无问题，即使很长也会比一个语法有问题，很短的句子好。 § GMAT语法题中，如果一个词可以搞定的意思，不要用一个短语，EG: differ好于have difference in Wordy: They HAVE DIFFERENCES over THE...
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...Inequalities Thomas Cunningham MAT221: Introduction to Algebra (GSO13360) Instructor: Justin Hazel Inequalities In this assignment I will be showing you how you can find out how to use Inequalities to find out how much you may or may not be overweight. You can use my equations and the examples of my work to find out exactly what category you might fall in. In this equation we are asked to use our own height to find out exactly if I might have a longer life span than the usual person. Before we start remember that W=my weight, and then H=my height. W=178.2 and then H=67 In this first compound inequality, I had to take the equivalent inequality and replace it with the BMI formula. My height and weight has been added in to replace the current H^. The next steps for this compound inequality I had to multiply all the terms by the denominator. There was some cancellation done towards the first phase of the problem. I then all three terms where divided by 703 to isolate W. People’s height of 67 might be different life span of those whom might weigh between 108lbs and 128lbs. 17<BMI<=22 17<703W/67^<22 17<703W/4489<22 17(4489) <703W<22(4489) 76313<703W<8978 76313/703<8978/703 108<W<128 In order to solve this second inequality, what I need to do is solve for W and place the values of W. The very first thing that happens is I multiply all the terms by H^ in order to take out...
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...MAT 221 Math is a very interesting and difficult topic for me at times, but I must admit that I enjoyed this week’s lesson on inequalities. I never knew that there were calculations for body mass index until now. Below, I have worked out calculations according to my height that let me know which weight(s) is healthy for me. In addition, I will also work calculations in between as well as the calculations that show which level of weight(s) that I need to stay away from, if I wish to extend my years here. According to page 151 in our textbook, we were given the formula for Body Mass Index or BMI as stated below: BMI= 703W H2 Next, we were asked to calculate the four intervals based on our own individual heights. My height is 72.23 inches. The various intervals include three compound between inequalities and one average inequality. Whenever BMI shows up in the inequalities I will substitute the formula and solve the inequality for W to point out the weight ranges that fit each category for my specified height. As documented, the first interval shows those who might have a longer life span than average. The compound inequality for this is: 17<BMI<22 17<703W<22 This is referred to as an equivalent inequality. H2 17<703W<22 Here H2 has been replaced by my actual height in inches. 72.232 17<703W <22 During the next step, I will multiply all three terms by the denominator. 5217.1729 17(5217.1729)<703W(5217...
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...sign in the equation. Not all formulas can be solved for all of their variables. Example 1.2. The formula we wrote relating Fahrenheit and Celsius temperatures is solved for the variable representing degrees in Celsius C. We solve it for degrees in Fahrenheit F : 5 C = (F − 32) 9 9 C = F − 32 5 9 C + 32 = F 5 Written in the normal way (with the solved variable on the left-hand side) our solution is 9 F = C + 32 5 2. Solving Linear Inequalities 2.1. Inequalities and Interval Notation. An inequality is an expression representing the way that variables or numbers are not equal. We will learn to simplify expressions which describe how a variable is less or greater than another. In mathematical notation for fixed real numbers a, the inequality x < a represents all numbers less than a; we can write this equivalently a > x. The inequality x > a represents all numbers greater than a. The previous inequalities are called strict, since we are not allowed to take x = a. If we can take x = a, the inequalities are written x ≤ a or x ≥ a. The solution set of an inequality can be written in set-builder notation: for example, the real numbers greater than or equal to a can be written as {x : x > a} When the upper bound on the solution set is missing, we can write it with +∞; similarly, if the lower bound is missing, we can write −∞. That is, {x : x > a} = {x : +∞ > x > a} Date: Spring 2014. 1 MTH 0111 WEEK 3 2 In...
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...Programming Final 1. The case structure lets the value of a variable or an expression determine which path of execution the program will take. It’s a multiple alternative decision structure that allows you to test the value of a variable or an expression and then use that value to determin which statement to execute. 2. The AND operator takes two Boolean expressions as operands and creates a compound Boolean expression that is true only when both expressions are true. True AND True = True 3. The OR operator takes two Boolean expressions as operands and creates a compound Boolean expression that is true when either of the sub expressions is true. True OR False = True 4. The NOT operator is a unary operator that takes a Boolean expression as its operand an reverses its logical value. The Not operator reverses the truth of its operand. If it is applied to an expression that is true the operator returns false. If it is applied to an expression that is false it returns True. Not true = False, Not false = True 5. Flow chart 6. And, Or , Not 7. And, Or, Not 8. And, OR, Not 9. > greater than, < less than, >= greater than or equal to, <= less than or equal to, == equal to, != not equal to 10. Case structure has a diamond at the top and branches down into different parallelograms. 11. A repetition structure causes a statement or set of statements to execute repeatedly. 12. A condition-controlled loop uses a true/false condition to control the number of times that...
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...A positive cost variance or a CPI greater than one indicates the project is under budget. A negative cost variance or a CPI less than one indicates the project is over budget. A CV of zero or a CPI of one indicates the project is on target. | A positive schedule variance or a SPI greater than one indicates the project is ahead of schedule. A negative schedule variance or a SPI less than one indicates the project is behind schedule. An SV of zero or a SPI of one indicates the project is on target. | For TCPI Less than 1 is good. The farther below 1, the easier it will likely be to achieve the desired result. At one: The same results are needed to achieve results. Greater than one is not good. The farther above one, the more difficult it will be to achieve the desired result. Analysis Our project is doing quite well. It is estimated to come in at a cost of $833,333, which likely means spending another $213,333 to finish the project. This is $141,667 less than originally planned. This means it should be quite easy to meet senior-management goals as denoted in the original project plan. 4. Analysis * Schedule: The positive schedule variance and SPI above 1.0 indicates the project is ahead of schedule; however, the critical path for this project is A - C - E, and CP tasks are significantly behind schedule (SPI for A = 0.80). Be careful when analyzing project totals for SPI, as the critical path is not taken directly into consideration...
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...succumb, to thrive or to survive. The United States is an interesting case of the “haves” and the “have nots” considering it’s one of the wealthiest nations in the world and yet there are still those who sleep on the street. Bambara’s illustration in “The Lesson” serves as an exposé on the mentality, self-esteem, and environment primarily of the “have nots.” The pivotal point in the story is that the children are introduced to a new, yet profound truth. That truth is this: There’s more to life than just the ‘hood. Though the story took place roughly 4 decades ago it’s quite obvious that there are still inequalities in America. A general explanation of this issue would be that we still have an upper-class, middle-class, working-class, and lower-class which indicates the unequal distribution of wealth. However, as it relates to this particular story despite the main inequality of in the story, Bambara presents a dichotomy of two different groups of people with two different realities colliding head-on. When Sugar says “You know, Miss Moore I don’t think all of us here put together eat in a year what that sailboat costs.”(Bambara 7) She indicates that she and the other kids live in a reality where their families live paycheck to paycheck and to even think of something a nice as F.A.O. Schwarz is a pipe dream. On the other hand, Ms. Moore lives in a reality where she has learned that she can have more if she puts her mind to it because she said “Where we are is who we are, but it...
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...Applying Concepts Team D MTH-220 June 30, 2014 Wayne Neidhardt Applying Concepts Solve To solve and graph the equation provided using the system of inequalities formula, one must find the x and y intercepts. Our first equation will be written as 50x+20y+230≤ 1500. First to find our x intercept, we will let y=0. Our equation will be written as 50x+200+230=1500. Next we want to solve for x, by deducting 230 from 1500 and dividing 50 from both side to get x=1270/50. Our x intercept will be 25.4. To get our y intercept, we will let x=0. Our equation will be written as 500+20y+230=1500. Now we want to solve for y by deducting 230 from 1500 and dividing 20 from both side to get y=1270/20. Our y intercept will be 63.5. Overall our intercepts for the first equation will be (25.4, 0) (0, 63.5) For our next equation, we will be using the same concept to find the x and y intercepts. Our second equation will be written as 30x + 20y ≤ 500. To solve for x, we will let y=0, to get 30x+20(0) =500. Next divide by side by 30 to get x=500/30. Our x intercept will be 16.66 rounded off to get 16.7. To get our y intercept, we will let x=0 to get 30(0) +20y=500. Divide both side by 20 to get y=500/20. Our y intercept will be 25. Overall our second equation intercepts are (16.7, 0) (0, 25). Since both of our equations contains a greater than and equal to symbol, our line will be solid. Both of our equation will be shaded to the left because x and y is less than the proceeding number...
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...encourage people to dismiss any discrepancy between human beings and try to make a world where this statement comes as truth to everyone. However, this is not a solemn statement which has been violated in the past until now. As a contrast to the statement, there are many kinds of prejudice and discrimination ongoing around the world. One of the countries where this declaration is not considered as truth is Iran. Up until now, especially throughout the times of the Iranian Revolution, there were various intolerances in society based on gender, education, political opinion, and economical status and this has been practiced in several ways; however, there is Marjane Satrapi, a girl from a wealthy family who had become the living witness of these inequalities during the Iranian Revolution, who later wrote a book entitled Persepolis. In her book, she comments that these types of inequities should be improved. Marjane Satrapi let us know that In Iran, women and men were treated differently throughout the Iranian Revolution. During the times around the Iranian Revolution and after the revolution, women were treated unfairly compared to men. Marjane Satrapi states in her book about the dowry system in Iran as an example of the discrimination of women. “So a guardian of the revolution marries her and takes her virginity before executing her…Traditionally when a girl gets married the husband is supposed to pay her a dowry. If the girl dies, the...
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