...What is the Difference Between ‘Sex’ and ‘Gender’? To start this essay I will clearly state definitions of ‘Sex’ and ‘Gender’ respectively. ‘Sex’ is described as ‘the biological properties that distinguish organisms on the basis of their reproductive roles.’(Princeton University – 2010). Whereas gender is listed as ‘the state of being male or female, typically with reference to social or cultural differences rather than biological.’(Michigan University – 2010). In this essay I will explore and investigate both sex and gender, whilst identifying the differences between the two. I will start by elaborating on the given definitions. Sex is defined on the Princeton University website as ‘biological’. This is a word that has recurred in many other definitions that I have researched for the word ‘sex’. This would suggest that sex is able to be categorized in a straight forward manner. However, there are several high profile cases in the media, when the issue of ‘sex’ has come into question. Perhaps most recently is the case of South African athlete, Caster Semanya. Semanya won the 800m race during the African Junior Championship, with the fastest time of the year. This lead to some spectators questioning her sex. When looking at the athlete she has an incredibly muscular and angular frame, and this coupled with her record breaking run made the International Athletic Association ask for a sex test. This case brought the issue of ‘sex’ into much disrepute. Now, we are...
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...The idea of exploring what is masculinity is an exercise mostly conducted by white, heterosexual men in North American and European societies (Blais and Dupuis-Déri, 2012), and seems to be based around the ramifications of feminism and the historic domination of women, both in public and private spheres (Petersen, 1998). Indeed, Petersen (1998) recalls that the basic assumption of the spokesmen for masculinity is that women, women’s values in general and feminist in particular, dominate men and the male identity. With men currently engaged in an identity crisis where they often depict themselves as victims of feminist struggles (Blais and Dupuis-Déri, 2012; Faludi, 1992). Often this crisis has led to warning that the feminist movement has...
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...dealt with already. In depth, the following questions needs to probe by the researcher prior to the process of beginning the research: Why ask these questions? Has anyone else done something similar? Will the answers and ultimately the results be relevant? All these answers will be better answered through the process of reviewing literature. This essay will provide a mock interpretation of how the given literature reviews on masculinity can be used to extract the interview schedule. This will be done through examining the existing phenomena in the body of research on masculinity and to further close the gap between themes that have been addressed and the need thereof to expand on the existing theory should the need arise (Et al). 2. INTERVIEW SCHEDULE 2.1 Section A: Understanding masculinity in the 21st century Franklin describes masculinity as those behaviors, language and practices existing in specific cultural and organizational locations, which are commonly associated with males and thus culturally defined as not feminine. This line of questioning will seek to interrogate the understanding of respondents on the concept of masculinity and various groupings of masculine ideals. Questions:...
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...reading and activities will mean that you will be unprepared to begin the year and giving up time to complete the work afterschool. YEAR 11 ENGLISH UNIT 1 & 2 OUTLINE 2014 UNIT 1 Reading & Responding – Outcome 1 The Kite Runner - Text response essay (800 – 1000 words). Creating & Presenting – Outcome 2 Visual Text ‘Redfern Now’ - One written piece in an imaginative, persuasive or expository style (600 - 800 words) related to the context of Identity and Belonging + 2 hurdle tasks exploring imaginative, persuasive or expository styles. Language Analysis – Outcome 3 You will focus on the use of persuasive language techniques written articles and visual images. You will then produce a language and visual analysis essay. (600 – 800 words) Exam: Reading and Responding and Language Analysis - 2hrs 15mins • A reading and responding essay for The Kite Runner • A language and visual analysis essay on the issue studied in class UNIT 2 Reading & Responding – Outcome 1 The Crucible - Text response essay (800 – 1000 words) Creating & Presenting – Outcome 2 Minimum of Two – One written response in an imaginative, persuasive or expository style to a prompt (600 - 800 words) related to the context of Masculinity in Australia 70%. 1 Oral presentation on the context 30% Using Language to Persuade – Outcome 3 You will study a particular issue in class and produce two responses to this issue. Hurdle -...
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...Comparisson of Masculinity and the Psychoanalytic theories using the example of the Fight Club. Introduction. Fight club is an interesting film to be reflected through psychoanalytic and masculinity theories. In this essay I will attempt to present the number of elements of narrative that can be explained by these theories. I intend to use citations from Marc A. Price's essay The Fight for Self: The Language of the Unconscious in Fight club regarding psychoanalytical concepts such as ego, super-ego and the id as well as Lynn M. Ta's dissertation Hurt So Good: Fight Club, Masculine Violence, and the Crisis of Capitalism (regarding masulinity in the film), as these works were the main sources of my research. Then I'll try to come to the conclusion on which of two theories have more strength at being applied to films (primarily Fight Club). Application of theories and analysis. The connection that we shall draw between psychoanalytic theory and the film Fight Club is simple and is this; the narrator is a representation of the ego, for Tyler Durden we can substitute the id. In the Freudian psychic model the ego is the civilized part of consciousness. The ego is that part of the psychic apparatus that is modified so that a being can interact safely with other beings and thus remain accepted within the social group. It is important for identity formation that the individual is accepted by the group (that is wider society) therefore, a controlled id is...
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...message of the play, does not make sense. To many’s disbelief, Dutchman is not about a search for blackness and defining a socially distinct identity, it is about becoming a man in America. Masculinity defines the ideologies of black nationalists during this time and this is the character that Jones/Baraka is trying to articulate in Dutchman. In Dutchman, Lula and Clay mention the topic of manhood during the dialogue on the train. Clay questions what they are going to talk about “endlessly” and Lula replies “your manhood”. From this exchange in conversation, we can see that Baraka is trying to construct and define black “manhood”. This type of masculinity can be described as tough, assertive, uncompromising and virile in addition to separating ones self from weak and effeminized men. Baraka and the leaders of the Black Power movement associated themselves with such definitions of manhood in order to recuperate some degree of power over long time notions of subordination created by racism. In Clay’s monologue we see how he rejects and separates himself from the less masculine men. Amidst his rant of telling Lula how he is going to kill her, he also threatens to kill the “weak-faced ofays”. Clay recognizes that these “weak-faced ofays” are separate from him and by doing so he asserts a definition of...
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...Representation of Masculinity through ads I chose the Gucci ad that has two handsome men in suits and another Gucci ad that has James Franco on it. Though these two ads are from the same brand, they advertise two different products, one being suits and the other being cologne. Nonetheless these two ads are selling products suited for men. In the article “Men and Women's Women: How TV Commercials Portray Gender to Different Audiences” Steve Craig states “My previous research (Craig, 1990, December) supports the argument that advertisers also structure the gender images in their commercials to match the expectations and fantasies of their intended audience” (Craig). Advertisers expect to sell a product using what the intended gender of consumers will understand. Through these ads women expect men to have a good job, to be manly, and also be attractive. Women’s perspective of men as well as men’s perspective of themselves is influenced by High end brands representation of masculinity; these brands advertise masculinity through occupations, physical characteristics, and sex appeal. A man’s job/occupation is a factor in defining masculinity and what it takes to be a masculine man. For instance if a man were a nurse then many people would say that his occupation is the opposite of masculine, but if that man were a firefighter or surgeon than suddenly he is masculine because of his job. In the essay “Masters of Desire: The Culture of American Advertising”, Jack Solomon discusses what...
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...the 1960’s that the term of “gender” was widely used in the academic literature and public discussion to differentiate the gender identity and biological sex. By definition, the term “biological sex”represents the true meaning of an individual sex status. Gender, on the other hand, has multiple interpretations between men, women and what comes in beetween through social development and “nurture” of cultural adoption. Money and Erhardt (1972) suggest that biological gender is what a person perceives or assumes to expose and reveal that “he” or “she” has the sexual status of being male or female. Gender is more than that. It has more complexity that represents way of thinking, ideas, styles, patterns, habits, and many other aspects beyond biological sex status. One notion argues that gender in an essence is natural, stable and something given by God, which means that gender cannot be changed. Most scholars would perceive such theory as Gender Classification by Nature. Other argue that gender is a result of modification and influence of the shape of social institution that constructs and develops its profile on an individual. Thus, gender is based on social-view perception instead of being given and determined biologically. Gender also is recongnised as being derived from Nurture (Nurture Theory). This essays attempts to discuss the application of the above mentioned theories and ideas related to the writer’s social environment and cultural background in Indonesia, where...
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...Junot Diaz’s Drown short stories exemplify the struggles of a Dominican Republic immigrant in the United States to achieve the American Dream, the concept of racism and the idea of hyper masculinity pushed upon a young boy growing up. Moreno, Marisel. Debunking Myths, Destabilizing Identities: A Reading of Junot Diaz’s "How to Date a Browngirl, Blackgirl, Whitegirl, or Halfie." Fall2007, Vol. 26 Issue 2. This article is presented with an essay which analyzes the short story "How to Date a Brown girl, Black girl, White girl, or Halfie," by Junot Diaz. It reflects on racial ethics and how one generation can affect another by embedding in our psyche that racism is the fault of our ancestors; as it is something that has been handed down from generation to generation. I chose this article because the racism that the characters faced within Drown is quite similar to the ones faced by immigrants in the United States. There is a racial and ethnic tension among blacks and Hispanics which in some cases turns violent. Examples of this can be found in the short story that gives the name to the novel: Yunior´s mother relates to him of the attacks of African Americans on Hispanics in their neighborhood. Oulahan, Cain W. “The American dream deferred: family separation and immigrant visa adjudications at U.S. consulates abroad”. Marquette Law Review. Summer2011, Vol. 94 Issue 4, p1351-1379. 29p This article expounds...
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...average age of the workforce, long hours, work that is often menial or clerical, and finally, relatively low salaries. But these strands lead to new questions, wider causes which have nothing to do with social yarn. These new questions have to do with rhetoric and the enduring association of nursing with “women’s work” and “femininity.” Matthew has the audacity to ask how the rhetoric of femininity actually functions. How and why are we compelled to accept images and tropes as ‘normal’ or ‘natural’ when they are anything but normal and natural? Is it possible that the rhetoric of nursing is responsible for the shortage? Or perhaps it is the rhetoric of femininity and masculinity as such? But how did such a crime take place, right under our noses, when so many of us never noticed that an injustice ever took place? This essay is brilliant and provocative because it will not stop until the crime...
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...MASCULINITY: CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF A VISUAL ARTIFACT Visual Culture Essay 2 Module 2 Wessel Viljoen 090029 Genieve Eloff Thursday 14h00 Word Count = 860 TABLE OF CONTENT Pages LIST OF FIGURES…………….....……………………………………………iii 1. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………..1 1.1 What is Musculinism…………………………..………………………..1 1.2 Branded Masculinity…………………………………………………….1 2. MASCULINISM AND ADVERTISING………………………………………...2 3. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………..3 4. BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………...4 LIST OF FIGURES Page Fig 1 Old Spice, The Man Your Man Could Smell Like, 2010. ………………….2 INTRODUCTION 1.1 What is masculinism? Masculinity is a word that describes an idea generated by the media of what it entails to be a man. According to Cohen(2001:5) “a gender is formed by shared beliefs or models of gender that majority of society accepts as appropriate”. Gender ideals are socially constructed in specific historical and cultural context and changes over time and location. As identified by Brannon (1976) being a hegemonic masculine male entails four main themes: (i) No Sissy Stuff: men must never resemble women or display stereotypical characteristics of a woman. Kimmel (2001:35) suggests that “Homophobia is a centralised principle of our cultural definition of manhood.” (ii) The Big Wheel: the ability of real men to obtain wealth, fame, success and status. Typically determined by occupation. (iii) The Sturdy Oak: manliness...
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...Running Head: SEX ROLES AND GENDER INEQUALITY Sex roles and Gender Inequality SEX ROLES AND GENDER INEQUALITY Introduction Sex is defined as the biological differences between a male and female. Gender, however, can be identified as the way society organizes understandings of sexual difference (Shaw & Lee, 2001). In this essay, I will try to discuss whether gender differences, and in turn inequality, is a creation of people and society or it is indeed the natural state with virtue of their sexual character. This essay, which is written under the guidance of Daniel Bosley, part-time lecturer at Maldives National University, will focus upon the formation of gender, sex roles, feminine and masculine character, gender stereotypes and how it leads to gender inequality. SEX ROLES AND GENDER INEQUALITY Formation of Gender: Feminine and Masculine As people live together in a society, different roles are taught based on their sex known as sex roles, not much different from social role and socialization. The way individuals of different sexes acquire these roles, also known as role learning or socialization, is important in understanding how sexual characters are formed. “Feminine character is produced by socialization into the female role, masculine character by socialization into the male role – and deviants by some kind of failure in socialization” (Connell, 1987). The sex roles are therefore a set of prescriptions, attributes and expectations...
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...Locks Virginia Woolf and Man in a Cage Virginia Woolf, on realising her admittance to an Oxbridge chapel would be prohibited, delights in the building’s exterior. Her vantage point is from the outside of the established patriarchal institutions and from there her critical work interrogates the structures that lock her out. The narrative essay A Room of One’s Own begins at Oxbridge, a mythical institution based on Oxford and Cambridge. There, being a women means she is physically prohibited from entering the library and the chapel. Even the bounds of the university lawns are restricted to her when a flapping, irate beadle responds automatically to her presence by ushering her from the grass to the gravel path. These white haired old dons, men with “tufts of hair growing on their shoulders,” run when another whistles and unthinkingly defend their stronghold of learning against the presence of a woman. In a Room of One’s Own, Woolf progressively unfolds an allegory of two sexes, both trapped in cages, where being locked in or out is detrimental to the society. The thinking of the hairy old dons at Oxbridge is set in stone, like the foundations of the great buildings at the university. To them men and women have different and separate roles to play– men in the public sphere and women in the domestic. The skeleton of the meta narrative which informs their thinking continues thus: men create and build empires; women support and nurture men in the home, men are the bastions of...
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... |Enterprise Culture: The Headspring of the Enterprise Competition Ability | |Reference: |Zhaojiang Dong | | |Journal of Social Sciences 2013. Vol.1, No.5, 23-26 | |How will this source will be|This source gives a general definition of corporate culture and the role it playing in company for decision | |useful? |making as well as strengthen the sense of cohesion of employers. | | | | | |I am going to use these useful points in my essay—the part of the definition of enterprise culture. | |In which part of my essay |Besides, I attempt to analyze and evaluate the definition the source refer to. | |will I use it? | | | | | |Key points to paraphrase or |Thesis Statement: ...
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...character Tyler Durden share the feeling that civilization has emasculated men and, “What you see at fight club is a generation of men raised by women” (Palahniuk 50). The author shows the reader many themes by describing overly vivid motifs that represent them. Motifs are images that show up throughout a work. Fight Club uses motifs of downward movement and disintegration to point to the larger themes of emasculation, self-destruction and rejection of civilization. Motifs of downward movement in the novel make visible many of the cultural norms, by which the narrator feels extremely emasculated. Not only do cultural norms make him feel emasculated, but also being surrounded by men who don't typically fit the definition of a man. The narrator himself doesn’t fit the definition of a typical man. He works a cubicle 9 to 5 job that is split with being sent all across the country like a carrier pigeon, evaluating insurance claims on failed safety equipment in cars that have already been subject to horrible life threatening accidents. Emasculation hits the narrator when he feels like it pointless to die in a body without few scars. The narrator says, “It’s nothing anymore to have a beautiful stock body. You see those cars that are completely stock cherry, right out of the dealer’s showroom in 1955, I always think, what a waste” (Palahniuk 48). The narrator makes a point by showing the waste done to a perfect untouched car compared to the same car that has been used to its full extent...
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