...FULL PAPER. AUTHOR’S NAME: NUPUR AGARWAL AFFILIATION: INSTITUTE OF LAW , NIRMA UNIVERSITY MAILING ADDRESS: 1 , RADHANPUR SOCIETY , BEHIND SWAMINARAYAN MANDIR , RAMBAUG , MANINAGAR , AHMEDABAD – 380008 PHONE NO: 09898839289 EMAIL-ID: nupuragarwal201995@yahoo.com CO-AUTHOR’S NAME: NUPUR JOSHI AFFILIATION: UNITED WORLD , SCHOOL OF LAW MAILING ADDRESS: 67, SWAGAT CITY , GANDHINAGAR – MEHSANA ROAD ADALAJ GANDHINAGAR PHONE NO: 9408968686 EMAIL-ID: nupurjoshi184@gmail.com TITLE OF THE PAPER: CYBER SPACE MASS SURVEILLANCE PROGRAMS,INFRINGEMENT OF PRIVACY OF INDIVIDUALS, BY STATE IN THE NAME OF NATIONAL SECURITY. ABSTRACT: In this present era of cyber revolution and globalization, citizens have turned into “Netizens”. The advancements in the field of technology is also accompanied with the development of various methods of surveillance and intervention by the State into individuals’ private information. Governments are keeping an eagle eye by monitoring individual's movements, businesses transactions and also the means of communication, which includes cyberspace. It is alleged that the United States of America’s National Security Agency runs a program known as PRISM, which enables the US government to gain access to e- mails , conversations, pictures, voice calls and even sign in details of people using websites and applications associated with 1|Page Facebook, Yahoo, Microsoft, to name a few. Failure of cyber law mechanisms and national authorities to advance legislation and...
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... 2011 The New Media: Distorting Politics The crucial function of mass media in influencing public’s knowledge and understanding on global and national issues is indisputable. In the Philippines, media plays a critical and widespread role in daily life (Suguitan, 2007). Suguitan proclaims that it is an understatement to say that the media is merely influential, for it is powerful enough to make or break persons and institutions, and even shape society (2007). Performing as the main source of information, media serves as the medium in which the government informs, explains, and tries to win the support of the people for its programs and policies (Soifer, Hoffman and Voss, 2001). In this jurisdiction, the media is often called the fourth branch of the government for it monitors political matters to ensure political players don’t abuse democratic processes (University of San Francisco, n.d.). According to Political scientist Harold Lasswell, a pioneer in media studies, the media must perform three societal functions: surveillance of the world to report ongoing reports, interpretation of the meaning of events, and socialization of individuals into their cultural settings. Surveillance involves two major tasks. When it constitutes to the need of general public, it is referred to as “public surveillance”, but it is called “private surveillance” when it involves only particular citizens. Public surveillance is politically significant since it awakens public concerns and initiates...
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...As Gender Studies started to gain more academic respectability in the contemporary society and as many female scholars take actual participation in contributing women’s perspective to the field, the problem of “gender inequality” has risen to the surface. In this paper, I would like to specifically talk about how beauty ideals that have been set up for women play its role in creating an unequal power relation between men and women. For the sake of clarity, the beauty ideals I focus on this paper are not limited to the appearances but general expectations that society make of an “ideal women”. To begin with a simple example from today’s society, women are judged by their appearances more than their abilities, and to makes things worse, their appearances are compared with...
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...reasonably believed to be potential sources of intelligence, or potential sources of assistance to intelligence activities, for the purpose of assessing their suitability or credibility. (DoD 5240.1-R) The term "retention," as used in this procedure, refers only to the maintenance of information about United States persons that can be retrieved by reference to the person's name or other identifying data. Information about United States persons may be retained temporarily, for a period not to exceed 90 days, solely for the purpose of determining whether that information may be permanently retained under these procedures. (DoD 5240.1-R) Electronic surveillance is "directed against a United States person" when the surveillance is intentionally targeted against or designed to intercept the communications of that person. Electronic surveillance directed against persons who are not United States persons that results in the incidental acquisition of the communications of a United States person does not thereby become...
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...Skip to Navigation Skip to Content OPPapers.com Research Papers and Essays for All Join Login Writing Service Help Question? 888-442-7499 Follow Us on Twitter Join Search Get Access to Over 250,000 More Articles! Join Now Get Better Grades Today By Joining OPPapers.com and Accessing Over 460,000 Articles and Essays! get better grades Impact Of Private Channels Home Page» Religion & Spirituality» Islam Research Papers Impact Of Private Channels IMPACT OF PRIVATE CHANNELS ON PAKISTANI CULTURE Introduction: Media has occupied a major place in our daily lives by providing substance from our identities, put up meaning and organizes our survival. Individuals adapt their use of mass media to their own particular needs. Broadly speaking, we can say that people use the media in four ways: enjoyment, companionship, surveillance, and interpretation. Today media service is an anxious system of modern society. Electronic media, mainly television is the most important innovation in the communication technology. Teachers teach, government governs and religious leader preach but media totally changes the lifestyle of people and culture. Change is a natural phenomenon in the world. The occurrence of change is very immediate in Pakistan. Pakistan is also in the deep effect of change caused by private media. Youngsters, who considered the future of any country, always accept the urgent change. In the history of Pakistan last 8-10 years have revolutionaryIs...
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...sharing of messages - intrapersonal communication within oneself - interpersonal direct sharing of experience between two people - group communication small group organizational - mass communication communication from one person of group of persons through a transmitting device (a medium or channel) to large, diverse audiences Mass Media Definitions - mass media are industries or businesses that create and distribute the following to large numbers of people: songs, novels, newspapers - MM are key institutions in society that affect our culture, buying habits, politics, etc - MM are profit-centered businesses making money is priority #1 concentration of ownership The media are good and bad - At their worst the median can erode out quality of life - at their best help us understand events and trends facilitate connections with others shape our identity - media literacy is crucial we can have a say in the role media play in our lives Media Convergence - convergence refers to the appearance of older media forms on the ewes media channels - convergence also refers to newspaper, broadcast, and internet outlets existing under one corporate roof Models of Mass Communication - linear model : sender -- message -- mass media channel -- (gate keepers) -- receivers media messages - cultural model: culture: the symbols of expression that people use to make sense of their lives and to articulate their values audiences...
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...Data Collection and Surveillance Andrew John Martin UNCW Computer Science Department Abstract The purpose of the research is to see if the mass collection and surveillance of U.S citizens legal and ethical. The goal is to have a better understanding of the how data is collected, and the what the Fourth Amendment means. This is done by examining several aspects of the Fourth Amendment, and recent articles on the NSA. Upon examination, it becomes clear that the NSA is indeed breaching the rights of lawful U.S citizens. Through showing that the Fourth Amendment protects the U.S citizens against such actions. Key Words: NSA, Fourth, Amendment, warrant, PRISM, Edward, Snowden. The NSA collects millions of American phone, internet, and personal information. They do this by using a system call PRISM which allows them to collect this data through several different internet websites. However, many believe this is in complete violation of the Fourth Amendment which protects against unwarranted searches and seizures. The Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution provides, "The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized." The ultimate goal of this provision is to protect people’s...
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...obesity rate is approximately 35 percent, which is about one-third of Americans. The supposed 9 percent gain within the two decades in a large increase but it is not as large as the past two decades. The reaction that most people will have after they hear this would be “oh, that’s not so bad!” but it is bad because it will cause 6 million more cases of diabetes, 5 million cases of heart disease or strokes, and more than 400,000 cases of cancer by 2030 this will cost the nation money because of all the equipment needed to help cure and solve the problems obesity is causing. Justin Trogdon’s, a research economist with RTI International, a non-profit organization in North Carolina's Research Triangle Park, paper, estimates that medical-related costs of obesity maybe as high as $147 billion a year. The obesity rate would have stayed at the level it was at in 2010 instead of rising 42 percent as it is predicted to do by 2030. the U.S. could save more than $550 billion in weight-medical...
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...countries. The technological discourse attending this diffusion has presented the new media as a utopian, egalitarian and empowering tool with the potential of ushering in a new era of development, democracy, and positive cultural change. This paper examines the economic, cultural, and political effects of the Internet within the historical context of developing countries. The paper traces the politically-inspired evolution of the Internet, its transfer into developing countries, and the economic, cultural, and political consequences of this transfer. Existing data indicate that the implementation of the Internet in most developing countries has served as a drain to the local resources, thus exacerbating their economic dependency on foreign nations. On a cultural level, the Internet’s predominantly Western design, content, and language have facilitated the proliferation of alien cultural patterns at the expense of the social experiences of the local cultures. Lastly, the Internet’s build-in tracking capabilities and its current manipulation for political purposes on international and national levels serves to empower the existing ruling elites in developing countries and perpetuates the disempowerment of the rest of the society. The paper proposes alternative approaches to internet adoption, where Internet initiatives are embedded and placed in the service of the general development goals of developing countries. INTRODUCTION The last decade has witnessed...
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...She argues that the energy cost of other primate’s locomotion, including Old World monkeys and modern apes, is generally the same as the energy cost of other birds and mammals. The cost of transport can be predicted quite accurately for many endothermic animals when their body mass is taken into account. Since the cost of transportation is about the same among these animals, Steudel-Numbers argues that energy efficiency cannot be the main reason humans are now bipedal. If bipedalism is so efficient, many other animal species should have evolved to include bipedalism as well. Currently, animals that move the majority of the time on two legs are limited to birds and a few mammals, such as kangaroos and humans. So, just like the visual surveillance theories, energy efficiency seems to be a nice aftereffect of bipedalism, but not what originally caused...
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...Health Campaign Part 1 Lisa Moran University of Phoenix HCS/535 Dr. Michelle Ross July 13, 2015 Health Campaign Part 1 Health Campaign- Part One In the United States obesity has become a chronic condition over the years, and has grown in epidemic proportions. Defining obesity as the weight of the body which is excessive to healthy people and is the greatest public health challenge currently in the United States. The World Health Organization has stated that 2.8 million adults will die due to obesity in the world (World Health Organization, 2012). This paper will discuss the resourcefulness of Healthy People 2020 to fight obesity, discuss federal, state, and local agencies assigned with managing this problem, will discuss simulations to determine and analyze obesity, define the community, and describe the epidemiologic surveillance systems and tool for monitoring obesity. Obesity in America In the United States obesity amounts have accelerated to levels greater than before. In the United States one-third of all adults are categorized as overweight (Center of Disease Control and Prevention, 2012). The initiatives started in 2000 and were restructured in 2010 and 2020. Healthy People 2000 was established in 1990 by the Department of Human and Health Services as an approach to develop healthy Americans (Center of Disease Control and Prevention, 2009). The priority areas recognized were physical fitness and nutrition. Objectives for Healthy People was republished...
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...warning the victim of a horror movie not to open the door, everybody responds to mediated communication systems. However, the majority of mass media viewers are unaware of just how often they are actively responding. Although there has been a relatively small amount of research done linking interpersonal and mass communication researchers, are constantly aiming to bridge the gap between the sub disciplines of communication. Throughout this research I will be exploring the Media Equation Theory through the mediums of televisions and computers. I will explain what the media equation is, and describe the impact of the two communication mediums. With previous research in mind, I will be discussing how humans have become obsessed with media, and provide historical context as to why. A mass majority of this research focuses on the link between psychology and communication regarding to the positive correlation between the two. More specifically, psychological politeness reports between ‘human to human’ interactions are compared to research reports between ‘human to media’ interactions to prove that life is media, and media is life. Theoretical Background The Media Equation is a general communication theory developed by Byron Reeves and Clifford Nass while working at Stanford University in 1986. The two professors began collaborating on a research project they named “Social Responses to Communication Technologies” with the basic premise that media and real life are similar (Reeves...
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...Internet Privacy Abstract As more and more people continue to use the Internet and disclose their personal information, privacy concerns are paramount. Marketing companies are fiercely competing for their share of the booming e-commerce industry estimated at 75 billion dollars in 2010. Government agencies after 9/11 are using personal communications such as e-mail and social networking sites to scrutinize and evaluate potential threats to the United States. Legislation including the Patriot Act has empowered a new generation of public officials with information gathering capabilities on demand. In some cases a court order is not needed to inspect all of a person’s electronic communications. Exploitation of highly sensitive personal information is a reality as companies routinely sell this information to third parties without an individual’s consent. Opting out is a disclaimer written into privacy statements on websites that are often buried in the fine print. Many Americans assume that privacy is included in the operating system they purchase. It is the collating of personal information from multiple data sources on the Internet that remains a key point of contention among those who view privacy as fundamental American right implicit in the Constitution. In this sense, privacy is deeply personal to the dignity and respect of our society. Yet, the relevance of security issues must seek a balance and address the notion of the possibility of abuse. One significant...
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...A background subtraction technique is presented in this paper that learns the variation of each pixel throughout the video in terms of differences of averages. And also the pixels colors of current frame with previous frame are learnt with average differences. Background subtraction differentiating foreground objects from the stationary parts of the scene is one of the modules of annotation. Valuable low level cue information is obtained by the module for performing high-level tasks of motion analysis, like motion estimation, tracking, etc. In recent research, 3D scene reconstruction and geometric model matching are the basis of perception where a 3D sample point cloud are used to match with the trained features. A semantic perception method...
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...and reality, and when we compare the origin and reality we lose the signifier, because it happen have many broad cast. whereas water Benjamin say that the relation change when we have a lot of mass production , and when we have a lot of signifiers it will lose the feeling. Thus the aura is loss. For example what is happing in Arab countries now and it can be considered it as the incubation period of the revolution, where the image lost its reference to the actual reality and became an obscene image maintained by forbidden fantasies in a contained cyberspace where everything is...
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