...Impact of ICTs on MDGs: Improve the Maternal Health Workgroup C|IE MiM – S2 Technology & Innovation Management Dr. Israr Qureshi Contents Introduction: 3 Maternal Health and ICT Usage in India 5 Maternal Health Initiatives with Mobile Components 5 Commonalities and Improvements of Current ICT Solutions 6 How to Leverage ICTs in Accomplishing the MDG 9 Proposed Feasible ICT-Based Solution 10 Conclusion 15 References 18 Introduction: Since the United Nations Millennium Declaration in September 2000, the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) of improving maternal health has unfortunately not made the progress it set out to (The United Nations, 2015, a). Many information & communications technology (ICT) improvements towards this initiative have been made since 2000, however there is still a large amount of maternal mortality before, during, and after pregnancy around the world. The maternal health MDG was divided into 2 targets. The first target was to reduce the maternal mortality ratio by 75% between 1990 and 2015, however only 43% has been achieved so far (The United Nations, 2015:40-43). This maternal mortality statistic also reflects the eight million babies that die every year between the prenatal stage and the first week of life. Moreover, there is a large yearly amount of children left motherless that are statistically more prone to die during the first years after their mother has died (Unicef.org, 2015). The second target was to reach universal access...
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...cry for a significantly less amount of time (Haixia et al., 2015). A current issue in postpartum nursing care is that not all infants receive kangaroo mother care. This issue is important to correct in order to provide the best care to patients. Whenever a mother is present and able, it is important to encourage the mother to provide her baby with kangaroo mother care. Maternal Mortality Statistics The maternal mortality rate continues to rise in the United States (Lisonkova et al. 2017). In addition, the maternal age in the United States continues to rise as well, although it is unclear if there is a relation between the two (Lisonkova et al. 2017). The United States ranks in the top ten for maternal mortality of developed countries and is also ranked 138/184 in the world for the highest maternal mortality rates as of 2015 (Central Intelligence Agency [CIA], 2015). In the state of Oklahoma, the maternal mortality rate is high as well. Oklahoma’s maternal mortality rate is 27 per 100,000 births (Oklahoma State Department of Health, 2018). Oklahoma ranks in the top ten of maternal mortality rates in the United States (Singh, 2010). Following evidence-based practice is extremely important because it can be a crucial detail that can affect a patient’s outcome. Specifically, in the antepartum, labor, and postpartum process, it can possibly provide a better experience for the patient and baby, or affect whether or not the patient lives or dies. With continuous research and continual...
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...the world's highest percentage (21%) of under-five deaths, estimated at 1726000 in 2009 owing to its large population1. The country has managed to reduce the under-five mortality rate from 118 per 1000 live births in 1990 to 63 per 1000 live births in 2010. This average annual rate of decline at 3.1% is considered insufficient to achieve the Millennium Development Goal 4 of reducing under-five mortality to 39 per 1000 live births by 20152. These figures however do not reveal the huge inequities in mortality rates across the country, within States and between them, as well as between children in urban and rural areas3. In India, states such as Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh have higher under-five mortality than the rest of India. On account of the unacceptably high fertility and mortality indicators, these states which constitute 48% of India population, have been designated as the ‘High Focus States’ by the Government of India. This report aims to discuss the three major causes of under-five mortality in these high focus states and suggest interventions to combat the same. Diarrhea is one of the leading causes of under-five mortality among the high focus states accounting for about 15-17% of deaths among children under five4. Maternal factors, nutrient deficiency and environmental hygiene are some of the distal determinants of this leading cause. Some of the proximal determinants are lack of immunization...
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...Socio –Economic Indicators of United States of America Almost all the indicators of United States of America are deflecting the real picture of a developed nation. The indicators describe the supremacy of United States of America in every field (social and economic). Social and economic condition of United States of America is pretty good and life standards of its citizen is very high. As it’s a developed nation so its indicators are much different from other developing world. But it’s lacking in health related issues because of poor health facilities and high infant mortality rate. Some of its socio economic indicators are as follow Enrollment in schools at Primary Level Enrollment at primary level is 98% irrespective of gender Gross National...
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...Generate Health is bringing the pressing issue of infant mortality to light in the St Louis region, and the organization continues to grow, expand, and inform the community. According to data from 2004 infant death is St Louis city were 9.6 per 1,000 live births. Data for St. Louis county states that infant deaths for the county were 8.2 per 1000 live births. Both St. Louis city and St. Louis country have a higher infant mortality rate than Missouri state as a whole. Missouri has an infant mortality rate of 7.5 deaths per 1,000 live births. While Generate Health is working hard to bring awareness of maternal and child health to the region, more needs to be done for the St. Louis metropolitan area to address the underlying determinants...
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...Explain how health is affected by behaviors, economics, and social structure. Our health is affected by the factors: lifestyle and behavior. For instance, our personal decisions and behaviors might have big impact on health and the country’s economy. Lifestyle and health are directly connected regarding to practices like smoking (tobacco products), drinking (alcohol consumption), usage of illicit drugs, and sexual behavior. Cigarette and alcohol consumption has been related with many illnesses including numerous types of cancers, brain function deterioration, and intestinal disorders, besides cirrhosis of the liver and cardiovascular disease. Sexual Transmitted Disease (STD) such as gonorrhea, AIDS, syphilis, and high levels of infertility, cancer, and other complications are results of bad sexual behavior (Williams & Torrens 2008). Social and economic structure have as consequence for the decision making and patterns of behavior: violent crime, to global social dysfunction, besides many other untoward consequences likewise vehicular accidents, workplace injuries, divorce, poor job performance, poor fetal outcomes associated with fetal alcohol syndrome, spousal and child abuse are also common (Williams & Torrens 2008). Furthermore, economics and social structures affect health in the sense that a person’s ability to access quality healthcare in a timely manner is affected by whether that person can afford to pay health insurance or pay cash on his or her own and that person’s...
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...Health Disparities in Maternal Health and Birth Outcomes of Women in the United States The Health Resources and Services Administration, defines health disparities as “population-specific differences in the presence of disease, health outcomes, or access to health care” (Mandal, 2014). This paper will focus on the health disparities existing within the United States between women of various ethnicities. Specifically, the disparities we will discuss incorporate preterm births, low birth rates, and infant deaths. First, a brief background will be presented, followed by two solutions to combat the issue, and finally I will conclude with my recommendations for the foremost beneficial approach to combat these distressing disparities. Background...
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...Problem One issue Healthy People 2020 recognizes is Maternal, Infant, and Child Health. They have different objectives that present problems in certain areas. The objective I chose is reducing infant death rates from 20 or more weeks of gestation. Their goal for 2020 is improve the health and well-being of women, infants, children, and families. Health People 2020’s target is .84 infant deaths per 1,000 live births. Healthy People 2020 discuss disparities by marital status, race and ethnicity, age group, and country of birth. The Centers for Disease Control and Preventions state the five leading causes of infant death: birth defects, preterm births/ low birth weight, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), maternal pregnancy complications, and...
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...MASENO UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF DEVELOPMENT AND STRATEGIC STUDIES INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND DIPLOMACY COURSE; RESEARCH METHODOLOGY CODE; DIR 311 RESEARCH PROPOSAL TITTLE; CAUSES OF WOMEN DEATHS DURING CHILD BIRTH IN MASENO MISSION HOSPITAL AUTHOR | ADM NO | ANYANDA SHARON AYUMA | DS/3017/2010 | AFFILLIATION; Research Proposal submitted to the School of Development and strategic studies in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of international relations and diplomacy of Maseno University DECLARATION This reaserch proposal is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other University -------------------------- ---------------------------- Signature Date This research proposal has been submitted for examination with my approval as University Supervisor -------------------------- ----------------------------Signature Date AKNOWLEDMENT This report and its findings were prepared by myself with the help of my roommate Eunice Bosibori Ondieki of the department of Communication and Media Technology at Maseno University, she took part in assisting me in interviewing individuals from Mabungo village and also the Hospital staff. I also consulted...
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...1 Health Care Issues in the United States Ashley Barnes Dr. George Ojie-Ahamiojie Health Services Organization Management July 15, 2010 2 Describe how health is affected by behaviors, economics and social structure. When it comes to our health, there are numerous factors that play a part in whether or not we stay healthy or not; some factors we can control(physical activity & nutrition), while others are not always up to us to decide (poverty level, income). There are six key factors identified by the Centers for Disease Control(CDC) (2010) that affect the health of individuals: alcohol and drug use, smoking, injury and violence, physical activity and sexual risk behaviors. A majority of these factors an individual can chose to engage in or not, however, economic situation and social structure can impact those decisions as well. For people who are in a less affluent status, they may not be able to purchase the more nutritious option in a grocery store and will have to resort to buying enriched and over processed food products that are less expensive. These types of groceries do not provide the necessary nutrition and with prolonged consumption of these goods, can lead to adverse health effects such as obesity and diabetes. Engaging in behaviors such as drinking, risky sex and violence can lead to issues later in life if started at a young age, and contribute to education and social problems that the United States currently faces (CDC, 2010). Certain...
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...Women’s Clinical Assignment Half the Sky changed my perspective of women’s and maternal health. Prior to reading the assigned chapters for this book, I was aware that maternal health was not truly respected throughout the world. I was vaguely aware of the lack of maternal resources in developing countries and how this may contribute to a higher mortality rate than that of their more developed counterparts. Although I was somewhat aware of this fact the numbers and statistics on maternal morbidity and maternal mortality were still quite alarming. The fact that no major progress has been made was very disturbing. Since we are in the 21st century I assumed that in general progressive strides in healthcare were a universal right and not a privilege. However after reading the assignment I realized I was mistaken. Prior to reading the chapters, I knew of the social and cultural barriers of undeveloped countries but these few chapters undeniably highlighted those issues. Through my readings I was forced to acknowledge and consider the fact that it isn’t economically advantageous to invest in the progression or development of maternal health. When compared to the cost of vaccines the cost of saving a single mother’s life seems enormous. With this being said, I can see why it is not seen as a cost effective measure of healthcare, however when compared with the amount of money people in the United States spend on unnecessary materialistic items such as hand bags or cell phones or even...
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...Studying the Impact of Prenatal WIC Participation on Infant Mortality Grand Canyon University Introduction to Nursing Research NRS-433V Kathy Skromme August 15, 2014 Studying the Impact of Prenatal WIC Participation on Infant Mortality Infant Mortality is a barometer of a community or nation’s health. Globally the poor have higher infant mortality rates (IMR) than those with greater resources. In the United States, there are many programs designed to bridge the gap between the poor and rich, and reduce infant mortality in those with less access to resources. Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) is one such program and has had substantial impact on IMR in the poor in the US. The study performed by Khanani, Elam, Hearn, Jones & Maseru, “The Impact of Prenatal WIC Participation on Infant Mortality and Racial Disparities”, examined the value of WIC as a public health intervention which sought to improve birth outcomes and reduce racial disparities. In 2011 24,000 infants died in the United States. (CDC, 2012). The rate of death for non-Hispanic Black infants was twice the rate of non-Hispanic White infants. There were five leading causes of infant death identified by the CDC, which were: 1. Born with serious birth defects 2. Born too small and too early 3. Victims of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) 4. Affected by maternal complications of pregnancy 5. Victims of injury Healthy People 2020 has used the baseline from 2006 of 6.7 infant deaths...
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...One Your heart is an organ in your body that is a muscle, but it is the pump that supplies blood to your whole body. Heart disease is a term for any disorder that affects the heart. The name heart disease is also called an Umbrella term. In this umbrella term heart disease consists of coronary heart disease, heart attack, cardiac arrest, congestive heart failure and congenital heart disease. Another name for heart disease is cardiovascular disease. There are many different kinds of heart disease like Angina, myocardial infraction and etc. Heart disease is a growing issue throughout the world. It is a public health concern because it can cause early death, disability and many other concerns. The CDC website states “About 610,000 people die of heart disease in the United States every year–that’s 1 in every 4 deaths.1” . Health professionals have noticed some common causes of heart disease, more common causes of heart disease are high blood pressure, diabetes and high cholesterol. One of the main reasons you do not want high blood pressure is because it can cause horrific damage to the heart or coronary arteries. A reason that diabetes is hard on the heart is because abdominal fat can increase the production of bad cholesterol. The reason you do not want high cholesterol is because it builds up in your arteries. The arteries then become narrow then blood flow slows down or becomes blocked. Another common cause of heart disease is when narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries...
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...Maternal mortality proves to be one of the greatest divisions between the developing and developed countries. A shocking 99% of all the maternal deaths are estimated to occur in the developing world (UNFPA 2012).It is estimated that 47% of global maternal mortalities occur in Africa with highest levels in sub-Saharan countries.85% are direct results of complications arising during pregnancy and delivery. In these countries home deliveries are over 60% taking place largely in rural areas with unskilled attendants. About 35% of women in developing countries receive no antenatal care during pregnancy; almost 50% give birth without skilled attendants and 70% receive no postpartum care. Kenya ranks among the top of the list in Sub-Saharan countries with the huge regional disparities and rates as high1, 300 per 100,000 in some areas (KDHS, 2013). What cannot be seen through mere statistics and the devastating effects on the Kenyan communities is that the death of a parent can lead to the breakdown of family units and the crucial loss of income for the already impoverished households. Of all the deliveries only 53% occur in health facilities, the rest are home deliveries without skilled attendants. Home delivery refers to the childbirth taking place outside health a facility, either at home or on the way to the health facility, without attendance of a skilled health service provider. Various factors such as social-economic conditions, delays in providing adequate obstetric care and poor...
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...system is the persistence of disparities in infant and maternal health among the different racial and ethnic groups. Now a day a major concern which is affecting communities on overall pertaining to childbirth is preterm births in the United States of America. In fact, preterm births and low birth weight have negative consequences not only for the infants and their families but also on the society. Actual delivery before 37 weeks of gestation is the primary concern and low birth weights have a major impact on the functional domains, such as cerebral palsy, chronic lung disease, and hyperactivity disorder (Brooks-Gunn J., McCarton C. M., Casey P. H., McCormick M. C., Bauer C. R., Bernbaum J. C., Tonascia J. (1994). Babies who weigh 5.5 pounds (2500grams) or less at birth are low babies with low birth weight. Babies weighing 3.3 pounds (1500 grams) or less are Very low birth weight babies. There is a significant medical and social cost for low birth weight infants and preterm births. Low birth weight is a major predictor of infant mortality. Ethnic and cultural group’s disparities related to low birth weight infant and preterm infant are significantly disproportionate, affecting minority Americans. Although infant morbidity cannot be directly linked with low birth weight but it is a frequently used as a marker for poor health at birth because it amounts for the leading risk factor for infant morbidity and for subsequent mortality among the surviving infants. The extent of which ethnic...
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