Premium Essay

Maternal Substance Abuse Essay

Submitted By
Words 666
Pages 3
The Effects of Maternal Substance Abuse on Infants
Casey A. Burns
Oklahoma City University
The Effects of Maternal Substance Abuse on Infants Substance abuse is a topic that is encountered in our world everyday. Drinking and doing drugs are recreational activities that many people choose to participate in on a regular basis. What most people do not understand is that if you drink and do drugs while pregnant, then the fetus is essentially drinking and doing drugs as well. This is because the majority of anything the mother injests crosses the placental and hematoencephalic barrier with out being metabolised first which in turn affects, primarily, the central nervous system of the unborn fetus (Kassada, Marcon, Pagliarini, Rossi, …show more content…
Several qualitative and quantitative articles were identified that met this criterion and the following is a discussion of topics related to this search.
First off, just how often does drug abuse during pregancy even occur? Well, Kassada, Marcon, Pagliarini, and Rossi (2013) conducted a cross-sectional study with 394 pregnant women in Maringá, Paraná to determine the predominance of maternal drug and alcohol abuse. The conclusion of the study found that 72 of the 394 women, who had an average age of 25.38 years, admitted to abusing drugs during their pregnancy; this is equivalent to 18.28% (Kassada, Marcon, Pagliarini, and Rossi, 469). Cigarettes, alcohol, marihuana, cocaine, and alcohol in assocation were the types of substances that were reportedly abused by these women (Kassada, Marcon, Pagliarini, and Rossi, 469). Kassada, Marcon, Pagliarini, and Rossi (2013) concluded that one out of every five women has the potential to be a maternal substance …show more content…
The authors conducted a study in the hospital at Lausanne University through subjective surverys that were filled out by 1,258 women (Meyer-Leu, Lemola, Daeppen, Deriaz, and Gerber, 1670). The surveys gathered data regarding lifetyle and pregnancy social habits (Meyer-Leu, Lemola, Daeppen, Deriaz, and Gerber, 1670). In the end, this study supports the idea that there is a connection between low-to-moderate maternal drinking to low birth weight and a risk for decreased oxygen supply to the neonate. (Meyer-Leu, Lemola, Daeppen, Deriaz, and Gerber, 1674). Evidence also supported the idea that experiences with moderate alcohol increases the risk for delayed fetal growth (Meyer-Leu, Lemola, Daeppen, Deriaz, and Gerber, 1674). In an article by Bailey and Sokol (2011), “Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Miscarriage, Stillbirth, Preterm Delivery, and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome,” a review of studies was conducted that supports findings that coincide with Meyer-Leu, Lemola, Daeppen, Deriaz, and Gerber’s study as well. That is, the literature of Bailey and Sokol’s supports the idea that choosing to drink during pregnancy increases the risk of negative outcomes. The negative outcomes discussed include miscarriage,

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

Phychoanalysis of Hamlet

...punish".[83] Freud suggests that Hamlet's apparent "distaste for sexuality"—articulated in his "nunnery" conversation with Ophelia—accords with this interpretation.[85][86] John Barrymore's long-running 1922 performance in New York was characterized as "revolutionary in its use of Freudian psychology; in keeping with the post World War I rebellion against everything Victorian, he eschewed the genteel, idealized 'Sweet Prince' of 19th-century tradition, imbuing his character with danger and sexuality."[87] Beginning in 1910, with the publication of "The Oedipus-Complex as An Explanation of Hamlet's Mystery: A Study in Motive,"[88] Ernest Jones—a psychoanalyst and Freud's biographer—developed Freud's ideas into a series of essays that culminated in...

Words: 4481 - Pages: 18

Free Essay

Safeguarding Children

...* CHRONOLOGY * * Second Trimester * * Mother attended her community drug and alcohol team (CDAT) were she was on a methadone programme. Referral was made by her key worker stated concerns that she may be pregnant and concealing it * * Pre - birth conference was held to establish the issues surrounding the mother, her pregnancy and her parenting skills. Mother did not attend. The pre – birth conference attended by the CDAT key worker, safeguarding midwife, health visitor, GP, social worker. The pre – birth conference took place as mum was concealing her pregnancy and that she was heavily * * DAY 1 Jack was born by caesarean section because they were concerns with the Zoe. Zoe was unwell – she had a heart valve problem. Jack was admitted to the intensive care unit, needing ventilation support for six hours 12pm * Safeguarding midwife aware that Jack been born, states that all people who needed to be aware of baby being born are. Informed us that her current partner and father of baby are not allowed to visit. Security, front desk at the main entrance of unit and nurses made aware * Urine virology/toxicology sent * Morphine started as Jack was Ventilated due to the respiratory distress 15pm * Out of hours social worker called inquiring about baby and mum 1630pm * Maternity support worker visited unit, updated on baby’s condition. Mum had her surgery – she will go and update mum 1830pm * Nurse looking after mum on...

Words: 4847 - Pages: 20

Premium Essay

Therapeutic Relationship

...coming into clinic. Borton’s (1970) reflective model will be used to guide this essay, and I will analyse how the experience has improved my skills in building therapeutic relationships, while recognising areas that require work in order to fulfil my role. All names have been changed to protect confidentiality, as is the responsibility of any registered nurse (NMC 2008). Mental and emotional wellbeing in all family members is intrinsic to the wellbeing of children. The “Healthy Child Programme” (DH 2009) identifies the assessment and promotion of this area as a core part of the health visitor’s role. A common mental health problem that impacts on children is post-natal depression, affecting 10-15% of women (Royal College of Psychiatrists n.d.). Infants whose mothers have post-natal depression often have less positive life outcomes, as discussed in Every Child Matters (HM Treasury 2003). It can impact negatively on emotional, social and mental development, often demonstrated through behavioural problems (Wrate et al., 1985), and neurological problems (Dale, 1995). This can influence outcomes into adulthood. Moehler et al. (2006) discuss how post-natal depression can affect development and quality of maternal infant attachment, stating this may be what leads to negative impact on child development (Moehler et al., 2007), a view supported by Mason (2010). Murray et al. (1996a) discuss how the change in maternal child interaction as a consequence...

Words: 3248 - Pages: 13

Premium Essay

Assessment Tool Analysis

...assessment is the gathering of information about a patient(Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia n.d.). It is a conversation with a patient, combined with an observation of the patient’s needs, signs, and symptoms of an illness, the patient’s social and medical history, and any other possible information. It is a difficult process, but at the same time, very important as it creates a basis in caring for a patient. Luckily, nurses have many assessment tools available to help them and to guide them through the process of assessment. What is also very important is knowledge of Watson’s model of nursing and how it is focusing on holistic care and establishing a relationship between patients and caregivers (De Chesnay & Anderson, 2012, Ch.6). In this essay I am going to describe three assessment tools that I have chosen and also how they can be used when caring for population I described in last week paper. The three assessment tools I want to present are the: Apgar Score, Finnegan Scale, and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). The Apgar Score was introduced in 1953 by the American doctor specializing in anesthesiology and pediatrics, Virginia Apgar (Kids Health, 1998). It was named after her and to this day doctors and nurses use it worldwide to evaluate how babies are doing after the delivery. It is the first test the newborn takes and it quickly allows making important decisions about the further diagnosis and necessary treatment of a baby. In addition it is cheap and fast. It...

Words: 1490 - Pages: 6

Free Essay

Weaning Dissertation

...care practitioners. The assignment will attempt to discuss relevant biopsychosocial theories which when impacted on the family, influence health status outcomes, including resilience factors. It will also highlight and focus on attributes of vulnerability within the family setting, using specialist assessments skills. The family which the author will be discussing in this assignment (Appendix 1) is considered to be a vulnerable family, the family member which will be the main focus is the 14 year old teenage mother with a ten week old baby. For the purpose of this essay pseudonyms will be used, they will be called Jade and Billy, to protect the client's identity and for confidentiality purposes, this is in line with the Nursing and Midwifery Council Code of Conduct guidelines (Nursing and Midwifery Council 2008). Every child and young person needs to be protected, feel secure and sheltered from abuse and harm in an environment which is safe and where their needs are met (Oliver and Pitt 2011). How children make sense of the world around them is formed by their early experiences as children, teenagers and our family life. Families nurture and build resilience and moral codes for children, this supports them in leading successful and fulfilling lives (Cabinet Office 2008). The family can be summarised as an institution which is exclusive for a vast range of functionality which it offers, this leads to outcomes for adults, children and the society in which they live. ...

Words: 3330 - Pages: 14

Premium Essay

Are Humans Naturally Violent?

...While generations of scientists have debated whether human aggression and violence is learned or innate, Brain (pp. 9, 1985) most likely summarizes the best and shortest answer to this question by stating that Human violence is too complicated to be interpreted in simple terms”. Empirical data and theories from both sides will be presented in this essay which will illustrate that while humans are genetically equipped to be violent and in some cases even have a genetic predisposition towards violence, social factors play key role in facilitating and enhancing aggressive behavior or suppressing and inhibiting it. Cesar Lombroso in the 20th century claimed that long arms, jutting chins and sloping foreheads were signs of born criminals, while Sigmund Freud (1930) later claimed that the drive to aggress is rooted deep in the psyche, independent of circumstances and as a result people have an innate need to inflict harm which must be satisfied periodically. A similar catharsis view was held by Lorenz (1963) who suggested that aggression being a natural instinct that accumulates over time especially in response to environmental stress, needs to be periodically released much like the periodic orgasm that helps diminish sex drive. In the 1960’s some scientists proposed that men who carried an XYY chromosome pattern were predisposed to become criminals (Ramirez, 1996). These were some of the early views on the innate nature of aggression and violence. Recent studies conducted on rats...

Words: 1988 - Pages: 8

Free Essay

Pyc4802 Tutorial Letter

...PYC4802/101/0/2015 Tutorial letter 101/0/2015 Psychopathology PYC4802 Year module Department of Psychology IMPORTANT INFORMATION: This tutorial letter contains important information about your module. CONTENTS Page 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Turorial material ....................................................................................................... 4 2. PURPOSE OF AND OUTCOMES FOR THE MODULE ......................................... 4 2.1 Purpose ................................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Outcomes ................................................................................................................ 4 3. LECTURER(S) AND CONTACT DETAILS ............................................................ 6 3.1 Lecturer(s) ............................................................................................................... 6 3.2 Department .............................................................................................................. 7 3.3 University ................................................................................................................. 7 4. MODULE-RELATED RESOURCES ....................................................................... 7 4.1 Prescribed book.....

Words: 20674 - Pages: 83

Premium Essay

Writing

...extreme jealousy, difficulties in regulating anger and other strong emotions, or when they feel inferior to the other partner in education and socioeconomic background. Some men with very traditional beliefs may think they have the right to control women, and that women aren’t equal to men. This domination then takes the form of emotional, physical or sexual abuse. Studies suggest that violent behavior often is caused by an interaction of situational and individual factors. That means that abusers learn violent behavior from their family, people in their community and other cultural influences as they grow up. They may have seen violence often or they may have been victims themselves. Children who witness or are the victims of violence may learn to believe that violence is a reasonable way to resolve conflict between people. Boys who learn that women are not to be valued or respected and who see violence directed against women are more likely to abuse women when they grow up. Girls who witness domestic violence in their families of origin are more likely to be victimized by their own husbands. Alcohol and other chemical substances may contribute to violent behavior. A drunk or high person will be less likely to control his or her violent impulses.   The Basics of Domestic Violence To establish a foundation for understanding child protection in families experiencing domestic violence, this chapter provides an overview of the definition, scope, and causes of domestic violence, along...

Words: 12884 - Pages: 52

Premium Essay

Cynical Realism

...| CYNICAL REALISM | THE NEW ERA OF LGBT COMMUNITY | | The following essay will cover the ongoing concerns and issues that the GBLT community face on everyday basis, as the society that we live in struggle to find peace and solidarity so does those who walk in the path of hatred, ridicule and criticism. | | Nijn Wagstaff | 6/14/2013 | | Gay Right Movement The gay rights movement began to take shape in 1779 by Thomas Jefferson, when he proposed a law that would mandate the castration of all gay men. Prior to the 20th century religious admonitions against sexual relations that transpired between same-sex individuals especially men has been a long stigmatized act between the same sexes. Although the legal codes in Europe remained silent when it came to the discussion of homosexuality (Harvard Business Review). Devious acts such as these were frowned upon and were deemed irreprehensible. Prior to the 20th century the judicial system were made up of predominately Muslims countries that invoked the Islamic Law, many sexual acts including same-sex were criminalized by law that carried very strict penalties including execution. During the early 16th century lawmakers in Brittan began to group and categorize homosexual acts as criminal as opposed to immoral and unjust. Henry VIII, who was the king of England, passed the Buggery Act that subsequently made homosexuality punishable by death ; in Brittan sodomy remained as a Capital offense which carried death...

Words: 4782 - Pages: 20

Premium Essay

El Perfume

...1 Film Essay: “Perfume: The Story of a Murderer” as an Illustration of ADHESIVE PSEUDO-OBJECT-RELATIONS Like the novel by Patrick Süskind, Tom Tykwer’s film adaptation of Perfume: the story of a murderer (1986) is a gripping horror tale of a fictional eighteenth-century French serial killer. I believe it is also a grotesque version of those cases of trauma and consequence that analysts observe in the privacy of their consulting rooms. Perhaps if, as Freud (1933) suggests, extraordinary pathology can draw our attention to normal neurotic conditions, it may also be true that extraordinary fantasy may provide insight into those more ordinary pathological states. It may also be that certain artists, having “turned away from external reality... know more about internal, psychical reality and can reveal a number of things to us that would otherwise be inaccessible to us” (Freud 1933,p. 58-59). Tykwer’s visually sumptuous film version of Süskind’s story is a masterpiece, to be sure. However, as one intimately acquainted with the book, I cannot help but regret the necessary abbreviation of the details of each character’s experience, the reduction in the number of events in the life of the protagonist and the condensation of the passage of years leading to the development of the murderer that the translation of Süskind’s story into a commercially viable film unfortunately demands. However, I believe that, in spite of Tykwer’s considerable abridgement, Perfume (the...

Words: 7954 - Pages: 32

Premium Essay

Conditions of the Eye

...Conditions Related to the Eye and Blindness Michael A. Allen Jackson State University Abstract Conditions related to the eye and blindness is very common. There are many disease of the eye. Many of these diseases can cause a lot of harm. There are five main points that will be discussed they are age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, retinopathy, visual impairment in higher learning, and social support for the visually impaired. Macular degeneration often damages central vision and is prevalent in people age 60 and over with rare cases of people fewer than 50. Retinitis Pigmentosa is common among families; it’s not always related to hereditary factors. Retinopathy is a common problem for people with diabetes where retinal blood vessels break down and affect vision. People with visual impairments who are in higher learning are very common now days and accommodations are set up for persons. Social support for people who are visually impaired is key factors to helping those individuals have a normal and productive life. Introduction There are many eye conditions. They are listed as followed. Lazy Eye or Amblyopia is a very common condition. Usually present early in childhood, lazy eye can be corrected if caught early. Learn what you can do to correct this eye condition before it becomes severe. Aphakia is a condition where the lens of the eye is missing. It can greatly decrease your vision acuity and cause other problems if not treated. Astigmatism...

Words: 5661 - Pages: 23

Free Essay

Francisco de Goya

...Francisco Goya From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia "Goya" redirects here. For other uses, see Goya (disambiguation). This name uses Spanish naming customs: the first or paternal family name is Goya and the second or maternal family name is Lucientes. Francisco Goya Autorretrato de Goya (1795).jpg Self-portrait, c. 1796-97. Museo del Prado, Madrid Born 30 March 1746 Fuendetodos, Aragon, Spain Died 16 April 1828 (aged 82) Bordeaux, France Nationality Spanish Known for Painting, drawing Movement Romanticism Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes[A] (/ˈɡɔɪə/; Spanish: [fɾanˈθisko xoˈse ðe ˈɣoʝa i luˈθjentes]; 30 March 1746 – 16 April 1828) was a Spanish romantic painter and printmaker. He is considered the most important Spanish artist of late 18th and early 19th centuries and throughout his long career was a commentator and chronicler of his era. Immensely successful in his lifetime, Goya is often referred to as both the last of the Old Masters and the first of the moderns. He was born to a modest family in 1746 in the village of Fuendetodos in Aragon. He studied painting from age 14 under José Luzán y Martinez and moved to Madrid to study with Anton Raphael Mengs. He married Josefa Bayeu in 1773; the couple's life together was characterised by an almost constant series of pregnancies and miscarriages. He became a court painter to the Spanish Crown in 1786 and the early portion of his career is marked by portraits commissioned by the Spanish aristocracy and royalty...

Words: 6127 - Pages: 25

Premium Essay

Case Study-Promiscuity

...Promiscuity- A Self-Destructive Behavior in Correlation with a Lack of Paternal Authority: A Single Case Study Rebecca M Bauman 2015 MAR LIB-495-GS001 Abstract Paternal authority, according to the existing literature, is of upmost importance to the healthy psychosexual development of a child. Women who were raised with a lack of paternal authority can often face significant setbacks when dealing with everyday life issues. Promiscuity as a self-destructive behavior has substantial consequences often resulting in mental and physical suffering. This qualitative single case study was designed to explore the correlation of promiscuity- as a self-destructive behavior with women who were raised in single-mother households where there was a lack of paternal authority. A single intrinsic case study was used to explore one woman’s battle with promiscuity. The data obtained formed a narrative generated by the triangulation of psychoanalytical therapy sessions, a client intake form and the woman’s journal. A case analysis was performed and later reviewed by an attending mental health clinician. The results indicated the woman manifests the self-destructive behavior of promiscuity at the expense of poor self-esteem which directly correlates with a lack of paternal authority. The disruption of the woman’s psychosexual development in childhood negatively altered her self-image. The woman uses transference in her intimate relationships as a desperate attempt to gain control of her...

Words: 11595 - Pages: 47

Premium Essay

Economics

...Unlearning Deficit Ideology and the Scornful Gaze: Thoughts on Authenticating the Class Discourse in Education Paul C. Gorski Founder, EdChange Assistant Professor, Integrative Studies George Mason University http://www.EdChange.org gorski@EdChange.org December 2010 Unlearning Deficit Ideology and the Scornful Gaze 2 It is popular in the education milieu today to talk about the dangers of assuming a deficit perspective, approaching students based upon our perceptions of their weaknesses rather than their strengths. Such a perspective deteriorates expectations for students and weakens educators’ abilities to recognize giftedness in its various forms (Ford & Grantham, 2003). The most devastating brand of this sort of deficit thinking emerges when we mistake difference—particularly difference from ourselves— for deficit. If one concentrates best while sitting still it may be difficult to imagine that somebody else—a student or colleague, perhaps—concentrates more effectively while pacing or tapping a pencil. Similarly, if one always has lived among people who speak a certain language variation, such as what people commonly refer to as “standard English,” she or he might mistake somebody’s use of a different variation, such as the Appalachian variety spoken by my grandmother, as an indication of intellectual inferiority or, worse, deviance (Collins, 1988). Over the past ten or so years a critical discourse challenging the deficit perspective has emerged among educators....

Words: 9486 - Pages: 38

Free Essay

Etodasdjasf Asfhasf

...[pic] Narcissistic And Psychopathic Leaders 1st EDITION Sam Vaknin, Ph.D. Τηε “υτηορ ισ ΝΟΤ α Μενταλ Ηεαλτη Προφεσσιοναλ. Τηε “υτηορ ισ χερτιφιεδ ιν Χουνσελλινγ Τεχηνιθυεσ. Εδιτινγ ανδ Δεσιγν: Λιδιϕα Ρανγελοϖσκα “ Ναρχισσυσ Πυβλιχατιονσ Ιμπριντ Πραγυε & Σκοπϕε 2009 ♥ 2009 Χοπψριγητ Λιδιϕα Ρανγελοϖσκα Ναρχισσυσ Πυβλιχατιονσ “λλ ριγητσ ρεσερϖεδ. Τηισ βοοκ, ορ ανψ παρτ τηερεοφ, μαψ νοτ βε υσεδ ορ ρεπροδυχεδ ιν ανψ μαννερ ωιτηουτ ωριττεν περμισσιον φρομ: Λιδιϕα Ρανγελοϖσκα ? ωριτε το: palma@unet.com.mk ορ το vaksam@mt.net.mk “λλ ριγητσ φορ τηισ βοοκ αρε φορ σαλε. Λιτεραρψ αγεντσ ανδ πυβλισηερσ, πλεασε χονταχτ Λιδιϕα Ρανγελοϖσκα. |Το γετ ΦΡΕΕ υπδατεσ οφ τηισ βοοκ ϑΟΙΝ τηε Ναρχισσισμ Στυδψ Λιστ. | |Το ϑΟΙΝ, ϖισιτ ουρ Ωεβ σιτεσ: | |http://www.geocities.com/vaksam/narclist.html ορ | |http://www.narcissistic-abuse.com/narclist.html ορ | |http://groups.yahoo.com/group/narcissisticabuse | ςισιτ τηε “υτηορ∍σ Ωεβ σιτε: http://samvak.tripod.com Βυψ οτηερ βοοκσ αβουτ πατηολογιχαλ ναρχισσισμ ανδ ρελατιονσηιπσ ωιτη αβυσιϖε ναρχισσιστσ ανδ πσψχηοπατησ ηερε: http://www.narcissistic-abuse.com/thebook.html Χρεατεδ βψ: Λιδιϕα Ρανγελοϖσκα, Σκοπϕε ΡΕΠΥΒΛΙΧ ΟΦ Μ“ΧΕΔΟΝΙ“ Χ Ο Ν Τ Ε Ν Τ Σ Pathological Narcissism – An Overview A Primer on Narcissism and the Narcissistic Personality Disorder...

Words: 32352 - Pages: 130