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Maths and Economics

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İşte iktisat biliminin matematikselleştirilmesinin ve buna karşı çıkışın neden ve sonuçlarının irdelendiği bu çalışmada öncelikle, bilim - bilim kimliği üzerinde durularak bilimsel sınıflandırmadaki metodolojik tartışmalar ele alınmış iktisadın bilimsel sınıflamadaki yeri ve sosyal gerçekliğin tahlilindeki yeterliliği irdelenmeye çalışılmıştır.Daha sonra neo-klasik iktisat tekeli ve matematiksel modelleme yöntemleri bağlamında iktisat bilimine yöneltilen eleştiriler incelenerek iktisadın tutuculuktan uzak kalması ve çoğulcu olması gerektiği üzerinde durulmuştur. İktisat eğitimi verilirken de geleneksel iktisatçıların metodolojik muhafazakârlığının dışında kalınması, yalnızca matematik ve nicel yöntemler (istatistik, ekonometri) ya da yalnızca insan davranışı, toplumsal ve tarihsel boyutun önemsenmemesi gerektiği belirtilmiştir.
I-

Nitekim ilk matematiksel iktisatçı olan Walras’ın fizikten alınan, bireysel tercihlerin iktisadi sistemin dışında (dışsal olarak) biçimlendiği ve iktisadi etkileşimlerden etkilenmediği temeline dayalı genel denge analizi bunun açık bir örneğini oluşturmuştur. Walras kendi ideolojik çizgisinin şekillendirdiği toplum ve düzen varsayımını matematiksel olarak ispat etmeye çalışmıştır. Böylece nesnel matematiksel analize ideolojik bir işlev yüklenmiştir (Kara, 2001:31). Aslında iktisatta matematiğin kullanımı Walras’tan daha öncesine uzanmaktadır. Ancak asıl gelişme 1950 sonrasında ortaya çıkmış ve matematiğin iktisatta kullanımı beklenenden de hızlı bir ilerleme göstermiştir. Öyle ki kapitalist dünyada matematik, iktisat öğretiminin önemli bir kısmını teşkil etmiş ve 20-30 yıl içinde de iktisat derslerinin içeriğinde diğer akımlar aleyhine işlemiştir (Eren,1994:20; Fındıkçıoğlu,1999:18-24).

Keynesgil iktisatta da matematiğin ağırlığı çoktur. Yukarıdaki gibi bir tespit Keynesyen iktisatta matematiğin kullanılmadığı yönündeki bir imayı beraberinde getirmektedir. Oysa ki Hicks’in Keynes’in tanımlamalarına dayanarak geliştirdiği IS-LM modeli, Tobin’in çalışmalarının tamamı, Phillips Eğrisi, Keynes Çarpanı vb. tamamen matematikseldir ve bu modellerin Keynesyen iktisada katkısı tartışılmazdır. IS-LM eğrileri teorik olarak itibarını kaybetmiş dahi olsa halen ekonomik olayları anlayabilmek için pek çok iktisatçı, politika geliştiricileri, hükümetler, vb tarafından kullanılan önemli bir araçtır.

Görüldüğü üzere,matematiği iktisada yerleştirmek yolunda bilinçli ve yoğun çabalar harcanmıştır. Özellikle İkinci Dünya savaşı sonrasında J.von Neuman, J.Timbergen ve T. C. Koopmans gibi düşünürlerin sağladığı katkı daha çok iktisat kuramına ekonometri, oyun kuramı, kaos gibi alanların eklenmesi şeklinde olmuştur. (http://www.cepa.newschool.edu/het/school/game.htm) Ayrıca günümüz iktisadında önemli katkıları olan K. J. Arrow ve R. M. Solow da “matematik kullanan önemli iktisatçılardır
.
İşte gösterilen bu çabalar sonucunda matematiğin iktisat içindeki anlamı ile diğer doğa bilimleri içindeki anlamı arasında bir fark kalmamış ve iktisat da tıpkı bir doğa bilimi gibi görülmeye başlanmıştır. Bu süreç iktisadın kurumsal ve tarihsel yönünün ihmal edilmesine neden olmuş ve iktisat sınırlandırıcı varsayımlarla oluşturulmuş matematiksel modeller ile açıklanmaya başlanmıştır. Söz konusu matematiksel modellerde öncelikli amaç iktisadi olgunun kendisini açıklamaktan çok, modelin içsel tutarlılığını sağlama yönünde olmuştur.
Görüldüğü üzere matematiğin iktisada etkisi belirli aşamalardan geçerek olmuştur:
1-İlk aşamada matematik doğrudan iktisadın özünü etkilemiştir.
2-Daha sonra matematiğin etkisi iktisada yeni alanlar eklemek şeklinde olmuş,
3-Sonra kuram oluşturmada temel sorumluluk matematik kullanan iktisatçılara geçmiştir (Bulutay, 2005:32).

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