...Matrix of Theoretical Models Matrix of Theoretical Models November 19, 2011 University of Phoenix Material Appendix A: Matrix of Theoretical Models Theoretical Model | Description of Theoretical Model | Type of health care change situation in which model best applies | Kurt Lewin’s Change Theory and Force Field Analysis | Kurt Lewin’s theory model has three stages of change including: freezing, change or moving, and refreezing. The first stage of freezing involves finding methods to help people relinquish learned habits that were inefficient. Recognizing the need for change occurs in this stage. According to Schein (2002), the moving stage “allows members of the group to change from one set of behavior to another, such as new job responsibilities, new roles, and new job skills” (p. 37). The third stage of refreezing makes the change the standard operating procedure, the change becomes permanent. Without this last stage, individuals can revert back to the pre-change policies and procedures. Lewin’s theory believes that behavior is “a dynamic balance of forces working in opposing directions” (Lewin, 1951). He acknowledged that there are driving forces that cause change to occur, pushing individuals in the desired direction. Restraining forces counter driving forces, pushing an individual in the opposite direction. Examples of restraining forces include personal defense mechanisms or group “norms.” The goal within a force field of driving and restraining forces is...
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...Matrix of Theoretical Models HCS/587 Theoretical Model | Description of Theoretical Model | Type of Health Care Change Situation Where Model Best Applies | 1. Kurt Lewin’s field theory model 2. Lippitt’s change theory model | Kurt Lewin’s field theory model has three stages of change: * Unfreezing * Change or Moving * Refreezing The unfreezing stage requires altering the patterns of employee behavior. The employee adaptive behavior must align with the organizational goals and vision. The lack of alteration in behavior changes can result in employees’ resistance during the implementation process. The management should communicate effectively with the staff explaining the need for change. The management should encourage the staff to submit their ideas and be a part of the change process. The change stage refers to the introduction of new organizational policies and procedures. The management should ensure that the affected staff fully understands the reasoning behind the changes and offer support for adapting the new organizational business culture. It is imperative that management includes the staff in the development of new policies and designing the new procedures. The refreezing stage requires reevaluation of the implemented procedures in which the management evaluates the efficacy of the implemented changes and makes adjustments to meet organizational goals (Borkowski, 2005). The management should seek feedback from the staff and fine tune the...
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...Appendix A: Matrix of Theoretical Models Erica Creighton HCS/587 November 20, 2013 Karissa Steward Managers need to understand employees and what motivates them; this can prove to be a challenge because they are composed of a diverse group of people. Process theories of motivation can assist them in how to predict and influence behaviors. In this paper will cover three of the five process theories which are Vroom’s Expectancy Theory, Adams’ Equity Theory, and Locke’s Goal-Setting Theory. Theoretical Model: Vroom’s Expectancy Theory Description of Theoretical Model: This theory states that a person will choose to act or behave a certain way depending on if he or she perceives the reward as good or bad for that particular behavior. This theory explains that every individual has a different set of goals and can be motivated if there is a positive correlation between efforts and performance. This model is based on three beliefs valence, expectancy, and instrumentality. Valence is how an individual perceives or values the reward that is offered as good or bad. For example, some may value job promotion as a positive reward because of their need for achievement, although others may have a negative view of the advancement because it will require more time commitment. Expectancy believes that one’s hard work will result in a specific outcome. Instrumentality is the belief that if a person meets performance expectation he or she will receive a reward. Managers can use...
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...Appendix A: Matrix of Theoretical Models HCS/587 November 20, 2013 Karissa Steward Managers need to understand employees and what motivates them; this can prove to be a challenge because they are composed of a diverse group of people. Process theories of motivation can assist them in how to predict and influence behaviors. In this paper will cover three of the five process theories which are Vroom’s Expectancy Theory, Adams’ Equity Theory, and Locke’s Goal-Setting Theory. Theoretical Model: Vroom’s Expectancy Theory Description of Theoretical Model: This theory states that a person will choose to act or behave a certain way depending on if he or she perceives the reward as good or bad for that particular behavior. This theory explains that every individual has a different set of goals and can be motivated if there is a positive correlation between efforts and performance. This model is based on three beliefs valence, expectancy, and instrumentality. Valence is how an individual perceives or values the reward that is offered as good or bad. For example, some may value job promotion as a positive reward because of their need for achievement, although others may have a negative view of the advancement because it will require more time commitment. Expectancy believes that one’s hard work will result in a specific outcome. Instrumentality is the belief that if a person meets performance expectation he or she will receive a reward. Managers can use the expectancy...
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...Chapter 14 Factor analysis 14.1 INTRODUCTION Factor analysis is a method for investigating whether a number of variables of interest Y1 , Y2 , : : :, Yl, are linearly related to a smaller number of unobservable factors F1, F2, : : :, Fk . The fact that the factors are not observable disquali¯es regression and other methods previously examined. We shall see, however, that under certain conditions the hypothesized factor model has certain implications, and these implications in turn can be tested against the observations. Exactly what these conditions and implications are, and how the model can be tested, must be explained with some care. 14.2 AN EXAMPLE Factor analysis is best explained in the context of a simple example. Students entering a certain MBA program must take three required courses in ¯nance, marketing and business policy. Let Y1, Y2 , and Y3 , respectively, represent a student's grades in these courses. The available data consist of the grades of ¯ve students (in a 10-point numerical scale above the passing mark), as shown in Table 14.1. Table 14.1 Student grades Student no. 1 2 3 4 5 Finance, Y1 3 7 10 3 10 Grade in: Marketing, Y2 6 3 9 9 6 Policy, Y3 5 3 8 7 5 °Peter Tryfos, 1997. This version printed: 14-3-2001. c 2 Chapter 14: Factor analysis It has been suggested that these grades are functions of two underlying factors, F1 and F2, tentatively and rather loosely described as quantitative ability and verbal ability, respectively. It is...
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...Subsidiaries’ role and contribution in the creation of new firm-‐specific advantages (FSAs) Carlotta Assetta – Student Number: 11112980 ABSTRACT This paper attempts to more precisely delineate the MNEs subsidiaries’ role and contribution to new firm-‐specific advantages development. I present a new framework, which ranks foreign subsidiaries contribution to FSAs creation according to two criteria: Subsidiary’s embeddedness in the host-‐country environment and strategic importance of the local environment. ...
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...Theoretical Matrix Patricia Brooks HCS/587 Creating Change within Organizations April 20, 2015 Doria Chege University of Phoenix Material Appendix A: Matrix of Theoretical Models Theoretical Model | Description of Theoretical Model | Type of health care change situation where model best applies | Havelock’s Theory | One widely known and used theory of change is the one that Eric Havelock introduced to look at change differently. Change is a process that should focus on the plan, resistance to change, and how to maintain the change. Havelock created a 6 stage change process theory model that looks at the complexities of real life by taking into account evaluating and accepting the change. Relationship – Whatever system is changing the change agent should identify and build positive working relationships with the particular system whether the system is with clients or leaders. Diagnosis- Establish if there is a need or desire for change. This is an evaluation period. Acquire resources for change- Gathering information at this stage determines what the change is and is not. Selecting a pathway- The best option is decided and then implemented.Establish and accept change- Once change is put into place, acceptance is needed. Maintenance and Separation- To make sure the change is successful the change agent should monitor the affected system. Havelock’s theory shows how important it is for change to go through a planning process from beginning to end. To receive lasting...
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...architecture (ISA). The first version of the framework was released in 1987 and has been revised multiple times after that. The framework draws on Zachman’s experience of how business processes are managed in complex products and requires as engineered approach to development and modification. The framework allows one to view how a same product can be described in multiple different ways by different participants depending on their perspective of product’s purpose. Zachman framework shows how different perspective exists and how they can fit together. Its more of a taxonomy than a framework. The easiest way to understand the Zachman Enterprise architecture framework is to view it as a classification scheme represented visually as a table or matrix, with 30 boxes or cells organized in to six columns. Each cell represents a unique mode and can be described using its own technique such as flowchart, entity -relationships diagram. The framework basically explains how cells in different columns and rows related to each other. Conceptual graphs are used to formally define the logical relationships between different cells. The decomposition into cells makes it easier to apply subject matter to each cell. Each row represents a distinctive from the perspective of different participants. Each column represents the questions that are asked to each participants. The framework comes with 7 rules that will help the person working with this framework to get a better understanding of how it should...
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...THEODORE DREWLO May 26, 2015 WERNER HEISENBERG FISSION AND FUSION NEUCLEAR REACTIONS MR. SAIYAN Werner Heisenberg was a German born in 1907 that was a theoretical physicist who made foundational contributions to quantum theory. He is best known for the development of the matrix mechanics formulation of quantum mechanics in 1925 and for asserting the uncertainty principle in 1926, although he also made important contributions to nuclear physics, quantum field theory and particle physics. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1932 “for the creation of quantum mechanics". From 1924 to 1927, Heisenberg lectured at the University of Göttingen, and conducted research with Niels Bohr at the University of Copenhagen. It was during this time that the young Heisenberg developed the “matrix mechanics” formulation of quantum mechanics (in collaboration with Max Born and Pascual Jordan). Matrix mechanics was the first complete and correct definition of quantum mechanics, and it extended the Bohr model of atoms by describing how the quantum jumps occur and by interpreting the physical properties of particles as matrices that evolve over time. In 1939, Heisenberg travelled to the United States to visit Samuel Abraham Goudsmit at the University of Michigan, but refused an invitation to emigrate to the United States. Back in Germany, in 1939, shortly after the discovery of nuclear fission, Heisenberg became one of the principal scientists leading research and development in the German...
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...Theoretical Matrix Matrix of Theoretical Models Theoretical Model Description of Theoretical Model Type of health care change situation where model best applies Kurt Lewin’s Change model. Lewin’s model allows viewing change as a series of forces working in different directions. According to Lewin (1947), change may be achieved in one or two ways: increasing the force for change in the desired direction or reducing the strength of opposing forces (Spector, 2010). Lewin provides to agents with a three –steps process for implementing planned changes: 1. Unfreeze: The forces and workers associated in keeping resistance acquire an understanding of variances that exist between current practice and behavior and desired activities and behavior. One of the critical elements of unfreezing is to break the group inertia, to change the status quo. 2. Moving or changing is the second stage for this theory. In this step, the group alters its performance or habits. Depending on the new objectives, subsequent revised policies, procedures, and operating practices are introduced. 3. Refreezing: Third and last stage in this theory: Change is assumed and new status quo is established. At this point, changes are already executed and monitored, and adjustments are conducted if necessary. Additional organizational goals are reinforced by subsequent changes in daily activities. This theory hinges on the presence of a driving and a resistant force. The driving forces are the change...
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...of Phoenix Material Appendix A: Matrix of Theoretical Models |Theoretical Model |Description of Theoretical Model |Type of health care change situation where | | | |model best applies | | Expectancy Theory |For any given situation, the force that |Clinical Ladder Program | | |drives a person to perform is dependent |Valence - wanting to participate in a | | |upon three factors: valence, |clinical ladder program | | |instrumentality, and expectancy |Instrumentality – participation in the | | | |program will lead to recognition of the | | | |bedside nurse | | | |Expectancy – a bonus upon success | | | |completion of the program | |Equity Theory |A model is based on a person evaluating ...
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...Participation: A theoretical context Introduction Theories of community participation have received considerable academic attention particularly since the early 1990’s but have been a source of debate since at least the 1960s. This paper is intended to provide a brief overview of some of the most prominent theories which have been put forward as a means of understanding and appraising participation structures and practices. It has been prepared in order to provide a theoretical context within which the appropriateness of different approaches to community participation in rural transport in Wiltshire can be assessed. The note begins by providing a simple definition of participation. Two of the more prominent frameworks for community participation are then summarised and explored. In recognition that such frameworks represent simplifications of a far more complex reality, a number of these complexities are then explored, namely: • dimensions of power; • issues of process and capacity; and • the nature of ‘community’. The note concludes by describing an evaluation tool for community participation, which has sought to address many of these complexities. 1. A definition of participation For the purposes of this note a useful definition of public or community participation is that adopted by Stoker (1997) for ‘political participation’ (following Parry et al, 1992): members of the public ‘taking part in any of the processes of formulation, passage and implementation of public...
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...knowledge of such a trend would be deemed useful to all concernd - be it a firm or the whole country itself. Through this paper, I intend to use the power of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) to develop a model which can be used to predict oil prices. ANNs are widely used for modelling a multitude of financial and economic variables and have proven themselves to be a very powerful tool to handle volumes of data effectively and analysing it to perform meaningful calculations. MATLAB has been employed as the medium for developing the neural network and for efficiently handling the volume of calculations involved. Following sections shall deal with the theoretical and practical intricacies of the aforementioned model. The appendix includes snapshots of the generated results and other code snippets. Artificial Neural Networks: Understanding To understand any of the ensuing topics and the details discussed thereof, it is imperative to understand what actually we mean by Neural Networks. So, I first dwell into this topic: In simplest terms a Neural Network can be defined as a computer system modelled on the human brain and nervous system. Wikipedia elaborates on this definition as follows: “ An Artificial Neural Network, often just called a neural network, is a mathematical model inspired by biological neural networks… …In most cases a neural network is an adaptive system that changes its structure during a learning phase.” Both of these definitions stand correct in their own place...
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...this assignment is to work together in a group, organising self and others to produce work to agreed deadlines, the group will aim to engage in debate about strategy from a theoretical and practical standpoint, while Undertaking analysis of a case and generate a critical evaluation. Each member of the group will produce a formal report critically analysing one chosen identified corporate strategy, the report will evaluate and summarise the chosen model reflecting their individual analysis to corporate strategy. The group will then put reports together to make a single portfolio of the different corporate portfolio framework analyses. Along side the written report the group will also work together to produce a presentation which will focus on one chosen corporate strategic model analysed in the report, in this case the group decided to focus on Porters five forces. The group will apply critically apply this framework and critically apply this to a business of the groups choice (in this case Samsung) during the presentation. Corporate strategy 1 Boston Consulting Group Matrix The Boston consulting group matrix (BCG Matrix) is a four cell matrix developed by the Boston Consulting Group in the early 1970’s to manage and asses a business portfolio of products and their potential, “The matrix helps in development of plans which reflects the need of each business unit as well as business as a whole” (Brahma and Chakraborty 2011 p23). It takes into consideration the...
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...the BCG matrix and whether or not it is a standardised product/service/concept. Porter’s Generic Strategies (Porter, 1980) may be used to highlight the company’s strategy. Outline the countries and trading blocs the company operates in. You may wish to highlight this on a map. All information must be referenced according to Harvard style referencing. At this stage, the chosen product/service as well as the new country can be highlighted as a potential new market but reinforce that in order to enter this market, an audit (internal/external) must be carried out to determine whether this is viable or not? | 10 | The application of theory and practice in terms of assessing the company’s internal capabilities and external opportunities (situation analysis). You need to outline the internal capabilities of the organisation as well as an external analysis. Some of the theoretical models that can be used are highlighted in Tutorial 1. Some or all may be used - it is entirely up to you. Internal analysis – Marketing Assets (Drummond et al. 2003) or any other models that you may be aware of from our/other modules such as the Value Chain, PLC, Marketing Mix or any other referenced source related to an internal audit. Other models to consider is whether the company has a standardised product External analysis – the most common models used here is country specific information, the PESTLE framework (any referenced academic source), Porters 5 force model (Porter...
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