Free Essay

Matter and Materials

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Submitted By BlondeZebra
Words 1363
Pages 6
u2015
2015
Physical Sciences
HArtbeespoort highschool
Physical Sciences
HArtbeespoort highschool
Lijani van Wyk de Vries
Matter and materials
Lijani van Wyk de Vries
Matter and materials

Effects of intermolecular forces on physical properties

A. Effects of intermolecular forces on evaporation:

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Investigative Question
What is the relation between intermolecular forces and evaporation, and what are the effects thereof?
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Hypothesis
I think water will have the highest vapour pressure, and acetone the lowest, and thus that the substance with the strongest intermolecular forces will have the lowest vapour pressure.
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Variables
INDEPENDENT: substance
DEPENDANT: evaporation
CONSTANT: circumstances, amount used (number of drops)
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Record Data and analyze data

SUBSTANCE | TIME IN SECONDS | Ethanol | 83 | Water | No change after one hour (3600 sec) | Acetone | 20 | Methylated Spirits | 90 |

Water (H2O) took the longest to evaporate (having made no difference after more than an hour) – this is because water has strong hydrogen bonds. . The methylated spirits (mainly CH3CH2OH and CH3OH) and ethanol (CH3CH2OH) evaporated completely within just over a minute – due to the hydrogen bonds, which are weaker than that of water. Acetone (CH3COCH3) evaporated almost immediately (20 sec) –because acetone has weak dipole-dipole forces. As the substances evaporated the drop expanded and then decreased and completely disappeared – shrinking in from the outside.
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Results
Water evaporated the slowest. Methylated spirits and ethanol evaporated faster and acetone evaporated the fastest.

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Interpretation of data
Water took the longest, because of strong hydrogen bond forces. Ethanol and methylated spirits evaporated faster than water, but slower than ethanol- because their hydrogen bonds are weaker than that of water. Acetone evaporated the quickest (within seconds) and this is because the intermolecular forces of acetone are weak dipole-dipole forces.
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CONCLUSION
My hypothesis is correct – water evaporated the slowest (having the strongest intermolecular forces – strong hydrogen bonds). This shows that the stronger the intermolecular forces are, the longer the substance takes to evaporate. This proves that substances with weak intermolecular forces (like acetone having dipole-dipole forces) evaporates faster than a substance with strong intermolecular forces (for example water).
Water (having the strong hydrogen bonds) took the longest to evaporate and showed no quick changes, whereas acetone showed immediate changes and evaporated very fast (having weak dipole-dipole forces).
Methylated spirits and ethanol evaporated faster than water, because their hydrogen bonds are weaker, but evaporated slower than acetone.

B. Effects of intermolecular forces on surface tension
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investigative question
What is the relation between intermolecular forces and surface tension, and what are the effects thereof?
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Hypothesis
I think that water will have the highest surface tension, and as intermolecular forces increase so will the surface tension – thus greater intermolecular force will equal a greater surface tension.
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Variables
INDEPENDENT: substance
DEPENDANT: surface tension
CONSTANT: circumstances, size of coin
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record and analyze data

SUBSTANCE | NUMBER | OF | DROPS | AVERAGE | Glycerine | 37 | 32 | 35 | 35 | Water | 40 | 47 | 48 | 45 | Acetone | 34 | 32 | 30 | 32 | Methylated Spirits | 30 | 37 | 34 | 34 | Olive oil | 28 | 28 | 31 | 28 |
Olive oil, water and glycerine all formed drops when testing surface tension. This is because water and glycerine have hydrogen bonds (stronger in water than in glycerine), but olive oil had this happen because of its long molecules (olive oil is non-polar).
Water had the highest surface tension- because water has the strongest intermolecular forces (strong hydrogen bonds). Glycerine and methylated spirits also have hydrogen bonds, but took less drops – because their hydrogen forces are weaker than that of water. Acetone took the second least number of drops, because it has weak dipole-dipole forces. Olive oil took the least number of drops, because olive oil is non-polar. It did have a higher surface tension than would be expected of a non-polar bond, but because of the long molecules, olive oil has a higher surface tension.
.
------------------------------------------------- results Water had the highest surface tension, followed by glycerine, methylated spirits, acetone and then olive oil.

------------------------------------------------- interpretation of data
Water had the highest surface tension (because of strong hydrogen bonds). Glycerine, acetone and methylated spirits all had a similar surface tension, because glycerine and methylated spirits have hydrogen bonds – but weaker than that of water - and acetone has dipole-dipole forces (thus showing in having the second lowest surface tension). Olive oil had the lowest surface tension, because of it being non-polar. It did however have a higher surface tension than could be expected of its non-polarity, but because it has long molecules.
Olive oil, water and glycerine all formed drops when testing the surface tension. This is because water and glycerine have strong intermolecular forces (hydrogen bonds) – which hold the substance together, but olive oil had this happen because of its long molecules – because olive oil is non-polar, it does not have strong intermolecular forces, so this might not be expected.
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Conclusion
The substances with the strongest intermolecular forces formed drops. This happened because the strong intermolecular forces could hold the substance together. Olive oil also formed drops, but this is because of the long molecules.
My hypothesis is correct – water had the greatest surface tension due to strong hydrogen bonds, compared to olive oil (which had the lowest surface tension). Surface tension did increase as the intermolecular forces increased. The surface tension of a liquid provides resistance. The greater the intermolecular force, the greater the surface tension. Olive oil and methylated spirits had low surface tensions, because of the non-polarity of olive oil and the weak hydrogen bonds of methylated spirits.

C. The effects of intermolecular forces capillarity
-------------------------------------------------
INvestigative question
What is the relation between intermolecular forces and capillarity, and what are the effects thereof?
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hypothesis
I think water will have the highest capillarity and acetone the lowest, and also that the capillarity will increase as the intermolecular forces and adhesion forces increase.
-------------------------------------------------
Variables
INDEPENDENT: substance
DEPENDANT: capillarity
CONSTANT: circumstances, time, same amount of substance, same setup
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record and analyze data

SUBSTANCE | MILLIMETERS THAT | SUBSTANCE ROSE | AVERAGE (mm) | Glycerine | 14 | 12 | 13 | Water | 14 | 13 | 13.5 | Acetone | 8 | 10 | 9 | Methylated Spirits | 10 | 10 | 10 | Olive oil | 13 | 12 | 12.5 |
Water rose up the highest (because of strong hydrogen bonds). Acetone rose up the least and this is due to the weak dipole-dipole forces (it also evaporated quickly). Glycerine travelled up far, because of the hydrogen forces (although weaker than that of water). Methylated spirits rose up into the tube quickly and then stopped (has weaker hydrogen forces than water). Olive oil had a relatively high capillarity for being non-polar, but this is because of the long molecules.
-------------------------------------------------
results
Water had the highest capillarity, followed by glycerine, olive oil, methylated spirits and acetone.
-------------------------------------------------
interpretation of data
Compared to the weak dipole-dipole forces of acetone – where the difference between the adhesion and cohesion forces were smaller and thus caused acetone to have the lowest capillarity - water had the highest capillarity, because of the strong hydrogen bonds and its high surface tension - which both contribute to the adhesion forces between the water molecules and the tube. This causes the upward force of the liquid at the edges and helps the liquid move up in the tube. Thus capillarity is related to surface tension. Olive oil had a high capillarity, which is unusual for being non-polar, but it is because of the long molecules of olive oil – which contributed to the adhesion forces being much greater than the cohesion forces, and thus allowing liquid to far up in tube.

-------------------------------------------------
Conclusion
My hypothesis was correct – water had the highest capillarity, and the capillarity did increase as the intermolecular forces and surface tension (thus adhesion forces) increased. The stronger the adhesion force, the greater the capillarity. Capillarity is also related to surface tension. Water travelled the greatest distance up the tube (having the strong hydrogen bonds) and acetone travelled up the least (having weak dipole-dipole forces). Olive oil travelled the great distance it did (for being non-polar) because of the long molecules it consists of - this enabled stronger adhesion forces and thus greater capillarity. Substances with stronger intermolecular forces will travel up further.
Thus stronger intermolecular forces, equals greater surface tension and that equals greater capillarity – because of the stronger adhesion forces.

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