...for Maximum Power Point Tracking for Photovoltaic Generators Advisor: Dr. Chokri, Belhadj Ahmed Mufti 200717070 Ahmad Al-Shammari 200736450 Abdullah Al-Shehri 200739630 Abdullah Al-Omran 200832100 Abdulillah Al-Saaedi 200832820 15th of December, 2012 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to express our gratitude towards all the people who have contributed their precious time and efforts to help us in completing this project. We would like to thank Dr. Chokri Belhaj Ahmed, our Project Supervisor for his guidance, support, motivation and encouragement throughout the period of this project. We would like to thank Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein Ahmed, for his precious time and efforts to help us in completing this project. We would also like to thank the Department of Electrical Engineering for providing us with a good environment, facilities and the equipment to complete this project. We are also grateful to the lab technician Mr. Edmana Abbas for support and help. ABSTRACT Solar energy has become an alternative source of energy. Several researches have been focused on the photovoltaic (PV) systems efficiency development and the availability of this technology. Today, PV power generation has gained more consequence due to its numerous advantages such as fuel free, no maintenance and environmentally green. This report gives a smart approach for the improvement of the PV control performances. Photovoltaic systems normally use a maximum power...
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...electrical energy consumption have made power crisis one of the gravest national problems in the developing countries like Nigeria. Excessive demand of power is always difficult to meet and as a result national economy is being hampered severely due to this deregulation of electricity. Alternative power sources that can deliver output currents in absence of grid supply are now automatic choices in home grid-connected system. In urban areas, IPS (Instant Power Supply) system is being used massively to cope up with load shedding. Increasing interest and investment in renewable energy give rise to rapid development of high penetration solar energy. There are multiple ways to interface PV arrays with the power grid. Solar energy has become a promising alternative source because it has many advantages such as abundance, pollution free and renewability. The solar photovoltaic (PV) power will play an important role in alleviating the energy crisis and reducing the environmental pollution and has a bright prospect of applications. Due to the nonlinear relationship between the current and the voltage of the photovoltaic cell, it can be observed that there is a unique maximum power point (MPP) at a particular environment, and this peak power point keeps changing with solar illumination and ambient temperature. In recent years, a large number of techniques have been proposed for maximum power point tracking (MPPT), such as the constant voltage tracking (CVT), the incremental conductance (INC)...
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...cost, abundant, limits less, distributed all over the world, pollution free, and require little maintenance. Maximizing power output from a solar system is desirable to increase efficiency and in order to maximize power output from the solar panels, one need to keep the panels aligned with the sun. As such, a means of tracking the sun is required. Efficient collection of maximum solar irradiance (MSI) on a flat plate type photovoltaic solar panels or a cylindrical parabolic solar reflector requires adjustments of two parameters of the energy collecting surface namely the angle of Azimuth, and the angle of tilt, of the surface to be illuminated. As the elevation angle of the sun remains almost invariant in a month and varies little (latitude + 100) in a year, there is no need for automatic adjustment of the tilt angle. Everyday, the sun rises in the east, moves across the sky and sets in the west. If one could get a solar panel to turn and look at the sun all day hours, then it could receive the maximum amount of sunlight possible and convert it into the more useful energy (electricity). The current of the solar module is very sensitive to the Isolation of the sun. Small tilt in the solar module makes the current drop rapidly. It has been estimated that the yield from solar panels can be increases by 30 to 60 percent by utilizing a single axes tracking system instead of a stationary array. This is a far more cost effective solution than purchasing additional solar panels...
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...T.C. BAHÇEŞEHİR UNIVERSITY VISION BASED TARGET TRACKING CONTROLLED SENTRY Capstone Project Fikret Taygun Duvan İSTANBUL, 2011 T.C. BAHÇEŞEHİR UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF MECATRONICS ENGINEERING VISION BASED TARGET TRACKING CONTROLLED SENTRY Capstone Project Fikret Taygun Duvan Advisor: Dr. Khalid Abidi İSTANBUL, 2010 T.C. BAHÇEŞEHİR UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF MECATRONICS ENGINEERING Name of the project: Vision Based Target Tracking Controlled Sentry Name/Last Name of the Student: Fikret Taygun Duvan Date of Thesis Defense: 23/01/2011 I hereby state that the graduation project prepared by Your Name (Title Format) has been completed under my supervision. I accept this work as a “Graduation Project”. Dr. Khalid ABIDI I hereby state that I have examined this graduation project by Your Name (Title Format) which is accepted by his supervisor. This work is acceptable as a graduation project and the student is eligible to take the graduation project examination. Asst. Prof. Yalçın Çekiç Head of the Department of Mechatronics Engineering We hereby state that we have held the graduation examination of Your Name and agree that the student has satisfied all requirements. THE EXAMINATION COMMITTEE Committee Member 1. Khalid ABIDI 2. ………………………….. 3. ………………………….. Signature ……………………….. ……………………….. ……………………….. ACADEMIC HONESTY PLEDGE In keeping with Bahçeşehir University Student Code of...
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...Easily tracking up to 500 complete readings, the Blood Pressure Monitor by Vive Precision allows precise readings to be taken at home or on the go. It provides instant feedback on blood pressure levels and irregular heart beats on an easy-to-read, backlit display screen. Features: 4-6 Bullet Points ACCURATE READING Rigorous testing ensures accuracy on every device. INSTANT ALERTS Detects and alerts individuals of irregular heartbeats. FUNCTIONAL DISPLAY Large display screen displays blood pressure reading, date and time. It is also backlit for easy reading. MAXIMUM MEMORY Stores 500 complete blood pressure readings, up to 250 per individual user. MULTI USER CAPABILITY Blood pressure monitor will separately track two individual users. FLEXIBLE CUFF...
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...SELF NAVIGATING AUTONOMOUS BOT Major-Project Report by Arjun Surendran B080001EC Deepak Venga B080027EC Nandu Raj B080585EC Priyanka G Das B080312EC Sanjay George B080270EC Under the guidance of Dr. S. M. SAMEER Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Technology In ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CALICUT Kerala, India April 2012 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CALICUT DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING CERTIFICATE This is to certify that this report titled SELF NAVIGATING AUTONOMOUS BOT is a bona fide record of the major-project done by Arjun Surendran Deepak Venga Nandu Raj Priyanka G Das Sanjay George B080001EC B080027EC B080585EC B080312EC B080270EC In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering from National Institute of Technology, Calicut. Dr. S. M. Sameer (Project Advisor) Assistant Professor Dr. P S Sathidevi Professor & Head April 2012 NIT Calicut i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to thank Dr. S. M. Sameer, Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering for his guidance and inspiration in helping us complete this project. We are also grateful to Dr. P S Sathidevi, Professor and Head, Department of Electronics and Communication...
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...engineering and technology students to have an understanding and appreciation of the technologies associated with renewable energy. One of the most popular renewable energy sources is solar energy. Many researches were conducted to develop some methods to increase the efficiency of Photo Voltaic systems (solar panels). One such method is to employ a solar panel tracking system. This project deals with a microcontroller based solar panel is always able to maintain a perpendicular profile to the sun’s rays. Development of solar panel tracking systems has been ongoing for several years now. As the sun moves across the sky during the day, it is advantageous to have the solar panels track the location of the sun, such that the panels are always perpendicular to the solar energy radiated by the sun. This will tend to maximize the amount of power absorbed by the PV systems. It has been estimated that the use of a tracking system, over a fixed system, can increase the power output by 30%-60%. The increase is significant enough to make tracking a viable preposition despite of the enhancement in system cost. It is possible to align the tracking heliostat normal to sun using electronic control by a microcontroller. Fig 1.1(b) Working of Solar Energy System Solar energy is the energy force that sustains life on earth for all plants, animals, and people. It provides a compelling solution for all the societies to meet their needs for clean, abundant sources of energy in the future. The...
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...non-contact (Wireless) use of radio-frequency from transferring data, for an automated identifying and tracking. These tags may require no battery and can be read at short ranges via magnetic fields. Others use a local power source and emit radio waves. A tag contains electronically stored information which may be read from a distance. Different than a bar code that needs to be in sight. RFID can be used in 1. RFID tag attached to a car during production to track its process through the assembly line. 2. Medicines can be tracked at warehouses. 3. Livestock 4. RFID tags can be attached to clothing, possessions and implanted within people 5. Tracking of goods 6. Tracking of persons and animals 7. Toll collection and contactless payment 8. Machine readable travel documents 9. Tracking authenticity 10. Airport baggage tracking How RFIDS improve efficiency in an operation environment RFID offers advantages over manual systems or use of bar codes. The tag can be read even if it is not visible. Tags can be read inside any container unlike barcodes. The main point where RFID will benefit is the supply chain sector. This technology can improve the effect and visibility; it can cut administrative costs, enhance utilization of the product, and reduce shrinkage, counterfeiting and increase sales but avoiding out of stocks Benefit towards the operation of the business Tracking of Products Businesses can track products at all times. They can also keep an eye on what’s is...
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...Solar panel refers to a panel designed to absorb the sun's rays as a source of energy for generating electricity or heating. A photovoltaic (in short PV) module is a packaged, connected assembly of typically 6×10 solar cells. Solar Photovoltaic panels constitute the solar array of a photovoltaic system that generates and supplies solar electricity in commercial and residential applications. Each module is rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions, and typically ranges from 100 to 365 watts. The efficiency of a module determines the area of a module given the same rated output – an 8% efficient 230 watt module will have twice the area of a 16% efficient 230 watt module. There are a few solar panels available that are exceeding 19% efficiency. A single solar module can produce only a limited amount of power; most installations contain multiple modules. A photovoltaic system typically includes a panel or an array of solar modules, a solar inverter, and sometimes a battery and/or solar tracker and interconnection wiring. The price of solar power, together with batteries for storage, has continued to fall so that in many countries it is cheaper than ordinary fossil fuel electricity from the grid (there is "grid parity"). For example in 2015, an average home in Europe or the US could use around 3,000 kilowatt-hour (kWh) in electricity each year. Twelve 280 watt solar PV modules (each generating 250 kWh annually) would generate at least 3,000 kWh each year, even in a cloudy...
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...2. What are the main telecommunications transmission media and types of networks? Name the different types of physical transmissions media and compare them in terms of speed and cost? Twisted wire consists of strands of copper wire twisted in pairs and is the oldest transmission medium. Many telephone systems had twisted wires installed for analog communication but can also be used for digital. The twisted wires used in today’s LANs, such as CAT5, can obtain speeds up to 1 Gbps but is limited to a maximum run of 100 meters. Coaxial cable consists of thickly insulated copper wire that can transmit a larger volume of data than that of twisted wire. Coax was used in early LANs and is still used for longer runs on larger buildings. Coax has a maximum speed of up to 1 Gbps. Fiber-optic cable has bound strands of clear glass fiber – each one the thickness of human hair. Data is transformed into pulses of light that are then sent through the cable by a laser device at rates varying from 500 Kbps to several trillion bits per second. Fiber-optic is considerably faster, lighter, and durable that wire media and well suited to systems requiring transfers of large volumes of data. But it is more expensive and harder to install than other physical media. Define a LAN, and describe its components and the functions of each component. LAN is a local area networks connect PCs and other digital devices together within a 500-meter radius and used for many corporate computing tasks...
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...semiconductor material. CSP (concentrating solar power) on the other hand, concentrate energy from sunlight to a heat receiver which transforms energy from heat into mechanical energy, and in turn, solar thermal electricity. Converting Sunlight into Electricity Light striking a silicon semiconductor causes electrons to flow, creating electricity. Solar power generating systems take advantage of this property to convert sunlight directly into electrical energy. Solar panels (also called “solar modulesE produce direct current (DC), which goes through a power inverter to become alternating current (AC) — electricity that we can use in the home or office, like that supplied by a utility power company. There are two types of solar power generating systems: grid-connected systems, which are connected to the commercial power infrastructure; and stand-alone systems, which feed electricity to a facility for immediate use, or to a battery for storage. Grid-connected systems are used for homes, public facilities such as schools and hospitals, and commercial facilities such as offices and shopping centers. Electricity generated during the daytime can be used right away, and in some cases surplus electricity can be sold to the utility power company. If the system doesn’t generate enough electricity, or generates none at all (for example, on a cloudy or rainy day, or at night) electricity is purchased from the utility power company. Power production levels and surplus selling can be...
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...steps. In step one the length and intensity of the high intensity interval is determined. To improve VO2 max high intensity intervals should be performed at an intensity of roughly 90% of the subjects VO2 max, and the length of each high intensity period should be roughly 75% of the maximum amount of time the subject could last before fatiguing. In step two the length and intensity of the rest interval is determined. This interval varies depending on the subjects fitness level,...
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...------------------------------------------------- Negotiation project Seller November 24, 2013 giang hoang Arkansas State University – Fall 2013 November 24, 2013 giang hoang Arkansas State University – Fall 2013 Preparation 1. Explain your negotiation framework regarding price; i.e., what were your minimum – target – maximum and how did you arrive at those numbers? Our potential customer is ASU Cosmetics. It is opening a distribution center in Jonesboro, Arkansas. This company has a manufacturing plant in San Francisco and one in Clinton, CT. Now, they need a carrier to handle finished goods freight between Jonesboro and San Francisco. In addition, they also have a supplier in Saint Louis that ships components to the plant in San Francisco. Thus, if we can negotiate the business for both the headhaul and backhaul trips, we will pick up components at Saint Louis, run to San Francisco, unload components at the manufacturing plant, then pick up finished good and handle finished goods freight to Jonesboro and unload them at distribution center. Typical prices being charged in the lanes being served from $1.85 to $2.15 per mile, with the higher rates being related to higher on – time service performance. Thus, our maximum price will be $2.15 per mile. In addition, if we can find a backhaul in the Jonesboro area to cover our out-of-pocket costs on the return trip, our price will drop to $1.78 for the round trip. Thus, our minimum price will be $1.78. Our target price is $2.00 per mile for the round trip. Negotiation’s...
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...SRAAC-GPS Aniruddhasayali,siddhesh 24-03-2014 Smart Run-off Accident Avoidance Using Co-ordinates from GPS SRAAC-GPS ANIRUDDHA SAYALI SIDDHESH A thesis presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Electronics And Telecommunication Engineering Finolex Academy Of Management And Technology Ratnagiri, Maharashtra Date ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We hereby acknowledge those who have imparted their valuable time, energy, intellect and efforts for the timely completion of our project Smart Runoff Accident Avoidance using Coordinates from GPS (SRAAC-GPS). We express our sincere gratitude towards our guide Prof.S.R.Nalage , whose systematic and positive approach towards the progress of this project throughout the year has led to its successful and timely completion. We would like to thank him for his valuable suggestions and the efforts he has taken for the same. We are also grateful to Prof.G.S.Kulkarni (Head of the Department, Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering) for allowing us to use all the available facilities in the department necessary for the project. We would also like to thank all the faculty members and staff for extending their helping hand whenever needed. We are indebted to laboratory supervisors Mr. Pardule and Mr. Biradar for their immense help in the project work. Last but not the least, we are grateful to all our colleagues and friends for their constant support, constructive criticism and encouragement 1. Bavdhankar...
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...2. One of the most popular TV Shows in America, Wheel of Fortune, has been around for a while, but it is still a very popular show. What is unique about this show is the fact that letters play a bigger role than anything else. In the bonus round of the show, contestants are automatically given the letters R, S, T, L, N, E because back when the show was started, early contestants mostly chose those letters. This is case with my data as well. As you can see on the data table, the most common letters from the article are R, S, T, L, N and E. Today, the contestants are given additional 3 consonants and an additional vowel. If I was a contestant in the show, I would choose G, H, M as my consonants since they are the mostly used consonants after R, S, T, L, N and E in my data. Letter | Frequency | Relative Frequency | A | 122 | 8.5% | B | 23 | 1.6% | C | 51 | 3.6% | D | 46 | 3.2% | E | 193 | 13.4% | F | 24 | 1.7% | G | 57 | 4.0% | H | 65 | 4.5% | I | 129 | 9.0% | J | 4 | 0.3% | K | 17 | 1.2% | L | 61 | 4.2% | M | 32 | 2.2% | N | 126 | 8.8% | O | 11 | 0.8% | P | 26 | 1.8% | Q | 2 | 0.1% | R | 87 | 6.1% | S | 113 | 7.9% | T | 133 | 9.3% | U | 41 | 2.9% | V | 15 | 1.0% | W | 25 | 1.7% | X | 2 | 0.1% | Y | 31 | 2.2% | Z | 0 | 0.0% | 3. Looking at the stem-and-leaf plot, it is obvious there is a big difference between some of the letters. The percentage of relative frequency for the letters ranges from 0% to 13.4% meaning that while...
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