...COLLECTION The purpose of the study is to define the gestational age as term or preterm depending on gestational week, as determined by the last menstrual period and ultrasound. The statistical information were gathered from medical records of a clinic, it is uncertain the determination of gestational age through ultrasound was indicated and who measured date or obtained medical record report, it is very pertinent to know who obtained the data report and its preciseness and correctness of information is important. QUANTATIVE ANALYSIS Ickovics et al 2003 utilize both descriptive and inferential statistics to scrutinize the data, the reason for the study was to evaluate the difference among the two groups, for the inferential statistics the McNemar test was used, which was suitable for the degree of enquiry due to the matched group, the Cohort design was also implemented as they intended to quantify between groups. Also as relates to the variables outcome. (Polit & Beck 2008). The paired T test was also proper for the study due to the fact its purpose is to test the differences among the two groups that are either paired or matched on the essence of the characteristics. The F test was also implemented, it occurs as the test used when apply multiple linear regression as this F statistics has been utilized while stipulating the influence between birth weight and preterm delivery (p1054). The purpose of linear regression is to describe the amount of the outcome variable is distinct...
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...The wars of Louis XIV Ethan McNemar 20/11/13 p.7 * Dutch War: a war fought by France, Sweden, the Prince-Bishopric of Münster, the Archbishopric of Cologne and England against the Dutch Republic, which was later joined by the Austrian Habsburg lands, Brandenburg and Spain to form a quadruple alliance. The war ended with the Treaty of Nijmegen of 1678, which granted France control of the Franche-Comté and some cities in Flanders and Hainaut, all formerly controlled by Spain. The year 1672 in Dutch is often referred to as Het Rampjaar, meaning the year of disaster. * Treaty of Nijmegan: a series of treaties signed in the Dutch city of Nijmegen between August 1678 and December 1679. The treaties ended various interconnected wars among France, the Dutch Republic, Spain, Brandenburg, Sweden, Denmark, the Prince-Bishopric of Münster, and the Holy Roman Empire. The most significant of the treaties was the first, which established peace between France and the Dutch Republic, and placed the northern border of France in very nearly its modern position. * War of the league of Augsburg (which is the Nine Years’ War): a major war of the late 17th century fought between King Louis XIV of France, and a European-wide coalition, the Grand Alliance, led by the Anglo-Dutch Stadtholder-King William III, Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I, King Charles II of Spain, Victor Amadeus II of Savoy, and the major and minor princes of the Holy Roman Empire. The Nine Years' War was fought primarily...
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...Two persistent critiques of quantitative experimentalism are (a) the lack of isomorphism between its measures and "reality" and (b) its failure thus far to produce "truths" useful to educational practice. These critiques have long been commented on. As early as 1918, B. R. Buckingham wrote: We may labor ingeniously at our analyses of results and may bring from afar the most potent methods which statistical theory has evolved, but we shall accomplish little if our instruments are as grossly defective as some of those which are now being employed appear to be. (p. 132) Buckingham's concern continues to be echoed by contemporary researchers: If multiple independent anecdotes are to be trusted, the computers too often have been processing in stolid seriousness worthless data produced by children who were staging mass boycotts, or deliberately sabotaging the process or making jokes out of their answers. Anecdotes of similar scandals are available for questionnaires, attitude scales and interviews. (Campbell, 1978) Too often, then, the link between results and "reality" is assumed rather than systematically investigated. Consequently, the empirical bases of educational practice are too frequently half-truths and pure fictions. BASIC PROBLEMS We quite agree with the first critique, that quantitative concepts are not isomorphic with quantitative measures. As Bateson (1980, p. 133) noted, "I can, in a sense, see the dog discriminate, but I cannot possibly see his 'discrimination...
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...This workshop is a follow-up of the workshop in which you developed your proposal. Now you have the major task ahead of fully analysing the data you brought with you from the field and writing your research report. The report should contain feasible and useful recommendations, based on the findings of your study concerning how to solve the problem investigated. As in the first workshop there will be presentations, group work sessions and a few plenaries. In this workshop, however, group work will take up most of the time. The presentations will be concentrated in the first week, which will be devoted to data analysis. The second week will be fully reserved for report writing, with only two presentations to guide you. Toward the end of that week an important plenary is planned in which each group will present a summary of its main findings and recommendations. A selected group of policy-makers and health managers who requested the study or have a direct interest in the topic and some interested researchers will be invited to comment on your presentation during that plenary. The modules for this workshop cover several major tasks, which are schematically presented in the diagram on the next page of this module. This diagram is presented again at the beginning of each subsequent module, to indicate which task is the focus of the presentation. We will now briefly introduce each of these tasks. Although we trust that all groups have put great effort in the processing...
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...Part 1: Introductory Section A.) The purpose of this study is to discover the development of identities in the late 20’s to conduct research about a phenomenon that is developing identities after identity commitments. This study is to provide an explanation as to why adults in their late twenties approach changing life conditions. B. C. c. The three related research questions mentioned in this article are 1. 1. What patterns of identity status change and stability may be seen in the late twenties? 2. 2. How do the identity narratives of individuals with established identity commitments and stable identity statues develop overtime? 3. 3. How is the identity development of individuals repeatedly assigned to identity achievement different from that of individuals repeatedly assigned to foreclosure? Part 2: Method a. a. The Gothenburg Longitudinal study of development used a population of 144 1 to 2-yearold children. 75% of the families agreed to participate. These families came from a variety of different backgrounds. As a result, there were a total of 124 participants who participated in the process of research. The participants were recruited from the waiting lists for public child care in different areas of Gothenburg. b. b. The data collected for this study was done most at the University of Gothenburg. At both age 25 to 29, participants were contacted by telephone to schedule an interview at the University. At age...
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...The Reality of Quick Response (QR) in the Japanese Fashion Sector and the Strategy Ahead for the Domestic SME Apparel Manufacturers Nobby (Nobukaza) Azuma School of Management Heriot-Watt University UK E-mail: nobukaza@aol.com N.Azuma@hw.ac.uk Fax: +44-(0) 131-451-3498 Abstract Quick Response (QR) has long been perceived as the essential survival strategy of the textile and apparel (T-A) manufacturers in the developed economies against offshore competition. However, the regionalization of global economies and active governmental investment in the T-A industry in the offshore countries has allowed the offshore QR to become increasingly feasible. This changing facet of QR may spell out more lucrative opportunities for Japanese "apparel firms", which have predominantly in-house creative and marketing functions, to widen the scope and the scale of their fashion business operations, since the economic upgrading in the Pacific Rim will create a huge consumer market that shares similar fashion trends as in the Japanese market. However, the apparel firms' production shift offshore has, on the other hand, threatened the existence of the domestic SME apparel manufacturers that have traditionally served their apparel firms customers, now that QR is no longer the sustainable competitive advantage of domestic manufacturing. The purpose of this paper is to explore the levels of QR implementation, identifying the potential pitfalls and drawbacks of the current QR initiatives in the Japanese...
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...Running Head: BREAST SELF-EXAMINATION Nursing student perceptions and incidence of performing breast self-examinations related to educational level in a baccalaureate nursing program Teresa Fulton Erin Kane Lisa Travers Caitlin Van Brunt Nursing of Department The University of Scranton Intro/Lit review: Cancer is one of the most pervasive diseases in the world today. Breast cancer is the second most common cancer among women, second to skin cancer. According to the American Cancer Society (2008), it is estimated that 182, 460 women will be diagnosed with breast cancer in the year 2008. However, the incidence of breast cancer is decreasing which may be attributed to earlier detection and improved treatment (American Cancer Society [ACS].) Methods of detection include clinical breast examination, self breast examination and mammography. Breast self-examination (BSE) allows for a woman to be aware of the regular look and feel of her breasts using a systematic approach and to consequently detect any changes in breast tissue (Budden, 1999, p. 431.) Breast self-examination is a methodical palpation of breasts to detect signs of breast cancer or detect changes in breast tissue; figure ___ depicts the process of BSE (Lowdermilk, 2007, p. 93-94.) Breast self-examinations should be performed monthly, 1 week after menstruating, because breasts are non-tender and not swollen, or on the same day each month if a regular period is not applicable (Lowdermilk, 2007, p. 94.) Early...
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...1 CATEGORICAL DATA ANALYSIS, 3rd edition Solutions to Selected Exercises Alan Agresti Version August 3, 2012, c Alan Agresti 2012 This file contains solutions and hints to solutions for some of the exercises in Categorical Data Analysis, third edition, by Alan Agresti (John Wiley, & Sons, 2012). The solutions given are partly those that are also available at the website www.stat.ufl.edu/~ aa/ cda2/cda.html for many of the odd-numbered exercises in the second edition of the book (some of which are now even-numbered). I intend to expand the document with additional solutions, when I have time. Please report errors in these solutions to the author (Department of Statistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-8545, e-mail AA@STAT.UFL.EDU), so they can be corrected in future revisions of this site. The author regrets that he cannot provide students with more detailed solutions or with solutions of other exercises not in this file. Chapter 1 1. a. nominal, b. ordinal, c. interval, d. nominal, e. ordinal, f. nominal, 3. π varies from batch to batch, so the counts come from a mixture of binomials rather than a single bin(n, π). Var(Y ) = E[Var(Y | π)] + Var[E(Y | π)] > E[Var(Y | π)] = E[nπ(1 − π)]. 7. a. ℓ(π) = π 20 , so it is not close to quadratic. b. π = 1.0. Wald statistic z = (1.0−.5)/ 1.0(0)/20 = ∞. Wald CI is 1.0 ±1.96 1.0(0)/20 = ˆ 1.0 ± 0.0, or (1.0, 1.0). These are not sensible. c. z = (1.0 − .5)/ .5(.5)/20 = 4.47, P < 0.0001. Score...
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...Which statement is NOT true concerning the t distribution? Select one: a. Compared to the normal distribution, the t distribution has more area in the tails and less in the center. b. As the number of degrees of freedom increases, the t distribution approaches the normal distribution. Incorrect c. The t distributions are skewed to the left. d. The population variance is unknown and is estimated by the sample variance s2. e. As the sample size increases beyond 120, the t and Z distributions are indistinguishable. Feedback The correct answer is: The t distributions are skewed to the left. Question 2 Incorrect Mark 0 out of 1 Not flaggedFlag question Question text Which of the following involves a test of two-independent samples? Select one: a. Test of differences in the percent of men and women who are or are not members of Greek organizations on campus b. Test of the average incomes of magazine subscribers of Southern Living verses Better Homes and Gardens c. Test of whether the mean salary of professors at Metro University is higher than the national average for university professors Incorrect d. Test of whether a change occurred in the likelihood of heart disease among people who switched to a diet high in fish e. Test of differences in ad recall among three experimental groups (each of which saw a different advertisement) and a control group Feedback The correct answer is: Test of the average incomes of magazine subscribers of Southern Living verses Better...
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...STATISTICAL GLOSSARY −−2 log likelihood (ratio) test: Used in logistic regression, it is a form of chi-square test which compares the goodness of-fit of two models where one model is a part of (i.e. nested or a subset of) the other model. The chi-square is the difference in the –2 log likelihood values for the two models. A priori test: A test of the difference between two groups of scores when this comparison has been planned ignorant of the actual data. This contrasts with a post hoc test which is carried out after the data have been collected and which has no particularly strong expectations about the outcome. Adjusted mean: A mean score when the influence of one or more covariates has been removed especially in analysis of covariance. Alpha level: The level of risk that the researcher is prepared to mistakenly accept the hypothesis on the basis of the available data. Typically this is set at a maximum of 5% or .05 and is, of course, otherwise referred to as the level of significance. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA): A variant of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) in which scores on the dependent variable are adjusted to take into account (control) a covariate(s). For example, differences between conditions of an experiment at pre-test can be controlled for. Analysis of variance (ANOVA): An extensive group of tests of significance which compare means on a dependent variable. There may be one or more independent (grouping) variables or factors. ANOVA is essential in the analysis...
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...Capstone Project Abstract Background Hand washing and hand hygiene are consider to be the number one, cheap essential measure of preventing and controlling spread of hospital acquired infections (HAIs). Hand washing and hygiene can significantly reduce the burden of disease, in particular in hospitalized patient Unfortunately compliance to hand hygiene recommended standard procedures by the health care workers (HCWs) has been unacceptably poor. In order to design education program, identification of several risk factors associated with poor hand hygiene (HH) compliance is of extreme importance. Objective: The purpose of this study is to implement a hand hygiene program for increase compliance with hand hygiene among health care worker in 97 beds hospital. The key target for compliance to HH is not only health-care workers but also policy-makers and organizational leaders and managers. Methods.: Compliance to hand hygiene will be evaluated through direct observation of HCWs ,to helps pinpoint areas of strength or weaknesses in HH behavior, so as to develop training program that will help HCWs to complaint with HH . Evaluation will be based on direct observation and survey audit, observing the HCWs during routine patient care to ensure that hands hygiene are performed before and after getting in contact with patient and patient environment. In addition, survey audit based on the HCWs perception, knowledge and attitude...
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...Chapter 10: Comparing Two Groups Bivariate Analysis: Methods for comparing two groups are special cases of bivariate statistical methods – Two variables exist: Response variable – outcome variable on which comparisons are made Explanatory variable – binary variable that specifies the groups Statistical methods analyze how the outcome on the response variable depends on or is explained by the value of the explanatory variable Independent Samples: Most comparisons of groups use independent samples from the groups, The observations in one sample are independent of those in the other sample Example: Randomized experiments that randomly allocate subjects to two treatments Example: An observational study that separates subjects into groups according to their value for an explanatory variable Dependent samples: Dependent samples result when the data are matched pairs – each subject in one sample is matched with a subject in the other sample Example: set of married couples, the men being in one sample and the women in the other. Example: Each subject is observed at two times, so the two samples have the same subject Categorical response variable: For a categorical response variable - Inferences compare groups in terms of their population proportions in a particular category - We can compare the groups by the difference in their population proportions: (p1 – p2) Example: Experiment: Subjects were 22,071 male physicians Every other day for five years, study participants...
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...Marketing strategy effectiveness in Nigerian banks Abstract: Motivated by the substantial changes in the Nigerian banking industry, a survey research was designed to assess the effectiveness of the marketing strategies used by Nigerian banks to cope with the changes in the industry. Overall results from the study show encouraging levels of effectiveness in many dimensions of composite marketing strategies. The findings were discussed along the relevant dimensions of the research, and managerial recommendations were made for efficient and effective marketing strategies in Nigerian banks. Subject: Sales management (Social aspects) Sales management (Political aspects) Goal setting (Social aspects) Goal setting (Political aspects) Public relations agencies (International marketing) Public relations agencies (Political activity) Public relations agencies (International trade) Public relations agencies (Social aspects) Public relations agencies (Political aspects) Marketing (Social aspects) Marketing (Political aspects) Liquidity (Finance) (Social aspects) Liquidity (Finance) (Political aspects) Decision-making (Social aspects) Decision-making (Political aspects) Marketing executives (Surveys) Marketing executives (Political activity) Marketing executives (Social aspects) Marketing executives (Political aspects) Distribution channels (Political aspects) Distribution channels (Social aspects) Marketing research (Social aspects) Marketing research (Political...
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...Literature search: Students' sleep problems and school management SHEU : nationally-recognised, since 1977, as the specialist provider of reliable local survey data for schools and colleges SHEU Literature search MORE LITERATURE SEARCHES Students' Sleep Problems SHEU has provided a literature search resource about young people, sleep problems and school management Thanks to Zotero and Jason Priem Last updated September 2012 - - - - - see also SHEU search "sleep" http://sheu.org.uk School management of students with a lack of sleep Type Journal Article Author Editorial Publication Education and Health Volume 30 Issue 3 Page 56 Date 2012 URL http://sheu.org.uk/x/eh303ed1.pdf Sleepless in America: School start times Type Journal Article Author Editorial Publication Education and Health Volume 30 Issue 3 Page 57 Date 2012 URL http://sheu.org.uk/sites/sheu.org.uk/files/imagepicker/1/eh303ed2.pdf Ready, willing, and able? Sleep hygiene education, motivational interviewing and cognitive behaviour therapy for insomnia in an Australian high school setting Type Journal Article Author Neralie Cain Abstract Cognitive behaviour therapy for insomnia is well-regarded as an effective treatment for insomnia in adults. Previous studies also suggest that CBT-i can be successfully applied to adolescents experiencing insomnia and other sleep problems, which most commonly involve delayed sleep timing. The recommended...
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...PERCENTAGES: THE MOST USEFUL STATISTICS EVER INVENTED Thomas R. Knapp © 2010 "Eighty percent of success is showing up." - Woody Allen “Baseball is ninety percent mental and the other half is physical.” - Yogi Berra "Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration." - Thomas Edison Preface You know what a percentage is. 2 out of 4 is 50%. 3 is 25% of 12. Etc. But do you know enough about percentages? Is a percentage the same thing as a fraction or a proportion? Should we take the difference between two percentages or their ratio? If their ratio, which percentage goes in the numerator and which goes in the denominator? Does it matter? What do we mean by something being statistically significant at the 5% level? What is a 95% confidence interval? Those questions, and much more, are what this book is all about. In his fine article regarding nominal and ordinal bivariate statistics, Buchanan (1974) provided several criteria for a good statistic, and concluded: “The percentage is the most useful statistic ever invented…” (p. 629). I agree, and thus my choice for the title of this book. In the ten chapters that follow, I hope to convince you of the defensibility of that claim. The first chapter is on basic concepts (what a percentage is, how it differs from a fraction and a proportion, what sorts of percentage calculations are useful in statistics...
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