...The Meaning of Identity: A Brief History The term identity as the dictionary defines it today is almost as new as the sciences devoted to studying it. The definition of the word identity has undergone several transformations since it was first used by European philosophers emerging from the Dark Ages. It wouldn’t be until 1950 that the word would undergo its final stage, the one seen used in psychology textbooks across the world. Erik Erikson’s eight stages of the life cycle gave us its modern meaning. The way the term identity has been used by philosophers in the past has given it definite significance and seriousness. Despite this, its use in relation to the individuality of a person was very casual and lacked depth. Only recently has the term identity come to represent an analytical psychological concept (Gleason, 1983). Before modern social sciences evolved, the term identity was associated with philosophical thought and the ever-present questions about the mind-body connection and the nature of self. The root of the word identity is Latin in origin. The word is “idem” and it means “the same.” The word identity has been found in philosophical texts going back to 1690 with John Locke’s “Essay Concerning Human Understanding” (Gleason, 1983). The term seemed to be used only to describe “self” as the philosophers viewed it. The definition of identity that we have today did not come about until much later and when it did it gave much insight into issues that...
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...Arguments for & Against the Usage of the “N” Word When discussing the definition, effects, and the history behind the “N” word, it is interesting how this word has managed to change over time from having a descriptive meaning, to a negative connotation, and to a positive controversial meaning. That is why there are those who believe that the “N” word should and should not be used, and there are those that believe that only some (or the accepted ones) should use it in order to avoid conflicts. This essay will go over some of the argument against and in favor of the usage of the “N” word. Starting with arguments against, the older black gentlemen in the first couple of videos believe that using the word is reverting back into history (slavery, discrimination, and segregation) from an offensive use. In other words, why would you want to use the “N” word, when it was used to refer to blacks in a derogatory sense? Shouldn’t it be viewed offensively? It is understandable from their point of view because they actually lived and felt what it was like to be referred to with the “N” word, when the “N” word had a very derogatory and negative connotation. There are those, a black male and female from Stanford University, who believe that it can be used, but it should not be used so frequently in rap music. In other words, is kind of like using “S!@#T and B!@#H” all the time; is not about the meaning of the word in itself anymore, but the frequent usage of profanity in their lyrics. There is also...
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...1. Describe how Dr. Gotmann with colleagues arrive to predictions of what leads to successful/unsuccessful marriages. * Dr. Gotmann with his colleagues invited couples to their Love Lab where the couples were tested while being observed and analyzed. * First, they separately complete some questionnaires about their marriage. (questions about their financial problems, kids.) * After that, couples together with a researcher completed an oral history Interview. ( they were sharing the story of how they met) * The next step was the conflict discussion. (the heart rates, facial expressions, emotions were monitored) * The back stage was analyzing the results. * Dr. Gotmann met the couples and talked about the findings. 2. What Dr. Gotmann and his colleagues claim to be able to predict? By analyzing the video tapes recorded of the couples, the researchers are able to predict the relationship stability. 3. Describe the “master” and “disaster” of relationships (in details). Listen for the patterns of distructive communication (4 hourses of apocalypse) the “disaster” use that you’ve also read about. Master- the couples who are together, didn’t divorce and are pretty happy. They are very gentile with one another even during an argument, take responsibility for even a small part of a problem. Disaster- couples who broke apart or stay together but are unhappy. Are pointing their finger at their partner, are critical, are diagnosing their partner’s...
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...the relationship between social structures (class, symbolic systems, language, gender, etc.) and individuals. The struggles stem from our understanding of the world, society, and life experiences. Throughout history, what we know is primarily based on theories and knowledge created historically and predominately by men of certain nationalities and economic status. History, like society, has been male-dominated and culturally distinct theorizing and knowledge has excluded women and other groups from traditional theorizing and knowledge building methods. When used in research, methods, and action, such theories and understanding ignored...
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...(1) Informed interpretation (2) Legislative history Informed Interpretation 1 Historical settings of the statutes 2 Dictionaries and other literary sources. * Interpreting considering the all aids 3 Practice to construction 4 Contemporary exposition 5 Other statutes on the same subject ( Ex: consider the Bail Act with the criminal procedure Active ) | Legislative history * The history of the antecedents * Parliamentary materials * Pre –parliamentary materials * Treaties and International conventions Cross explained that plain meaning rule is the practice of the England. (clear meaning) | * It should be given the clear meaning of the statute unless the words are ambiguous and imprecise; that it is to say, as the normal user and understanding of the English language * Cross emphasized that if we can take the plain meaning of the statute; it is not essential to get the assistance of the legislative history. BUT * If there is a unclear and ambiguous meaning ; we have to get the assistance of the legislative history. | Parliamentary materials * The documents...
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...In the United States of America during the period of the Civil War, the flag of the South called the Confederate flag was a representation of a culture that the south was trying to preserve. After the war ended, with the south losing, the flag began to take on a controversial meaning due to the connection it had to slavery. The connection the Confederate flag had towards slavery in the past is why using it today, as a southern heritage symbol is controversial. Due to the nature of the meaning of the confederate flag and it connection to slavery during the civil war, its meaning becomes blurred when when it flies anywhere except a museum dedicated to the civil war. When it is displayed elsewhere, it begins to represent a reminder and celebration...
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...origin and how the words have altered throughout history; words are defined differently at an early point in history than what they are defined as now sometimes because of new technology that has been developed or new traditions that are used while older traditions are no longer noticed. These changes are unavoidable and unstoppable since words have continued to change and evolve since language first came into being. The Proof of these changes lies with words that are no longer in use and with words that have new meanings. An example of this is found with the word Hokey-Pokey; this word at one point in its etymology history meant something other than what Hokey-Pokey is defined as today. When thinking about the word Hokey-Pokey people normally think about the song, “You put your right foot in, you put your right foot out, you put your right foot in and you shake it all about…” (Hokey-Pokey). However, this song isn’t related to the original word use of the word Hokey-Pokey. This word has a history of “accusations of Plagiarisms” (Hokey-Pokey). This song was originally written by Jimmy Kennedy in 1942, but was originally called “cokey-cokey, the okey-cokey and the hokey-cokey” (Hokey-Pokey). It wasn’t until 1949 that Larry LaPrise was given credit for the United States version that used the name Hokey-Pokey; this is probably where the accusations of plagiarism came from (Hokey-Pokey). This proves how languages change throughout history, altering our view on words and their evolving...
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...Art history From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the academic discipline of art history. For an overview of the history of art worldwide, see History of art. For other uses, see Art history (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2011) Venus de Milo on display at the Louvre Art history has historically been understood as the academic study of objects of art in their historical development and stylistic contexts, i.e. genre, design, format, and style.[1] This includes the "major" arts of painting, sculpture, and architecture as well as the "minor" arts of ceramics, furniture, and other decorative objects. As a term, art history (also history of art) encompasses several methods of studying the visual arts; in common usage referring to works of art and architecture. Aspects of the discipline worms. As the art historian Ernst Gombrich once observed, "the field of art history [is] much like Caesar's Gaul, divided in three parts inhabited by three different, though not necessarily hostile tribes: (i) the connoisseurs, (ii) the critics, and (iii) the academic art historians".[2] As a discipline, art history is distinguished from art criticism, which is concerned with establishing a relative artistic value upon individual works with respect to others of...
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...Sauces 1. Béchamel a. Meaning- Béchamel is commonly known as a white cream sauce and is one of the mother sauces of French cuisine. Béchamel is also used in many Italian Cuisines like lasagna. b. History- The sauce is named after Marquis de Béchamel, the sauce is an improvement on and earlier sauce known as veloute with a large amount of cream added. c. Sister Sauce- A sister sauce of Béchamel is Mornay. 2. Espagnole d. Meaning- Espagnole starts with a very dark roux, then which seasonings, bones, mix of vegetables and veal stock are added. They then let the sauce reduce slowly and they then skim the sauce frequently. e. History- According to the story, the Spanish cooks Of Louis XIII bride, Anne, helped to prepare their wedding feast, and insisted upon improving the rich brown sauce of France with Spanish tomatos. f. Sister Sauce- Sauce Chasseur 3. Tomato g. Meaning- Tomato sauce is just a sauce made primarily from tomatoes and is used on meats and vegetables, but is more common on pasta dishes. Tomatoes have a rich flavor, high liquid content, very soft flesh which breaks down easily, and the right composition to thicken into a sauce when they are cooked h. History- The use of tomato sauce with pasta appears for the first time in the Italian cookbook L'Apicio moderno, by Roman chef Francesco Leonardi, edited in 1790. i. Sister Sauce- Marinara 4. Hollandaise j. Meaning- is an emulsion of egg yolk...
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...There is a dilemma over the practicality of history. Nietzsche, in his book “On the Advantage and Disadvantage of History for Life,” attempts to make history practical for the individual. It is the unhistorical in which Nietzsche explains how individuals overcome and prevent life from meaninglessness. It counters the factual science of the historical, in which there is meaninglessness and abundance of facts. In order to compensate for an abundance of meaningless historical facts, the unhistorical identifies those facts interpretively or subjectively creating meaning among historical facts. To find the correct balance between the unhistorical and the historical, plastic power acts as a scale to find equilibrium. Nietzsche explains that the unhistorical has three themes in which historical facts are interpreted; monumental antiquarian, and critical history. They serve to broaden or weaken an individual’s horizon. They are the antidote to historical fact. Nietzsche identifies monumental history as way to emphasize historical facts as having great significance. The significance of monumental history is imitation. It is composed of an achievement a nation, society, or individual has completed, and the result of the achievement is symbolically interpreted as something that is worth emulating. They become models or morals that are imitated. There are ‘great moments’ in time which encompass a “demand for monumental history” (Nietzsche, 15). Individual’s according to Nietzsche, strive...
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...antiquity nor their land size, but rather, for their passion in meaning. Philosophy: 1. Being of the Other (god) must be taken into account - No human being is self-created -Everyone, at some point finds his or her power limited 2. Hebrews refused to acknowledge God as having the these qualities (i) Prosaic: Its center is a being of awesome majesty (ii)Chaotic: coalesced in diving unity (iii)Amoral/ indifferent: its goodness was “from everlasting to everlasting” 3. Unlike the rest of the world, Judaism affirmed the world Opening chapter of Genesis concludes with God surveying his handiwork and finding it “very good” However desperate the situation, meaning was always waiting to be won Pressing for meaning in every direction, the Jews refused to abandon physical aspects of existence as illusory, defective and unimportant (unlike Buddhism) 4. Even though know the human self is limited and weak, they saw its unspeakable grandeur Moral weakness weighed heavier for the Jews “I was born guilty, a sinner when my mother conceived me” Sin comes from people forging their destinies through free decisions Jews believe that people are God’s beloved children 5. The Jews believed history is important. Reasons: (i) Context in which life is lived affects that life in every conceivable way (ii) If context is important so is collective action (iii)History was important as a field of opportunity (iv)History is important because the opportunities it offers are not on a...
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...put a lot of meaning into what they named things were the Native American Indians. All of the places, people, even animals they named were very symbolic, and had an important meaning. I feel as if in today’s world we don’t put as much thought into the things we name. Even when parents name their kids, some just slap a name on their forehead (not literally.) They don’t think about how they want their child to be raised, or they want them to become as an adult. My good friend was given a made up name when he was born because his father was drunk. To me that’s just cruel. For one thing, it would be rather hard for him to complete an essay like this, but also knowing your name which is a big part of you, has no real meaning. My name, Owen, was passed down 3 generations before me. I asked my father “why has our name been passed down this long? Why did you name me it?” he told me that his great grandfather was born into slavery and explained to me how he was not given a name until he was released and shipped to Jamaica. There, he was adopted at a young age into a family. The family said my great grandfather was a fighter; taking a lot of abuse and seeing a lot of negative things. Still at the end of the day, he was still smiling and loved to joke and laugh. “Owen” is a name that originated in the tribes of ancient North Wales. It is a patronymic of Owen, which is derived either from the ancient Celtic personal name Owain, adapted from the Latin "Eugenius,” meaning wellbeing. Owain...
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...Analyse the way in which history and memory generate compelling and unexpected insights. – Jake Cronin The interaction between history and memory is a complex and dialectic process through which perceptions of the past are negotiated, reinforced or challenged. Despite official history’s dependency on validating its claims through documented evidence, it must be acknowledged that it is not objective and remains vulnerable to distortion of those with political power or hegemony. Similarly, the subjective nature of memory allows for official history to be vulnerable to the bias of personal experience and differing perspectives. Furthermore, although official history and subjective memory both provide adequate insights into the past, it is through the consideration and combination of the two that compelling and unexpected insights into the past are generated. Paul Keating’s ‘The Redfern Address’ offers a reasonable challenge to the dominant historical narrative surrounding the European colonisation of Australia and their acts of social injustice in regards to Indigenous Australians. Similarly, Shaun Tan’s ‘Memorial’ explores Australia’s wartime history through the medium of a community’s personal experiences, perspectives and memories converging to form history, and illuminates the way in which history is dictated by those with political power. Through the dialectic interplay of history and meaning, compelling and unanticipated comprehensions of the past are generated and are...
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...new life without any persecution from any kind. My goal in this paper is to focus on the meanings for the statue of liberty which have changed over the time, and the countless roles in its 127-year history. I have organized my paper into two main sections, in the first one, we`re going to reflect on some of the various political and cultural meanings of the statue of liberty, in the second section I focus on the universal meanings of the statue as freedom, emancipation, and the national unity. Political and cultural meanings As the American civil war drew to close, in the summer of 1865, several French intellectuals were at a dinner party at the historian Edouard de Laboulaye`s mansion in Glatigny, Laboulaye was a French law...
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...fiction as she makes use of names, characters, and features of landscape that invite investigation of another, submerged level of meaning. This is not to say that any of Welty’s fiction is strictly allegorical—at least with respect to the traditional understanding of the form—but that Welty’s texts often teasingly beckon the reader to interpret the text allegorically and then complicate and frustrate the revelation of a singular second level of meaning. In this essay, I will examine how Welty incorporates many facets of allegory in her novel Losing Battles. As part of this investigation, I first provide a brief overview of allegory in order to develop a working concept for my argument. I then turn to John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress—one of the most widely read allegorical texts in all of literature—both to offer a paradigmatic example of traditional allegory and to allow an understanding of how Welty engages with Bunyan’s text. Then, after reviewing Welty’s personal familiarity with The Pilgrim’s Progress and identifying her allusions to it throughout her work, I turn my attention to Losing Battles. In focusing on Welty’s long novel, I scrutinize those features that allegorically beckon to the reader as I explore and seek to articulate how Welty’s technique suggests allegory but complicates the expected delivery of a second level of meaning. In examining the ways in which Losing Battles radically changes how Bunyan’s type of allegory operates, I suggest that Welty’s approach...
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