...Measles is an infectious viral disease typically occurring in childhood. Long ago, this disease caused great loss. Measles originated in the Middle East causing several outbreaks in schools and small communities. After being spread throughout the Middle East it eventually made it to parts of Europe and Asia. It was very easy for soldiers fighting in parts of Asia and the Middle East to bring the measles virus back home. The rapid spreading of measles throughout these parts of the world caused several epidemics and outbreaks. Epidemics have spread illness and death for centuries all around the world. The worst epidemics were during the renaissance and the middle ages. Epidemics during this time broke out frequently, and without warning. Europe...
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...Measles is a very contagious virus that has caused outbreaks over decades across the world. In the past six months, Minnesota has had one of the largest outbreaks in the United States. According to the CNN article, The United States had 70 confirmed Measles cases in the year 2016, Minnesota alone has 73 confirmed cases to date.1 This widespread preventable virus is infecting human’s due to the lack of vaccinations against Measles. Measles, also referred to as Rubeola, is caused by the Measles virus, a part of the Paramyxovirdiae family and Morbillivirus genus.3 This virus is contracted by human to human interaction through airborne droplets such as sneezing, coughing, and close contact.3 Measles is known to appear as a respiratory virus presenting...
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...life or death. Measles as a type of the epidemic viruses has specific movement inside the body. The symptoms of the measles appear regularly depending on the activation of the virus. Indeed, “The majority of people survive measles though in some cases, complications may occur” (1). In fact, there are three main cascade stages of the Measles pathways which begin from the incubations period till the complications of the Measles. First, the incubation period of the measles virus (MV) is the first behavior that virus takes. After the person infected with the Measles the incubation period immediately begins. The incubation period ranges from 7 to 21 days, and there is no signs or symptoms of measles during this time. The primary site of infection is the respiratory epithelium of the nasopharynx.Two to three days after invasion and replication in the respiratory epithelium and regional lymph nodes that “*primary viremia occurs with subsequent infection of the *reticuloendothelial system”(2). After that,...
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...however we are not yet sure how they are related. The “conspiracy theory” suggests that vaccine makers are withholding the truth about these vaccinations mainly the measles, mumps and rubella MMR. In London in 1998 a gastroenterologist named Andrew Wakefield published a study in a prestigious medical journal Lancet that linked the Measles, Mumps and Rubella (MMR) vaccine to autism in children. Mr. Wakefield’s ethics were questioned due to the manner in which he carried out his research. In a ruling, the General Medical Council, ruled that Wakefield acted dishonestly and irresponsibly during his research and had no regard to his human study subjects (Harrell, 2010). Mr. Wakefield carried out test such as colonoscopies and spinal taps; these tests are invasive and can have ill effects on children. Wakefield was also accused of paying children at his son’s birthday party to give blood. Mr. Wakefield also failed to mention that he was being paid by the lawyers representing the parents who thought their children were injured by the MMR shots (Harrell, 2010). Twelve years after the study was published The Lancet retracted the paper. A statement published in the British medical journal states that several elements of the paper it published by author Dr. Andrew Wakefield and his colleagues are incorrect. The original paper by Dr. Wakefield and his coauthors claimed to have studied a consecutive series of children. Each of these children were referred to the Royal Free Hospital and School...
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...adults but more importantly children. The choices parents make to immunizations is a questionable debate. For example small pox has been globally eradicated, while diseases such as, polio are virtually nonexistent. Other life-threatening conditions such as measles have been dramatically curtailed to the point where families no longer fear the drastic effects of it. But in the recent outbreak of the measles in Disneyland, one would question if parents are still getting their children vaccinated for the measles. Dr. Andrew Wakefield wrote a research paper in 1998 on how vaccinations specifically measles and MMR could give a child autism, since then the speculations have increased and parents are worrisome. This is where one is at a stance, to vaccinate or not. Measles and other what once were eradicated diseases should be a requirement since scientists have now shown there are no correlations with autism, prevent the disease from spreading to others, and humanity would benefit as a whole. The recent outbreak in the US of the measles have taken parents are taking more towards social media and reading on some ‘news’ of how some vaccinations can cause diseases one of the most common autism. The news went around that the measles vaccination could give the risk of autism, and was even credited by some doctors who later lost their license for providing false medical information. A case study in the British medical journal Lancet in 1998, in that study it was shown that the data was...
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...Katie Kostorowski Mrs. Stroup Honors Language Arts 14 March 2015 Protecting Society: One Shot at a Time Measles, a disease that once was thought to be practically extinct in America, is unfortunately again on the rise. In the year 2000, national leaders in the United States declared that measles had been eliminated within the country, however, from January 1, 2014 to August 29, 2014, there were 592 Measles cases in the United States (Koplowitz 1). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have attributed these cases to parents refusing to have their children vaccinated. Within the past two months, there have been 102 cases of measles reported in 14 states (Grady 1). Vaccinations have proven to be extremely effective. After receiving two doses of the measles vaccination, 97% of people are immune to this disease (“For Health Care Professionals” 2). It is completely unacceptable to have an outbreak of a disease that is almost completely preventable and was eliminated from the United States 15 years ago. In order to protect citizens against communicable diseases, it should be mandatory for almost everyone to receive vaccinations. There are two types of immunizations: active and passive. The more common of the two is the active immunization, which stimulates the body’s immune system to fabricate a defense against a disease-causing microorganism (“Immunization” 1). The first recorded active immunization was Edward Jenner’s use of the cowpox virus to produce immunity...
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...cried. Many people may have an experience like me. However vaccinations help us not to suffer from a certain health problem and lead to an advantageous response to infection. We have had many inoculations decades such as polio, measles, tetanus, diphtheria, etc. As a person of South Korea, I have had many vaccinations. It plays an important role in living healthy. Therefore, I think that all nations should be mandatory vaccinations because it would protect individual and the nation’s health. According to Health Affairs, a journal about healthcare and health policy, a vaccine was attempted for the first time by Edward Jenner who was a doctor from the United Kingdom in 1796. During this time, smallpox spread throughout the UK. Meanwhile Jenner discovered that ranch workers milking cows everyday didn’t catch well the disease. There was a disease, cowpox that is similar to smallpox but a weaker form. When a person contracted cowpox, he or she could endure well than a person who caught smallpox and wasn’t stricken with smallpox anymore. Inspired by this realization Jenner invented the smallpox vaccine after some experiments using cowpox virus. Since then the term ‘vaccine’ began to be used by Louis Pasteur who has been called “microbial father”....
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...Introduction Bronwyn visited the GP in regards to her 11-month year Old daughter’s measles, mumps and rubella’s immunization. As a Healthcare worker, Bronwyn is aware of the on going news about side effects of immunization, such as Autism. She also heard about the benefits of immunization. However, Bronwyn is confused whether she goes ahead and immunize her child or not. The purpose of this document is to investigate the effects and benefits of measles, mumps and rubella’s immunization through different literature. Different articles with different methods are going to be reviewed to identify if immunization is the cause of Autism in young children. Moreover, the question involved in this paper is, “What are the health benefits and risks associated with measles, mumps and rubella’s immunization among infants?” This question was formulated considering the PICO principal, which is used to portray information and to guide application of investigations into clinical practice. The principal consists of population, intervention, comparison and the outcome. In this instance P in the PICO (our patient or population) is the 11-month year old infant. The intervention is immunization (Adams, Newcomb, Smith & Withaeger, 2009) . Alternative term might include vaccination, protect, inoculate while immunization (I) can be referred to as vaccination, protect, inoculate. C in this instance is, not to immunize and O or outcome is to eliminate the chances of experiencing side effects of...
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...preservative thimerosal, which some think might still be present in MMR (Mumps, measles, rubella) shot but as of the 1900’s it has been removed. Research has been conducted on these issues and studies have shown vaccinations to be safe. In this publication from the American Academy of Pediatrics which is a well known organization that is dedicated to the health of children I find an extensive amount of data that supports my theory of vaccinations being beneficial to children. They have compiled studies from a lot of sources in order to prove that there is no harm in vaccinations. Buttenheim, Alison, PhD., M.B.A., Jones, Malia, PhD., M.P.H., & Baras, Y., B.A. (2012). Exposure of California kindergartners to students with personal belief exemptions from mandated school entry vaccinations. American Journal of Public Health, 102(8), E59-E67. Retrieved from; http://search.proquest.com/docview/1039278619?accountid=158639. Personal Belief Exemption (PBE) from mandated school entry vaccines in California have increased over the past decade. More than 7000 kindergartners in California attend schools with PBE rates greater than 20 per 100, including 2700 kindergartners with PBEs. Infectious disease outbreaks in the state may be associated with the aggregation of intentionally unvaccinated children within schools. This information while very informative of the PBE rate in California, the research showed the highly populated areas of children with PBE’s, and examples of children...
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...been developed including the polio vaccine by Dr. Salk in 1954. With massive polio vaccinations since 1954, eradication of the disease was declared in 1994 in the Americas. However nowadays there are many groups that believe vaccines are doing more harm than good. A recent perceived rise in autism rates and the push for more vaccines during infancy has caused some parents and researchers to believe there is a relationship between the vaccines and autism. Out of concern for safety of their children, some parents are choosing not to vaccinate or alter the government recommended vaccination schedule. Many doctors agree with government schedules for vaccinations and relate them to the elimination and reduction of diseases such as polio, measles, mumps, pertussis and more. This essay will explore the positions of parents, researchers and physicians regarding vaccines against disease. Most parents evaluate the risks and benefits of vaccines based on what their pediatrician recommends. This paragraph should talk about what parent’s believe and why. Doctors typically follow the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) guidelines with regard to vaccinations. Risks related to injection site redness and pain, malaise and fever are minor and can be treated with comfort measures like a cold compress to...
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...The parents of America are driven by the wrong reasons to be scared of vaccines. It is “human to be nervous about injecting foreign substances into a child's body (Fear, Siegel)”. But it is not okay when parents are saying that the reason why that they are not letting their children get vaccinated is from faulty research that has been debunked a long time ago. This research created by Andrew Wakefield, a British surgeon, “was published in The Lancet, a prestigious medical journal, suggesting that the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine was increasing autism in British children (Public Health)”. The paper has been completely “discredited due to serious procedural errors, undisclosed financial conflicts of interest, and ethical violations (Public Health)”. Even with this research proven false, parents continue to say that the reason why they hate vaccines is because of it having been linked to autism. Parents need to realize that instead of helping their child, they are just increasing the risk of them getting infected and the public health is also at risk. Due to a lack of correct info and someone or something to blame, the parents that think that vaccines are bad for their kids will continue to think that so they need to be correctly informed in order to keep everyone...
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...skip shots when it comes to vaccinating their kids? What percent of parents refuse to vaccinate their kids altogether? • 10% • 1% Why do you think that in the United States kids must be vaccinated before they enter Kindergarten? Kids need it, so they start fighting against diseases • 500 years ago, how many children died before the age 5 25% • How effective was Edward Jenner’s Vaccination. 500,000 cases to 0 worldwide. It was effective • Why do we vaccinate kids when they are so young? Protect them against diseases and prevent. • In the industrialized world, how many of the childhood epidemics still exist? 0 • Why didn’t the Measles epidemic of 2013 spread to areas outside of Brooklyn? Explain herd immunity. • What is the required percentage of people who need to be vaccinated to ensure that a major measles epidemic does not occur? What was the percentage in France in 2007 -2008? How big was the epidemic that followed? 95%, 89%, 15,000 cases in 2011 • What caused Luke Filben’s neurological disorder? A gene mutation causes Dravet syndrome • damaged by traumas, infections, heredity and tumors, among other things. Some pediatric neurological disorders are caused by exposure to toxic chemicals and development delays. • What is the difference between a cause of a disease and a trigger for a disease? A cause of disease its what actually makes it into the disease and a trigger for a disease it’s what spreads it and starts the disease. • Can today’s...
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...any reason to risk the health of any child. Vaccinating our children not only ensures their safety but also that of their future to come. The first major concern parents have when it comes to childhood vaccinations is that of the health and safety of their children. Some parents believe that vaccines were developed to help the spread against dangerous transmittable diseases. Other parents are under the impression that vaccines themselves present high risk factors for their children. Both have strong arguing points in this controversy and have good reason to believe in what they do. Proponents argue and the facts clearly show that since the emergence of vaccines in the twentieth century for common life threatening diseases, such as measles and diphtheria, the related number of deaths has decreased by more than 500%. On the other side, opponents argue that childhood vaccines are responsible for the dramatic increase of autoimmune diseases. Many proponents argue that childhood vaccination is vital and should be a state requirement not a parental option. They feel that vaccines are a necessity that should be required for the safety and future of all mankind. Childhood vaccines eliminate disease and counteract many life-threatening illnesses that once were responsible for killing thousands of children. According to researchers at the Pediatric Academic Society, “childhood vaccinations in the US...
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...cell researcher who rose to fame however soon it was known that the data was fabricated and the papers were retracted.The general public wasnt affected by it however it does involve and time and money to replicate such results and which is never acheived. So it actually a fraud or a human error, the only difference between a fraud and an error is intention. It could be argued that is there any room for scientists to make errors and yes we all are capable of making errors, they can make errors too however they have the chance to correct such errors before publishing such data instead such papers do see the light of the day, a lot is dependent on these scientific researchers then why is the data tampered and results are achieved per the own needs, a research shouldn’t driven as per the needs of an individual or for any sector [1]. It is based on any actual data which may eventually lead to saving lives or aiming for a better world or better resources or a better environment. Driving factors for scientific frauds Science is a result driven discipline, a ‘Publish or Perish ‘environment which is like the survival of the fittest, where everything is data in facts, figures and tables. It could be an increase in competition to stand out, to publish the best journals, research which atleast looks like a breakthrough and the rewards associated with this are also high as compared to the research budgets [2]. The data that is published in such frauds is...
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...bodies body’s natural resistantresistance. The measles, mumps and rubella vaccine (MMR vaccine) is an attenuated live virus, which helps the body produce antibodies and build immunity against the virus in case it comes into contract with it again. Since the introduction of the MMR vaccine there have been reported links that this vaccine causes autism and neurodevelopment disorders and affects the nervous system. It has been highlighted in the media that there is a possible connection between the MMR vaccinating vaccination and the formation if autism...
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