...Participants were recruited on campus and were given a paper form of the link to the survey. All participants in this study were volunteers. The online survey was created using google forms; it was completely anonymous and confidential. The survey consisted of 22 short questions. A copy of the survey can be found in Appendix A, page 15. Respondents were only asked questions that were applicable to their demographics, sexual history, education, and experiences (as outlined below). Measures Respondent characteristics. Respondents were asked to report their age, gender, race/ethnicity, and sexual orientation. Participants were also asked for their zip code and to report on how many years they have been attending Cal State LA. Sex Education. Participants...
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...cLaughlin et al.American Sociological Review 2012 ASRXXX10.1177/0003122412451728M Sexual Harassment, Workplace Authority, and the Paradox of Power American Sociological Review 77(4) 625–647 © American Sociological Association 2012 DOI: 10.1177/0003122412451728 http://asr.sagepub.com Heather McLaughlin,a Christopher Uggen,a and Amy Blackstoneb Abstract Power is at the core of feminist theories of sexual harassment, although it has rarely been measured directly in terms of workplace authority. Popular characterizations portray male supervisors harassing female subordinates, but power-threat theories suggest that women in authority may be more frequent targets. This article analyzes longitudinal survey data and qualitative interviews from the Youth Development Study to test this idea and to delineate why and how supervisory authority, gender nonconformity, and workplace sex ratios affect harassment. Relative to nonsupervisors, female supervisors are more likely to report harassing behaviors and to define their experiences as sexual harassment. Sexual harassment can serve as an equalizer against women in power, motivated more by control and domination than by sexual desire. Interviews point to social isolation as a mechanism linking harassment to gender nonconformity and women’s authority, particularly in male-dominated work settings. Keywords inequality, gender, power, sexual harassment The term sexual harassment was not coined until the 1970s (Farley 1978), but formal organizational...
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...Sexual Harassment of Female Secondary to Undergraduate Students in Elite Educational Institutes of Lahore Danyal Haider Raja Qaiser Zeeshan Butt Osama Eshaq Rabia Nafees Shah Academic Writing June 27th 2015 Lahore School of Economics Sexual Harassment of Female Secondary to Undergraduate Students in Elite Educational Institutes of Lahore Introduction The idea for this research sprung from the rising trend of illicit student-teacher relationships in the United States of America, projected actively on the social media. This movement inspired the thought that such behavior may well be prevalent in Pakistan as well and never come to the forefront. The research aims to identify the types of harassment that exist in the secondary and undergraduate sectors of education in Pakistan and the reasons why these incidents are not brought to the attention of the legal system. So far there has not been a study on female sexual harassment in Pakistan that explores the incidence of harassment among the female student community, which is irksome especially given the recent accusations of harassment leveled against an instructor at the Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), a prestigious university in a posh area of Lahore. One would assume that such an incident would be stimulus enough for rights’ groups to initiate a research into this aspect of female harassment, which is why we have taken it upon ourselves to do so. The research will be primary in nature, conducted...
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...The surveys also allow the participants to maintain their anonymity, especially when the topic is sexual in nature. The survey can also judge how widespread the phenomenon is a good method to use as this topic has not been explored much. A limitation of using surveys is that they can fall prisoner to dishonesty as a participant may feel the need to ‘liven up’ their responses. They also are not as flexible as an interview. There are also errors within the study if participants do not answer all the...
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...Domestic and family violence is intentional and systematic and often increases in frequency and severity the longer the relationship continues. In Australia, domestic and family violence “is found across all cultures, ages and socio-economic groups, but the majority of those who experience these forms of violence are women. However, it is not possible to measure the true extent of the problem as most incidents of domestic, family and sexual violence go unreported.” (Parliament of Australia, 2015). The World Health Organization (WHO) describes the levels of violence experienced by the world’s women as ‘a global public health problem of epidemic proportions, requiring urgent action’. “In Australia, domestic, family and sexual violence is found across all cultures, ages and socio-economic groups, but the majority of those who experience...
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...homeless. Results showed that experiences of childhood physical abuse were positively correlated with being a victim of intimate partner violence; experiences of childhood neglect were positively correlated with sexual, physical and partner violence victimization, and experiences of sexual victimization were positively correlated with participation in HIV risk behaviors. One major limitation was that all data were based on self-reports and some measures such as child maltreatment were retrospective, which suggests a potential for over- or under-reporting. Also, this was a cross-sectional study and therefore cannot be used to determine...
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...travelling in the public bus that she uses everyday to come to school, she was literally sexually harassed. She was sitting on the front row of the crowded bus when suddenly two men came in front of her and was somehow touching her chest with their elbows. In the rush, they were acting as if it was not intentional but our teacher understood that it was purely planned by the two. As the bus was going, our teacher tried to complain but she felt silent and nervous and did not react as she was completely numb. Through out the route, the two men explored that area of her body. When our teacher got down from the bus, she realized what exactly had happened. It was later found that she also cried in the school that day while describing the awful experience with her colleagues. She also swore that she will never travel on a public bus again in her entire life. Just like this, many women face such kinds of problems everyday while travelling on public transportation modes. After experiencing it, some react and take necessary actions such as changing the mode of transport or...
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...conservative with one reason being social desirability. Another reason suggested by Hingson et al. for conservative numbers is that the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse rates of heavy drinking and driving while under the influence were higher for college students than for others the same age. This indicates that if college students drive more under the influence then traffic injury deaths may be higher because they estimated traffic injury deaths at the same rate as all 18 to 24 year olds. Hingson et al. explained that the increase in alcohol related injuries was significant and could not be attributed to changes in the population. The 2009 National Survey of Counseling Center Directors by Gallagher surveyed 302 centers. In the report, counseling center directors have identified increases over the past five years in drug use, alcohol abuse, and on-campus sexual assault concerns among other problems. If there has been an increase of substance use in college students over the past five years then the data provided by Hingson et al. are likely conservative numbers based on the increase and based on the reasons they provide in their studies. The concerns of college counseling center directors and number of deaths, arrests, and other problems indicate that there is a problem among college students when it comes to alcohol. Sexual assault among college students has been a key topic of study with several researchers studying the topic. In a review, Abbey et al. (2008) stated that...
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...reports are compared with previous submissions of the agency and with those for similar agencies.This report also includes detailed data on crimes cleared, persons arrested for a wide range of crimes, law enforcement personnel, and the characteristics of homicides such as age, sex, race of victims, and circumstances surrounding the homicides. The UCR presents crime counts for the Nation as a whole, as well as for regions, states, counties, cities, towns, tribal law enforcement, and colleges and universities. National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) is created by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) and provides a detailed picture of crime incidents, the victims, and its trends. They improved the program in 1993 by updating the questions that were used to uncover crime, updated its survey methods, and expanded the scope of crimes measured. This new survey collects detailed information on the frequency and nature of the crimes of rape, sexual assault,...
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...1. INTRODUCTION Industrial relations has become one of the most delicate and complex problems of modern industrial society. Industrial progress is impossible without cooperation of labours and harmonious relationships. Therefore, it is in the interest of all to create and maintain good relations between employees (labour) and employers (management). Concept of Industrial Relations: The term ‘Industrial Relations’ comprises of two terms: ‘Industry’ and ‘Relations’. “Industry” refers to “any productive activity in which an individual (or a group of individuals) is (are) engaged”. By “relations” we mean “the relationships that exist within the industry between the employer and his workmen.” The term industrial relations explain the relationship between employees and management which stem directly or indirectly from union-employer relationship. Industrial relations are the relationships between employees and employers within the organizational settings. The field of industrial relations looks at the relationship between management and workers, particularly groups of workers represented by a union. Industrial relations are basically the interactions between employers, employees and the government, and the institutions and associations through which such interactions are mediated. The term industrial relations have a broad as well as a narrow outlook. Originally, industrial relations were broadly defined to include the relationships...
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...Working Paper Series No. 59 Sexual harassment in the workplace: a literature review Carrie Hunt, Marilyn Davidson, Sandra Fielden and Helge Hoel Manchester Business School, University of Manchester Sexual harassment in the workplace: A literature review Carrie Hunt, Marilyn Davidson, Sandra Fielden and Helge Hoel The Centre for Equality and Diversity at Work Manchester Business School, University of Manchester 2 © Equal Opportunities Commission 2007 First published Summer 2007 ISBN 978 1 84206 033 9 EOC WORKING PAPER SERIES The EOC Working Paper Series provides a channel for the dissemination of research carried out by externally commissioned researchers. The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Commission or other participating organisations. The Commission is publishing the report as a contribution to discussion and debate. Please contact the Research and Resources team for further information about other EOC research reports, or visit our website: Research and Resources Equal Opportunities Commission Arndale House Arndale Centre Manchester M4 3EQ Email: research@eoc.org.uk Telephone: 0161 838 8340 Website: www.eoc.org.uk/research You can download a copy of this report as a PDF from our website, or call our Helpline to order a copy: Website: Email: Helpline: www.eoc.org.uk/research info@eoc.org.uk 0845 601 5901 (calls charged at local rates) ...
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...Should Sex Education Be Taught in Schools Laterra Dykes, Nastasia Davis, David Webb, Joy Dobbins BCOM/275 May 29, 2014 Dewayne Acree Sexually active teens are a matter of severe concern in the United States and many other countries. In the past several years many school-based programs have been created for the sole purpose of delaying the beginning of sexual activity. There seems to be a growing compromise that schools can play an important role in providing youth with a knowledge base which may allow them to make knowledgeable decisions and help them shape a healthy lifestyle (St Leger, 1999). The school is the only institution in regular contact with a sizable percentage of the teenage population (Zabin and Hirsch, 1988), with virtually all youth attending it before they initiate sexual risk-taking behavior (Kirby and Coyle, 1997). The idea of sex education is a very controversial subject. Sex education will teach teens about the importance of safe sex. There are two different styles of learning about sex education, which are abstinence and sex education or comprehensive. Comprehensive education discuss abstinence as a choice. Even though, comprehensive sex education teaching abstinence as a choice it still inform the teens about contraception and how to avoid obtaining sexually transmitted diseases. Abstinence education teaches teens about abstinence from sex until marriage. Abstinence education does not discuss but rejects the use of contraception. The difference between...
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...Introduction Gender-based violence is violence against women based on women’s subordinate status in society. It includes any act or threat by men or male dominated institutions that inflict physical, sexual, or psychological harm on a woman or girl because of their gender. In most cultures, traditional beliefs, norms and social institutions legitimize and therefore perpetuate violence against women. Gender-based violence includes physical, sexual and psychological violence such as domestic violence; sexual abuse, including rape and sexual abuse of children by family members; forced pregnancy; sexual slavery; traditional practices harmful to women, such as honor killings, burning or acid throwing, female genital mutilation, dowry-related violence; violence in armed conflict, such as murder and rape; and emotional abuse, such as coercion and abusive language. Trafficking of women and girls for prostitution, forced marriage, sexual harassment and intimidation at work are additional examples of violence against women. Gender violence occurs in both the ‘public’ and ‘private’ spheres. Such violence not only occurs in the family and in the general community, but is sometimes also perpetuated by the state through policies or the actions of agents of the state such as the police, military or immigration authorities. Gender-based violence happens in all societies, across all social classes, with women particularly at risk from men they know. (United Nations declaration...
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...Working Paper Series No. 59 Sexual harassment in the workplace: a literature review Carrie Hunt, Marilyn Davidson, Sandra Fielden and Helge Hoel Manchester Business School, University of Manchester Sexual harassment in the workplace: A literature review Carrie Hunt, Marilyn Davidson, Sandra Fielden and Helge Hoel The Centre for Equality and Diversity at Work Manchester Business School, University of Manchester 2 © Equal Opportunities Commission 2007 First published Summer 2007 ISBN 978 1 84206 033 9 EOC WORKING PAPER SERIES The EOC Working Paper Series provides a channel for the dissemination of research carried out by externally commissioned researchers. The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Commission or other participating organisations. The Commission is publishing the report as a contribution to discussion and debate. Please contact the Research and Resources team for further information about other EOC research reports, or visit our website: Research and Resources Equal Opportunities Commission Arndale House Arndale Centre Manchester M4 3EQ Email: research@eoc.org.uk Telephone: 0161 838 8340 Website: www.eoc.org.uk/research You can download a copy of this report as a PDF from our website, or call our Helpline to order a copy: Website: Email: Helpline: www.eoc.org.uk/research info@eoc.org.uk 0845 601 5901 (calls charged at local rates) Interpreting service available for callers...
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...to become victimized. In many instances it has been thought that the victim’s behavior precipitates why they may be victimized. They are said to put these criminal acts in motion by exhibiting provocative or risky behavior. This may include picking arguments or even possibly using other gestures. (Miethe, 1993) Even though victims should not be blames for their own victimization, criminologist have come up with many theories as to why victims may play a role in their own victimization. There are also victimologists who is concerned with who is becoming a crime victim but also the after effect that the victims may have to suffer from. II. Types of Victimization A. Personal Victimization Personal victimization occurs when one party experiences some harm that is a result of...
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