...types of errors that occur in the processes of taking measurements. Also, it explains how the uncertainty level in direct measurements was found, and how the indirect measurements were calculated as well. To do that, dimensions and the mass of the metal block was measured, which were used to calculate the volume and density of the object as well as the margin of error. Theory In this lab, there were direct and indirection measurements involved, and several calculations were required in order to calculate the related variables. In part A of this lab, apparent and actual height of the wooden block was recorded with a meter stick. The meter stick has an accuracy of ±0.05 cm and no other calculations were needed. [1] Parallax is the change in the apparent position of an object when the position of the observed changes. It is also a common error in scientific experiments. One must be aware of its existence at all time so that it can be avoided and as a result the true value of the reading is obtained. Due to parallax, the position of the observed block appears to change as well, making the height of the block appear to be different for each measurement. In part B of this lab, measurements were recorded indirectly. A meter stick was used to measure the length of the metal block, with an accuracy of ±0.05 mm. Then the width and height was measured with a caliper with an accuracy of ±0.05 mm. These measurements were taken to calculate the volume of the metal block...
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...EXPERIMENT 1 UNCERTAINTY AND ERROR ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION Physics is a field of Science, which is quantitative in nature. The purpose of doing experiments in Physics is mainly to collect and analyze the data. In all measurements, there is always some uncertainty associated with the values. The uncertainty may be because of systematic errors or random errors or both. The errors in a particular experiment may be due to the observer, or to the instrument used, or to a combination of both. They may also be present by the very nature of the experiment; for example, the heat lost by cooling in a heat experiment causes an error, for example by making a cooling correction, or by repeating the experiment and subtracting to eliminate the heat lost. All students doing experiments MUST record the errors and uncertainties in their measurements whenever errors and uncertainties are present in the experiments. Students must take errors and uncertainties into account when calculating and presenting the final results in their laboratory reports. 1. INTRODUCTION TO UNCERTAINTY AND ERRORS Often the words uncertainty and error are used interchangeably, but it is worthwhile to be a little more precise about what the two words mean in the context of measurement. When we perform a measurement, we are trying to determine the “true” value of the quantity of interest, but the result we obtain will differ from the “true” value by some amount. This difference between...
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...Lab #1 Measurements 31 JAN 2013 Introduction In this experiment we will explore measurements, the uncertainty of measurements and the effects of the uncertainties on the quantities calculated from the measured values. In Part I: Reaction Time, we will measure reaction times by having one student drop a meter stick through the hands of a second student. The second student will grab hold of the meter stick when he perceives it to start moving. The starting distance will then be subtracted from the final distance and this will give us our total length that the meter stick dropped. This number will then be used in an equation to calculate the reaction time it took the second student to catch the meter stick. In Part II: Density of Objects, we will pick a metal cylinder and measure its length using a meter stick. Based off our measurements we will estimate the uncertainty of each measurement. Then we will take diameter and length measurements of the same cylinder using a vernier caliper. Based off our measurements we will estimate the uncertainty of each measurement. Then we will use the balance to take measurements of the mass of the cylinder. Based off our measurements we will estimate the uncertainty of each measurement. Data and Analysis Part I: Reaction Time Data: All pertinent data collected will be found on Data Sheet 1-2. Analysis Part I: 1. The reaction times (t) were calculated using the equation __________________ where s = the distance that...
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...SL Chemistry Name______________________________________________ IB Guide to Writing Lab Reports Standard and Higher Level Chemistry 2010-2011 Table of Contents page 1 Explanations, Clarifications, and Handy Hints page 2 - 13 IB Laboratory Evaluation Rubric page 14 - 15 Formal Lab Report Format page 16 Error Analysis Types of Experimental Errors page 17 Error Analysis: Some Key Ideas page 18 Precision and Accuracy in Measurements A Tale of Four Cylinders Assessment of Errors and Uncertainties in IB Lab Reports Explaining Terms and Concepts in Error Analysis page 19 - 20 page 21 Mathematics of Evaluating Accuracy and Precision page 26 - 27 Rejection of Data page 28 More Examples of Propagating Error page 29 - 31 page 22 - 25 Typical Instrumental Uncertainties page 32 Checklist for Writing IB Lab Reports page 33 - 34 Please read carefully and keep this handy reference for future use in writing exemplary lab reports. Page 1 IB Guide to Writing Laboratory Reports Explanations, Clarifications, and Handy Hints The nature of science is to investigate the world around you. An inquiring mind is essential to science. Experiments are designed by curious minds to gain insight into wonder-producing phenomena. Hopefully, this process of designing experiments, doing experiments, thinking about experimental results, and writing lab reports will tremendously benefit YOU! IB Chemistry is the challenge...
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...reviewed, or used in any way were provided by the laboratory TAs during office hours. I / we have reviewed the consequences of using prior laboratory reports in the laboratory manual. GRADE: / Grader Initials: ________ COMMENTS (grader / students) ME 3057 Score Tally for Reports: Abstract: ____________ / Introduction and Procedure: ____________/ Experimental Results: Discussion: Conclusions: Display Format: ____________ / ____________ / ____________ / ____________ / ME3057, Spring 2012 Abstract The objective of this lab was to illustrate the concepts while measuring properties of realworld systems. Physical measurements of objects are associated with uncertainty which much be taken into account when analyzing a problem using measurements. Propagation of uncertainty arising from individual uncertainties yields a single combined uncertainty for the calculated value. The...
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...Measurement and Measurement Error PHYS 1313 S06 Prof. T.E. Coan Version: 16 Jan ’06 Introduction Physics makes both general and detailed statements about the physical universe and these statements are organized in such a way that they provide a model or a kind of coherent picture about how and why the universe works the way it does. These sets of statements are called “theories” and are much more than a simple list of “facts and figures” like you might find in an almanac or a telephone book (even though almanacs and telephone books are quite useful). A good physics theory is far more interested in principles than simple “facts.” Noting that the moon appears regularly in the night sky is far less interesting than understanding why it does so. We have confidence that a particular physics theory is telling us something interesting about the physical universe because we are able to test quantitatively its predictions or statements about the universe. Indeed, all physics (and scientific) theories have this “put up or shut up” quality to them. For something to be called a physics “theory” in the first place, it must be falsifiable and therefore must make quantitative statements about the universe that can be then quantitatively tested. These tests are called “experiments.” The statement, “My girlfriend is the most charming woman in the world,” however true it may be, has no business being in a physics theory because it simply cannot be quantitatively...
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...IET ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT SERIES 12 Microwave Measurements 3rd Edition Other volumes in this series: Volume 4 Volume 5 Volume 7 Volume 8 Volume 9 Volume 11 The current comparator W.J.M. Moore and P.N. Miljanic Principles of microwave measurements G.H. Bryant Radio frequency and microwave power measurement A.E. Fantom A handbook for EMC testing and measurement D. Morgan Microwave circuit theory and foundations of microwave metrology G. Engen Digital and analogue instrumentation: testing and measurement N. Kularatna Microwave Measurements 3rd Edition Edited by R.J. Collier and A.D. Skinner The Institution of Engineering and Technology Published by The Institution of Engineering and Technology, London, United Kingdom © 1985, 1989 Peter Peregrinus Ltd © 2007 The Institution of Engineering and Technology First published 1985 (0 86341 048 0) Second edition 1989 (0 86341 184 3) Third edition 2007 (978 0 86341 735 1) This publication is copyright under the Berne Convention and the Universal Copyright Convention. All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, only with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency...
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...Investigating the index of refraction of a semicircular acrylic plastic block | A1 | A2 | A3 | EX | | | | A | | | | EV | | | | Name: _Felix Koay_ Date: March 5th, 2015 Topic: 4.3 Design In this experiment you will investigate the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction of a ray of light when it passes through a semicircular piece of acrylic. An initial hypothesis would suggest that as you increase the angle of incidence, the angle of refraction would also increase, but certainty not proportionally. During the physics lessons you learnt the relationship between the angle of incidence θi and the angle of refraction θr is given by Snell’s law, which states that Where n1 is the refractive index of the medium from where the ray of light enters a different medium and n2 is the refractive index of that different medium. (Usually called medium 1 and medium 2). In order to verify this law experimentally, you could design an experiment based on that relationship. Selecting the right variables would allow to plot a graph of sin θr against sinθi and the gradient of the line would allow you to determine the value of the index of refraction of the piece of glass. The next sketch graph justifies this statement. With the aid of the gradient, you could determine an experimental value of index of refraction of the acrylic block. This result could be compared...
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...Subject Uncertainties in Measuring Devices All measured quantities have uncertainties associated with them. The purpose of error analysis is to determine how such uncertainties influence the interpretation of the experimental results 1. Systematic Error - Results from consistent bias in observation (ie. Instrument-calibration error, natural errors or personal error). - Can be eliminated by pre-calibrating against a known, trusted standard. - Affects accuracy 2. Random Errors - Results from fluctuations in the readings of a measurement apparatus, experimenter's interpretation of the instrumental reading or randomly changing conditions (weather, humidity, etc.). - Can be reduced by averaging multiple measurements. - Unbiased - Affects precision Uncertainties in Measuring Devices General rule of thumb used to determine the uncertainty in a single measurement when using a scale or digital measuring device. 1. Uncertainty in a Scale Measuring Device (Analog apparatus) is equal to the smallest increment divided by 2. 2. Uncertainty in a Digital Measuring Device (Digital apparatus) is equal to the smallest increment. In general, any measurement can be stated in the following preferred form: The measured value is just an estimate and thus it cannot be more precise than the uncertainty of the device. (i.e. The number of decimal places for the measured value must match the number of decimal places for the uncertainty, and in multiples of the uncertainty)” Example: ...
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...Uncertainties in Measuring Devices All measured quantities have uncertainties associated with them. The purpose of error analysis is to determine how such uncertainties influence the interpretation of the experimental results 1. Systematic Error - Results from consistent bias in observation (ie. Instrument-calibration error, natural errors or personal error). - Can be eliminated by pre-calibrating against a known, trusted standard. - Affects accuracy 2. Random Errors - Results from fluctuations in the readings of a measurement apparatus, experimenter's interpretation of the instrumental reading or randomly changing conditions (weather, humidity, etc.). - Can be reduced by averaging multiple measurements. - Unbiased - Affects precision Uncertainties in Measuring Devices General rule of thumb used to determine the uncertainty in a single measurement when using a scale or digital measuring device. 1. Uncertainty in a Scale Measuring Device is equal to the smallest increment divided by 2. 2. Uncertainty in a Digital Measuring Device is equal to the smallest increment. In general, any measurement can be stated in the following preferred form: The measured value is just an estimate and thus it cannot be more precise than the uncertainty of the device. (i.e. The number of decimal places for the measured value must match the number of decimal places for the uncertainty, and in multiples of the uncertainty)” Example: The smallest increment in a meter rule (scale measuring device)...
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...was introduced by Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) in February 2000 as an answer to a need. To begin, let us first see what was needed. Traditionally, professionals have used the Historical Model for valuation of assets, both tangible and intangible. However, as the use of present value techniques became more widely used in accounting and financial fields, it raised questions and discussions prompting the introduction of SFAC 7. It is designed to offer guidance on present value techniques in accounting measurements . “It is expected to serve the public interest by providing structure and direction to financial accounting and reporting to facilitate the provision of evenhanded financial and related information that helps promote the efficient allocation of scarce resources in the economy and society, including assisting capital and other markets to function efficiently.” We understand that the public is interested in the amount, timing and uncertainty of future cash flow, which will allow them to come to a consensus affecting the market price, and thereby the efficiency of the market. So, how does SFAC 7 satisfy these needs? What does it bring to the table of business entities and individuals? SFAC 7 is by no means a replacement of GAAP, but we believe it exits to offer some uniformity in its suggested principles of present value...
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...the assigned lab in two sentences. This assignment is for us to understand how to convert basic measurements. It is important to know how other parts of the world calculate temperature and other measurements so that we are on the same page and are able to communicate with each other. Summary: Detail and explain what was observed during the lab activity; this answer should be approximately one paragraph in length....
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...To calculate the Time Constant we use T = RC To calculate the Time Constant we use T = RC Example of circuit used for testing capacitor charge and discharge. Example of circuit used for testing capacitor charge and discharge. Capacitors discharge exponentially, the rate of discharge is known as the time constant Capacitors discharge exponentially, the rate of discharge is known as the time constant We can also use similar equations to calculate the Voltage or Current at any point We can also use similar equations to calculate the Voltage or Current at any point When the equation is compared with y =mx+c m = 1/RC & C = ln Io When the equation is compared with y =mx+c m = 1/RC & C = ln Io To calculate the charge left on a capacitor at any point we use this equation. To calculate the charge left on a capacitor at any point we use this equation. Capacitor Discharge Capacitor Discharge When the switch is at A the capacitor charges exponentially up to a point where the capacitor cannot hold anymore electrons When the switch is at A the capacitor charges exponentially up to a point where the capacitor cannot hold anymore electrons When 2 Pendulums are suspended from the same piece of string when one pendulum is displaced it can transfer energy to the other pendulum causing it to swing When 2 Pendulums are suspended from the same piece of string when one pendulum is displaced it can transfer energy to the other pendulum...
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...acceleration graph would look like with a cart going up the ramp. After that we actually started to do the experiment. We then went to the computer which would help us graph our measurements of each time we did the experiment. It measured velocity, acceleration, and position of the cart each time. We did the experiment about a couple times until we got a good looking graph, then we recorded it on our lab reports and used it for the rest of our remaining results. Before using that, we took a measurement of the angle of the ramp which turned out to be 4.04 degrees. After that, we then took the graphs we did that were on the computer and we used different tools to find out the acceleration and slope of each specific time in the reading the lab report told us to do. From there after we were done, we then waited till the whole class was done and we all wrote down what our readings were for each measurement. Our measurements were; 4.04 degrees for angle A, .63 kg for the mass of the cart, .582 with an uncertainty of .009 for our acceleration from the average slope, .58 with an uncertainty of .009 for th average acceleration from STATS , 1.13 for mass of the cart with added mass, .569 with an uncertainty of .032 for acceleration from average slope with the doubled mass, and finally 8.199 with an uncertainty of .13 for the G...
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...Chapter 8 Quality Assurance and Quality Control 8 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories 8.1 Quality Assurance and Quality Control Chapter 8 CO-CHAIRS, EDITORS AND EXPERTS Co-Chairs of the Expert Meeting on Cross-sectoral Methodologies f or Uncertainty Estimation and Inventory Quality Taka Hiraishi (Japan) and Buruhani Nyenzi (Tanzania) REVIEW EDITORS Carlos M Lòpez Cabrera (Cuba) and Leo A Meyer (Netherlands) Expert Group: Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) CO-CHAIRS Kay Abel (Australia) and Michael Gillenwater (USA) AUTHOR OF BACKGROUND PAPER Joe Mangino (USA) CONTRIBUTORS Sal Emmanuel (IPCC-NGGIP/TSU), Jean-Pierre Fontelle (France), Michael Gytarsky (Russia), Art Jaques (Canada), Magezi-Akiiki (Uganda), and Joe Mangino (USA) 8.2 IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Chapter 8 Quality Assurance and Quality Control Contents 8 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL 8.1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................8.4 8.2 PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN DEVELOPING QA/QC SYSTEMS ......................................8.5 8.3 ELEMENTS OF A QA/QC SYSTEM .................................................................................................. 8.6 8.4 INVENTORY AGENCY...
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