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The Causes and Effects of Doping in Sport Hou Juin Yew, Calvin B1201067 HELP University

Outline I. Introduction A. Opener : The history of doping in sports B. Thesis statement: There are few causes that is undergone family problems, huge amount of debts, cope with a live of stress and face a lot of pain during training and few effects that lead in to problems in body function and mental effects. II. The causes of why athletes dope in sports. A. Family problems B. Huge amount of debts C. Live of stress D. A lot of pain in training III. The effect in the body function of a person when a person dope in sport. A. The uses of steroid in sports 1. The diseases when dope in sports 2. The body function of a person B. The uses of stimulants in sports 1. The type of drugs and the problems
C. The uses of peptide hormones
1. Type of peptide hormone and the effects of the substances IV. The effect in the mental problems A. The type of disease that effect the mental problems
V. Conclusions
The Causes and Effects of Doping in Sport Doping in sport is means the use of drug to increase the performance of an athletic above average in an athletic competition. It has been a well and long documented of the use of drugs in sport. The history started using drugs occur since the time of the original Olympic Games (from 776 to 393 BC). The word ‘doping’ come from the Dutch word ‘doop’, that is a viscous opium juice, the drug of choice of the ancient Greeks. (Bowers, 1998). In 100 AD, chariot racers feed their horses with these substances that are hydromel for the horse to run faster and gladiators eat hallucinogens and stimulants like strychnine. Basically, strychnine is use to prevent fatigue and injury; moreover it also use to improve the intensity of their fights (Aziz, 2006). In the late 19th century, advance applications of doping in sports had began with the preparations made from coca leaf that is cocaine. It was very popular because it avoid the sense of tiredness and hunger brought by prolonged exertion (Murray, 1983). In the modern Olympic games around the year 1904-1920, athletes, coach and team widely used mixtures of strychnine, heroin, cocaine and caffeine to developed it is own unique formula. (Gold, 2007) Just after the World War II, many athletes in a large range of sport were doping just to improve their performance in various kind of sport .In this 21st century, athletes use drugs and doping to enhance their performance to win in competition especially the Olympic games. The substances of drugs that the athletes use in sports are stimulants, steroid and peptide hormones that help in increasing their performance. However, the effects of taking drugs in sports that can lead are in group of body function effect and mental effect. There are few causes that is undergone family problems, huge amount of debts, cope with a live of stress and face a lot of pain during training and few effects that lead in to problems in body function and mental effects. There are few causes in this term paper that are athletes undergone family problems, huge amount of debts, cope with a live of stress and face a lot of pain during training. One of the causes of athletes take dope in sport is masking pain and managing weight and stress. Athletes dope in sports because they face a lot of pain during their training so one of the way is they take masking drugs. Masking drugs are narcotics, protein hormones and cortisone. By taking these drugs the risk of getting injure will be lessen. Moreover, as a human we know that being an athlete must cope with strict social and dietary guidelines. This may cause them to stress and general fatigue so they turn to stimulating, relaxing and take weight controlling drugs (Howstuffworks express, n.d). Athletes take alcohol and cannabinoids like marijuana to relive stress and to enjoy their time. Marijuana is the most common ilict drugs that consist of dried leaves of the hemp plant. It can lead to lots of kinds of effects such as stoning, high blood pressure and convulsions. Next, athletes that having family problems is also one of the causes to dope in sport. Family problems are problems like fighting and shouting among each other, physical abuse, family finicial problem. By all this problems, this has resulted that some athletes do not have love and care from their family. As a result, athletes dope in sports events in order to attract their family attentions by winning the competiton to secure theiR finiancial problems. Other than that, athletes dope in sports because they have huge amount of debts. This problem can be say that most common thing that lead to dope in sports. Huge debts are occur when athletes gamble a lot so athletes try to resolve this problem by borrowing money from loan sharks. Loan sharks starts to threaten the athletes to pay their money as soon as possible and this cause them to dope in sports to repay their debts. The effects of taking drugs in sports is that it can lead to body malfunction properly depending on what substances is used. A person that take steroid can lead to problems like high blood pressure. This is because the steroid forces the body to hold onto extra water and salt, rather than constipate it out. The drug can cause high blood pressure because the drug actually cause an increase in the body’s red blood cell count and hematocrit levels (Association Against Steroid Abuse, n.d). Other than that, it also lead to liver malfunction by combining liver tumors and peliosis hepatis that blood-filled cysts form in liver that can rupture and cause internal bleeding (Levinthal, 2010). Next, this substance can cause ligaments and joint to possible injury that it strain on ligaments that cannot properly anchor new muscle strength. Then, this substance also cause men testes gland to produce less testosterone by newly increased testosterone levels in the bloods. This resulted the teticles to shrink and also it leads to lower sperm count that lead to sterility (Levinthal, 2010). This substance also cause can the male breasts enlarge that actually is called gynecomastia because steroids break down turn into estradiol, the female sex hormone. Moreover, this substance suppress growth hormones that resulted muscle development is build up for boys. However, this resulted the overall body is stunted (Levinthal, 2010). According to Avois et al (2006), people who take stimulants like cocaine, caffeine, ephedrine and amfetamine can affect the body function. Athletes use amfetamine to increase their muscular strength and endurance, reaction time when exhaustion and acceleration. However, these drugs can cause side effects like heatstroke and cardiac arrest to a person. Heatstroke is a condition cause by the body fail to take heat in a very hot environment. The symptom of heatstroke is high with red, hot skin accompanied by delusions and also coma that can lead to dead. By taking this drug cardiac arrest may occur that is a sudden cessation of the pumping function of the heart disappearance of arterial blood pressure. Cocaine is use by athletes because it can heighten arousal and increase awareness. The effects that can occur when taking cocaine can lead to state of irritability and paranoia. Irritability is a type of condition for a person to be impatience or anger easily. Paranoia is exaggerated distrust of others, that sometimes the person reaching misbelieve proportions. Besides, cocaine can actually lead to disturbance in body function like chest pain, heart attack and respiratory failure. Physical complaint, which requires immediate diagnosis and evaluation is disease called chest pain. Cardiac disease is a symptom of chest pain. The supply of the blood to the heart muscle have been stopped or reduced is because of the damage in the heart that is known as heart attack. Any condition that affects the breathing function that can lead to the lung to malfunction is known as respiratory failure. Moreover, regular snorting is like a person loss the sense of smell, hoarseness and nosebleeds. A person that inject cocaine can get allergic problems and also have a risk of getting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and other blood borne diseases. The reasons that athletes use ephedrine because this substance can help to increase energy, decreased time to be tired, increase muscle strength and increased fat loss in sport. The effects of this drug is getting abnormal high blood pressure and rapid heartbeat (Avois et al, 2006). Moreover, it also can cause problems like dizziness and psychosis. Dizziness is a condition that a person feel dizzy and having a whriling sensation that a person going to fall. Feature of mental illness that is characterized by radical changes in personality is known as psychosis. Athletes use caffeine in sports because it help in enhance the performance boost by increase endurance when running. According to Levinthal (2010), caffeine can lead to cardiovascular effects because this drug actually stimulates cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle throughout the body. This drug has been a risk factor of getting heart attack that is damage to the heart muscle because the supply of blood to the heart muscle has been reduced by a study called the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program in 1973. Other than that, caffeine can cause osteoporosis and bone fractures. It has shown in a study in 1990 that a person that drink a lot of caffeinated coffee or tea may lead to a greater risk of getting osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a disease that the bones become very porous and it is going to fracture. This is because caffeine functions to inhibit the absorption of calcium from the diet. Not only that, caffeine functions to increase the urinary excretion of calcium. Moreover, caffeine can lead to panic attack that is the sudden onset of intense anxiety. The characterics of panic attack is the person will get fear easily. According to Nationale Anti-Doping Agentur Austria (n.d), substances that are produced by glands in the body are known as peptide hormones. There are few peptide hormone like Erythropoietin (EPO), Human Growth Hormone (hGH) and Insulin. Erythroprotein (EPO) became a well known doping substances in sports that is use to increasing the number of red blood cell and by this way more oxygen is transported to the muscle. The excess of Erythroprotein (EPO) can cause thrombosis, stroke and death due to vascular occlusion. Thrombosis is the formation of a presence of thrombus. Stroke is the sudden death in the brain cell in a localized area due to less blood supply. Athletes use insulin in sports because it can increase the endurance of a person in sports. Insulin can lead to effect like heart palpilatations and hypoglycemia. A heartbeat that is unusual and beat very fast is known as heart palipilatations. Hypoglycemia is a condition that the blood level of a person is abnormal low. Long time ago, athletes love to use human growth hormones (hGH) because it is widely available and cheaper during those days. Human growth hormone is use to increase body mass and to increase the bulk for a person. By using this pituitary hormone may actually lead to risk of getting a side effect that is called acromegaly. Acromegaly is actually a condition that result a coarse and mishapen head. Not only that it also increased the size of hands and feet and also can lead to damage in various internal organs (Levinthal, 2010). There are few mental health effect from doping in sport like psychological effects and aggression. According to PLAYCLEAN (n.d), the steroid that use in sports can lead to temporary personality changes. People who use this drug can exhibit uncontrolled aggression and violent behavior that is called “roid rage”. This drug also may lead problems like mood swing that is an alternation of a person emotional state between periods of depression and euphoria. Not only that, the drug can actually cause manic episode that is the decreased on sleep and becoming an anti social person. The person that take this drug also can suffer in delusions. Delusions is an unshaken belief in thing that is unreal and not exist. Other than that, taking a lot of drugs may lead to aggression and anxiety is also one of the mental health. Likewise, when women take drug they develop male characteristics and for males, they develop to much of aggression that can lead to killing and doing illegal stuff like raping and stealing just for sake of satisfy (ThinkQuest, n.d). In conclusion, doping in sports have became a major problems in our world and society now. A lot of athletes have been stripped away the world title or the Olympic medal due to the doping in sport. One of the example is Lance Armstrong has been stripped away his seven successive Tour titles due to taking drugs in sports (Geneva, October 23). Athletes should not dope in sports because it have a risk factor of getting health problems and mental effects. People should actually think twice when taking drugs in sports. Athletes should actually just work hard in their training without dope in sports.

C.

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