...November 2000 EAST AFRICAN MEDICAL JOURNAL 599 East African Medical Journal Vol. 77 No. 11 November 2000 SAFE MOTHERHOOD INTERVENTION STUDIES IN AFRICA: A REVIEW M. Luck, DSc, Researcher, Centro de Malária e Outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, P-1300 Lisboa, Portugal SAFE MOTHERHOOD INTERVENTION STUDIES IN AFRICA: A REVIEW M. LUCK ABSTRACT Objective: To review the findings of safe motherhood intervention studies conducted in African settings. Data sources: Published literature regarding interventions designed to reduce maternal mortality in African settings. Study selection: Studies conducted in sub-Saharan Africa to assess the effects of interventions designed to reduce maternal mortality. Data extraction: Search of Medline database for the years 1988 to 1998 with additional manual search of references cited in Medline-referenced studies. Data synthesis: Few of the 34 intervention studies identified used a double-blind, randomized controlled trial design (4/34), or outcome measures directly related to maternal mortality or maternal health (7/34). Six of the studies produced reasonably convincing evidence of a positive effect on maternal health outcomes. Of these, three showed that changes in delivery practices brought about improved maternal outcomes, two found that a combined intervention consisting of upgrading of emergency obstetric services and community education increased the number of major obstetric...
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...Formal Writing Assignment Final Draft: Nursing Case Study SITUATION: You have a very sick patient. You are using this patient for your case study. The patient has a sister who is a nurse- Lori. Lori has been a nurse for many years, and because your patient is her sister, she is very concerned and even a bit suspicious about the illness and hospital care. She writes a letter to you, expressing concerns about her sister. She copies the letter to the Director of Student Nurses. AUDIENCE: You are writing Lori’s letter to you (a student nurse) with a copy to the Director of student nurses. You are writing your response letter to Lori and copying it as a report to the Director of student Nurses. MAIN POINT AND PURPOSE: In this assignment you will demonstrate your ability to: • identify the correct priority problem and nursing diagnosis for a patient • reflect on a patient’s perspective to accurately assess and analyze a condition or problem • use nursing research to identify a priority nursing problem for a case study • utilize research to formulate a nursing diagnosis and plan of care • apply APA format to the writing of a research paper TASK: 1. Write Lori’s letter (1 page). In the letter: • Describe Lori’s biggest concern/issue with the hospitalization or illness of her sister. • Explain why she thinks this is a big problem. • Include a brief description of the events that led to the hospitalization of her sister and information...
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...In: Other Topics Qualitative Research Study Running head: Qualitative Research Study Qualitative Research Study Grand Canyon University NRS433V 5/30/10 Qualitative Research Study Introduction The qualitative research study that I chose to critique is on infections related to Nursing home-acquired pneumonia. Pneumonia care and the nursing home: a qualitative descriptive study of resident and family member perspectives. Soo Chan Carusone,1 Mark Loeb,1,2 and Lynne Lohfeld1,3 1Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada2Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Canada 3Program for Educational Research and Development, McMaster University, Canada Corresponding author. Soo Chan Carusone: chansy@mcmaster.ca; Mark Loeb: loebm@mcmaster.ca; Lynne Lohfeld: lohfeld@mcmaster.ca Received September 19, 2005; Accepted January 23, 2006. Pneumonia is the inflammation of the lung parenchyma, build up fluid in the tissue of the lungs and then this infection spread in to whole body. The causes are mainly by Viruses, Bacteria, often caused by parasites or fungi. Pneumonia is the 5th leading cause of death in elderly. It may be unrecognized due to many factors such as it may be asymptomatic, or may be confused with other medical Pneumonia and other lower respiratory infections occur frequently among older adults residing in long-term care facilities...
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...Additionally, hospitals influence health not only through the delivery of prevention, treatment, and recovery but also through their influence on the local environment (WHO, 2017). The key points that are going to be covered for the success of this assessment include a summary of the fundamental principles and importance of hospitals. Also, a predominant definition of hospitals will be provided, together with the target groups, main investors, and illustrations of health promoting activities in hospitals. Lastly, a Flinders Medical Centre case study will be evaluated to show the current and past activities that were done in the hospital setting. The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion defines five key areas for health promotion: building healthy public policy, creating supportive environments, strengthening community action, developing personal skills,...
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...1. Cross-sectional studies (also known as cross-sectional analyses, transversal studies, prevalence study) form a class of research methods that involve observation of all of a population, or a representative subset, at one specific point in time. They differ from case-control studies in that they aim to provide data on the entire population under study, whereas case-control studies typically include only individuals with a specific characteristic, with a sample, often a tiny minority, of the rest of the population. Cross-sectional studies are descriptive studies (neither longitudinal nor experimental). Unlike case-control studies, they can be used to describe, not only the Odds ratio, but also absolute risks and relative risks from prevalences (sometimes called prevalence risk ratio, or PRR).[1][2] They may be used to describe some feature of the population, such as prevalence of an illness, or they may support inferences of cause and effect. Longitudinal studies differ from both in making a series of observations more than once on members of the study population over a period of time. Cross-sectional studies in medicine Cross-sectional studies involve data collected at a defined time. They are often used to assess the prevalence of acute or chronic conditions, or to answer questions about the causes of disease or the results of medical intervention. They may also be described as censuses. Cross-sectional studies may involve special data collection, including questions about...
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...cost-benefit analysis to determine the business case for beneficiaries of Medicare through post discharge care transition(PDCT) .The measurement for in this research included the PDCT cost benefit ratio and the abilities and skills of self-management that recipients posed .This study was based on a controlled randomized trial. The study was carried out on elderly recipients receiving treatment at a general hospital located in a rural area called upstate in New York. The research was carried out from October 2008 to December 2009. The recipients selected were provided with services as part of the PDCT intervention while the others were controlled through regular discharge from the hospital. The participants were selected randomly before discharge from the hospital. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were used during the study after the census of the patients’ daily medical care was obtained. Based on the medical number and record of individuals, they were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. Three hundred and thirty three recipients were chosen for this study: 160 in the intervention group and 173 in the control group (Shadi, et al. 1051). Participants in this program were approached while they were hospitalized, and the program was explained to them before they signed the consent forms. The program consisted of three home visits by nurses who were tasked with the role of delivering the program. The intervention features included developing the records of patients...
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...overwhelmed with the amount and complexity of the material that is covered during each class meeting. Consequently, they may resort to memorizing facts instead of comprehending, applying, and transferring knowledge to practice. In addition, students rely on teachers to provide lecture notes and may not be adequately prepared to participate in class discussions. Case studies, which are an effective way of connecting critical thinking, problem solving, and decision-making to practice (Baumberger-Henry, 2003; Campbell, 2004), enhance students’ participation in class discussions. Conceptual models of nursing provide a unique body of knowledge that can be used to guide construction of case studies and enhance application of didactic course content to nursing practice. Students tend to undervalue the contributions of a nursing conceptual model to guide practice. By integrating a nursing conceptual model into the organization of course content and construction of case studies, students are exposed to how conceptual models can guide nursing practice. The purpose of this column is to explore the use of case studies for a senior level medical-surgical nursing course constructed within the context of the Roy adaptation model. Roy Adaptation Model The Roy adaptation model is a conceptual model of nursing that provides a solid foundation for nursing practice (Roy & Andrews, 1999). The philosophical and scientific assumptions of Roy’s model assert that the person is a holistic Nursing Science Quarterly...
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...healthy state. To have a normal healthy life, the person must know and must have knowledge about his/her health, the complications, risk factors, why it occurred and how it can be treated or prevented.. Thanks to the advance in medical diagnosis and technology, today everyone has access to best medical facilities and consultations. But, we are still struggling with numbers. There are not enough doctors and other para medical staffs to meet the growing number of patients. One way of dealing such problem is to educate the patients so that they can self mange their disease or conditions. It can only happen when they have knowledge about the disease they are suffering from.. In this essay, the client or the subject of study is a person suffering from type II diabetes. So what is diabetes education? It is all about assisting the client, their family and their care takers to gain knowledge about the disease, and empower them with skills and motivation power that will help in self management of the disease. This provides them with certain knowledge of what to do, when to do, how to do, and when to seek the help of a professional health practioner? The next question in this field which emerge is who can be an educator? Those persons who are recognized by the medical council of the respective countries are eligible for providing education to the patient. A person must seek diabetes education when he/she being diagnosed with any type of diabetes, need of monitoring blood glucose level at...
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... One of the most common disorders amongst children is ADHD. ADHD is defined as Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Some believe the treatment of the disorder can be related to ethnicity (Jones, Epstein, Hinshaw, 2010). In some cases the teachers agree with medical treatment (Cornell-Swanson, Frankenburger, Ley, 2007). There are many medications that are given to children with ADHD as a stimulant. Although, they have the medicine to help them, are non-medical treatments just as effective? Studies have shown the effects of medical treatments, but the non-medical treatments have not received equal tending (Trout, Ortiz, Reid, 2007). This research paper will prove the effectiveness of nonmedical treatments. Many studies show the effectiveness of medical stimulants in children with ADHD. Children are either put on Adderall, Concerta, Deredrine, and Ritalin just to name a few. These medicines all help in managing the behavior in children with ADHD. When children are diagnosed with this disorder, they have to undergo a number of treatments to help them cope. Some children respond very well to the stimulant medications as long as the medicine continued, while other children are not so responsive and another form of treatment or intervention must take place (Cornell-Swanson, Frankenburger, Ley, 2007). There are many people who believe that nonmedical treatment is not effective on children when in fact it can help the child in more areas (Cornell-Swanson, Frankenburger...
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...Summary In supporting this model of care through home care services, informatics should be taken into account. As claimed by Parks (2015), home-based technologies like telemedicine and robotic care may certainly be useful tools in providing care for persons at home. Offering home-based technologies may result in better processes of informed consent in health care decision-making, since it allows individuals to make medical decisions or to reflect on options in the familiarity of their homes, where there are unique cues, practices, and configurations of objects and furniture that allow for more complete and authentic decision-making (Parks 2015). New telemedical and assistive technologies now make it possible for individuals to safely remain...
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...and Engagement in Homeless Services: A Review of the Literature Jeffrey Olivet*,1, Ellen Bassuk1,2,3, Emily Elstad1, Rachael Kenney1 and Lauren Jassil1 1 2 3 Centre for Social Innovation, 215 Spadina Avenue, Suite 120 Toronto, Ontario M5T 2C7, Canada The National Center on Family Homelessness, 181 Wells Avenue, Newton, MA 02459, USA Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, USA Abstract: Outreach and engagement are regarded by many who work in homeless programs as essential services. Outreach on the streets and in shelters is often the first point of contact for people who are not served by traditional sitebased services and is often the first step in engaging homeless people in services. While outreach and engagement are critical components of the response to homelessness, consensus is lacking about the nature and effectiveness of these services. The purpose of this paper is to examine what is known about outreach and engagement for people experiencing homelessness. The authors review quantitative studies that examine outcomes and augment this understanding with information from qualitative studies and non-research literature. The latter provides information about the goals of outreach, assumptions and values, staffing issues, and consumer involvement. The paper concludes with implications for practice, policy, and research. Keywords: Homeless/homelessness, outreach, engagement, review. INTRODUCTION At a recent discussion among outreach workers in Washington, DC...
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...receive these services. These are just some examples of the kinds of ethical challenges that patients and their families may confront in the health care setting. Disagreements typically take one of two forms. Either the health care professional might push a treatment option for more or less treatment that patients and families deem unacceptable, or conversely patients/families may push a treatment option, whether it is more or less treatment, or different treatment, as an alternative, or complementary treatment that health care professionals deem unacceptable (Breslin, MacRae, Bell, & Singer, 2005). Ethical Issue According to research studies, it is the end-of-life critical care cases that tend to be the most emotionally charged, and the most intractable, because these are the cases in which the most is at stake. End of life cases typically amount, literally, to conflicts over life and death. A paradigm example of what has become the most common scenario would involve a patient in the late stages of a terminal illness, such as cancer with multiple metastases, or an elderly patient with multiple co-morbidities, who is...
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...improving Quality and Value in the U.S. Health Care System August 2009 Preamble The Bipartisan Policy Center (BPC) is a public policy advocacy organization founded by former U.S. Senate Majority Leaders Howard Baker, Tom Daschle, Bob Dole, and George Mitchell. Its mission is to develop and promote solutions that can attract the public support and political momentum to achieve real progress. The BPC acts as an incubator for policy efforts that engage top political figures, advocates, academics, and business leaders in the art of principled compromise. This report is part of a series commissioned by the BPC to advance the substantive work of the Leaders’ Project on the State of American Health Care. It is intended to explore policy trade-offs and analyze the major decisions involved in improving health care delivery, and discuss them in the broader context of health reform. It does not necessarily reflect the views or opinions of Senators Baker, Daschle, and Dole or the BPC’s Board of Directors. The Leaders’ Project was launched in March 2008. Co-Directed by Mark B. McClellan and Chris Jennings, its mission is (1) to create a bipartisan plan for health reform that can be used to transform the U.S. health care system, and (2) to demonstrate that health reform is an achievable political reality. Over the course of the project, Senators Baker, Daschle, and Dole hosted public policy forums across the country, and orchestrated a targeted outreach campaign to...
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...Iranian Journal of Public Health Tehran University of Medical Sciences The Code of Ethics for Nurses F Zahedi, M Sanjari, [...], and M Vahid Dastgerdi Additional article information Abstract Nurses are ever-increasingly confronted with complex concerns in their practice. Codes of ethics are fundamental guidance for nursing as many other professions. Although there are authentic international codes of ethics for nurses, the national code would be the additional assistance provided for clinical nurses in their complex roles in care of patients, education, research and management of some parts of health care system in the country. A national code can provide nurses with culturally-adapted guidance and help them to make ethical decisions more closely to the Iranian-Islamic background. Given the general acknowledgement of the need, the National Code of Ethics for Nurses was compiled as a joint project (2009–2011). The Code was approved by the Health Policy Council of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education and communicated to all universities, healthcare centers, hospitals and research centers early in 2011. The focus of this article is on the course of action through which the Code was compiled, amended and approved. The main concepts of the code will be also presented here. No doubt, development of the codes should be considered as an ongoing process. This is an overall responsibility to keep the codes current, updated with the new progresses of science and emerging...
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...Access: I have right to health care. • Safety: I have right to receive safe and high- quality care • Respect: I have right to be shown respect, dignity, and consideration. • Communication: I have right to be informed about the services, treatment, options and costs in clear and open way • Participation: I have right to be included in the decisions and choices about the care. • Privacy: I have the right to privacy and confidentiality of my personal information. • Comment: I have right to comment on my care and to have my concerns addressed (Australian Charter of Healthcare Rights, 2008) The purpose of this essay is to look at the evidence- based approaches to psychosocial intervention offer better respect and participation for a patient with Coronary Heart disease and Depression than bio-medical intervention. As described in ACHR (2008), Respect means, "all the participants in the health care system are to be treated with respect and not to be discriminated against anyway. The patient or consumers have a right to receive a care in a manner that is respectful of their culture, beliefs, values and characteristics like age and gender." ACHR (2008) defines...
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