...The Elizabethan Era was marked by the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and was known as the golden age in English history. An abundance of redeeming qualities came from this era, such as comedies and tragedies of Shakespeare as well as the successes and failures in medicine. Although much of Elizabethan medicine was trial and error, it was also an accumulation of interesting beliefs, superstitions and fascinating ways in curing illnesses. Belief in the supernatural is evident throughout the era, and included when trying to understand the human anatomy. Although people of the Elizabethan times worked with natural remedies they believed in humors. The four humors included blood, phlegm or mucus, yellow bile and black bile. They believed disease resulted from an imbalance of these humors, so physicians would prescribe medicines and foods that were thought to possess the opposite properties of the excessive humor (Wagner 199).A not so common theory emerged as to the thought that diseases were caused by influences of the stars and planets upon the astral body of man (Lyons 376). A man by the name of Theophrastus Bombastus Von Hohenheim, or Paracelsus, believed in this medieval pathophysiological idea....
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...The doctors of the Elizabethan era were not as educated as to today’s doctors. A large amount of their work was based on philosophies of Aristotle and Hippocrates. Most people accepted the beliefs that the doctors shared. The doctors got their training at the College of Physicians. The college was established in 1518. A doctor were required to have a certificate saying that they graduated from University. The college was given the right to dissect corpses in 1565. The bodies of dead convicts and criminals were used to be dissected on. Broken legs were treated differently in those times as they are today. They believed that the human body was part of the universe. Yellow bile was considered fire. Phlegm was considered water. Black bile was...
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...3rd period Elizabethan Theatre The Elizabethan World This theory, based on the Greek philosopher Aristotle’s concept of the universe, was of great importance to Shakespeare’s contemporaries and was used by him in developing events in his plays. According to this idea, everything in the world had its position fixed by God. The Earth was the center of the universe and the stars moved around it in fixed routes. In heaven god ruled over the archangels and angels. On there was order everywhere. Society reflected this order with its fixed classes from the highest to the lowest- kings, churchmen, nobles, merchants, and peasants. The animals had their own degrees too, the lion being the “king”. Plant life and minerals also reflected this order. Among the trees, the most superior was the oak; among flowers, it was the rose. The Elizabethans called this hierarchical structure The Great Chain of Being. There are two major religions in Elizabethan Englan were the Catholic and Protestant religions. The convictions and beliefs in these different religions were so strong that they led to the executiong of many adherents to both of these Elizabethan religions. Elizabethan Court was wherever the Queen happened to be and was made up of all those who surrounded the Queen from servants to the courtiers themselves. Once a year the Queen would go on a progress to the southern counties, but most of the time she resided...
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...times in different areas of Europe and was a slow process of change rather than a sudden shift in ideas and values. England The English drama of the 16th cent. showed from the beginning that it would not be bound by classical rules. Many themes and ideas can be seen in the components of the Elizabethan drama. For example, many works were influenced by other works. Themes on revenge were seen and blood and killing was evidenced in many works by, for instance, Thomas Kyd 's Spanish Tragedy (c.1586). Marlowe’s works presented deeper meanings of questioning life. Shakespeare, of course, stands as the supreme dramatist of the Renaissance period, equally skilful at writing tragedies, comedies, or chronicle plays. His great achievements include the perfection of a verse form and language that captures the spirit of ordinary speech and yet stand above it to give a special dignity to his characters and situations; a marvellous ability to unify plot, character, imagery, and verse movement. With the reign of James I the English drama began to decline until the closing of the theatres by the Puritans in 1642. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_drama Comedy in Elizabethan Drama: The term "comedy" as applied to a division of the drama was not used in England until the Renaissance had brought a knowledge of the classical drama and theatre. Though the term was new the thing was old. The comic spirit invaded the miracle plays at an early date; while there were...
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...Understand how these journeys have evolved from trips that were difficult and often dangerous, to mass travel for millions today. Introduction: People have always traveled, in search of food or animal skins for clothing, or for territorial expansion. Travel in these early days was time-consuming and dangerous. Indeed, our word travel comes from the French word TRAVAIL, which means work, and that is what it was, hard work. Most early travel was on foot, but later donkeys begun to be used. Waterways and seaways also frequently become paths for trade and commerce. 1. EARLY BEGINNINGS (THE GREAT EMPIRES): Organized travel in the West probably began during the great empires of Persians, Assyrians, Greeks, Egyptians, and Romans. This period began several millennia B.C. and continued to several hundred years A.D.1 (or C.E./Common Era). During the empire period, travel developed for military, trade, and government reasons, as well as for communication from the central government to its distant territories. (i) Travel Methods: For overland travel, ordinary people used donkeys or camels, but for military and government purposes, horses were used, along with wagons and chariots. Goods also had to be transported. In Persia between 500 and 400 B.C., all the provinces were connected with the capital, Susa, by roads, and one of them was fifteen hundred miles long, The Greeks, on the other hand, constructed few roads. Sea travel also thrived (successful/strong). The first great system of sea...
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...History of Community Nursing Matrix Historical Time Period Nursing Role in Community Major Health Issues Partnerships Used Watson’s Theory Past Period 1 1800-1900 (America’s Colonial Period) In 1800-1900, during America’s colonial period and the new republic, public health committee was concerned about the health and care of individuals in the community; in the early years of 1800, the care for sick people and the ideas of public well-being were influenced by the traditions of British immigrants. That was the motive for establishment of a system to care for sick, poor, aged, mentally ill and dependent patients based on the English model. Using the Law of 1601was a great medical privilege for poor communities, blind individuals, and those who did not have families. At that time, the problems surrounding poor communities included death, birth defects, and many other kinds of sicknesses; that was also the beginning of the industrial developments and mechanizations and population growth, which contributed to increased incidence of disease. In 1856, Florence Nightingale organized hospital nursing practice and nursing education, emphasized the benefits of public health nursing, and highlighted the job of nurses which includes health promotion and disease prevention. (Dieckmann, 2008, p. 21) In the early 1800s, nurses were responsible for providing care at home and mostly focused on ethical improvements rather than illness or disease prevention. The year 1813 was the starting point...
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...English Study Guide E period Beowulf * The Wrath of Grendel Grendel, a murderous, powerful monster lurks outside Hrothgar’s a Danish King’s, extravagant party. God drove out the demons, but they split into many forms of evil spirits, fiends, goblins, monsters, and giants. Grendel is a demonic monster. At night, when the party ended, Grendel ate 30 guests and left blood everywhere. In the morning, the people of Herot and Hrothgar mourned the deaths of Grendel’s victims. However, Grendel came again and ate all of Hrothgar’s soldiers, leaving Herot bare. Hrothgar was incredibly saddened by this. However, God protected him and no help came from the pagan sacrifices. The only protection came from God. * The Coming of Beowulf In the land of the Geats, ruled by Higlac, Beowulf was the greatest and strongest of all the men. He decided to go to see Hrothgar, because he has heard of the horrors Grendel brought. The Geats egged on his adventure, so Beowulf took a crew of the mightiest men he could find and set forth on his journey. They arrived at the Danish shore and were questioned by the guard, who thought they might be raiders or pirates. Beowulf explained they were Geats; his father was Edgetho, a famous soldier and explained why they were there. The guard lets them pass. They enter Herot and are called to see the King. Beowulf is greeted by Hrothgar and explains why he is there. He says he will fight and kill Grendel without fear, and if he looses to...
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...HUS1011/30 22 May 2013 What is the Historical Background of Human, Maternal, and Child Services? Since the beginning of time there has been a basic need for human services. It has helped to make a big impact, and a difference, in our society now and then; and has helped to maintain a positive and long lasting difference in peoples’ lives, and it helps to improve our nation. How much do we know about the history of where it all began, and what challenges had to be faced in order for improvement to be made in the lives of the people? First, we must begin at the start of where it all began, a half a million years ago; the Stone Age. The first Human Service worker began assisting individuals with their needs was called a shaman, or medicine man; they did a surgical procedure where they would cut a hole (with a sharp stone) into the skull of an individual to help let the evil spirits that had possessed them out. They believed in the supernatural in those times, as well as, that everything bad was from something evil, and it must be eradicated immediately by rituals or rites. It was very hard to be able to find a place to live or get food because the environment was so hard, so the healthy had to assist the disable, sick, and elderly family members, if not they would not be able to get the basic necessities of survival. There were no agencies or programs for individuals who could not do for themselves to get assistance; the family was the main source of help. As time went...
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...OLD ENGLISH LITERATURE • Palaeolithic nomads from mainland Europe; • New inhabitants came from western and possibly north-western Europe (New Stone Age); • in the 2nd millennium BC new inhabitants came from the Low Countries and the middle Rhine (Stonehenge); • Between 800 and 200 BC Celtic peoples moved into Britain from mainland Europe (Iron Age) • first experience of a literate civilisation in 55 B.C. • remoter areas in Scotland retained independence • Ireland, never conquered by Rome, Celtic tradition • The language of the pre-Roman settlers - British (Welsh, Breton); Cornish; Irish and Scottish Gaelic (Celtic dialect) • The Romans up to the fifth century • Britain - a province of the Roman Empire 400 years • the first half of the 5th century the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes (N Germany, Jutland) • The initial wave of migration - 449 A. D. • the Venerable Bede (c. 673-735) • the Britain of his time comprised four nations English, British (Welsh), Picts, and Scots. • invaders resembling those of the Germans as described by Tacitus in his Germania. • a warrior race • the chieftain, the companions or comitatus. • the Celtic languages were supplanted (e.g. ass, bannock, crag). * Christianity spread from two different directions: * In the 5th century St Patrick converted Ireland, in the 7th century the north of England was converted by Irish monks; * in the south at the end of the 6th century Aethelberht of Kent allowed the monk Augustine...
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...Министерство образования и науки Республики Казахстан Кокшетауский государственный университет им. Ш. Уалиханова An Outline of British Literature (from tradition to post modernism) Кокшетау 2011 УДК 802.0 – 5:20 ББК 81:432.1-923 № 39 Рекомендовано к печати кафедрой английского языка и МП КГУ им. Ш. Уалиханова, Ученым Советом филологического факультета КГУ им. Ш. Уалиханова, УМС КГУ им. Ш. Уалиханова. Рецензенты: Баяндина С.Ж. доктор филологических наук, профессор, декан филологического факультета КГУ им. Ш. Уалиханова Батаева Ф.А. кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры «Переводческое дело» Кокшетауского университета им. А. Мырзахметова Кожанова К.Т. преподаватель английского языка кафедры гуманитарного цикла ИПК и ПРО Акмолинской области An Outline of British Literature from tradition to post modernism (on specialties 050119 – “Foreign Language: Two Foreign Languages”, 050205 – “Foreign Philology” and 050207 – “Translation”): Учебное пособие / Сост. Немченко Н.Ф. – Кокшетау: Типография КГУ им. Ш. Уалиханова, 2010 – 170 с. ISBN 9965-19-350-9 Пособие представляет собой краткие очерки, характеризующие английскую литературу Великобритании, ее основные направления и тенденции. Все известные направления в литературе иллюстрированы примерами жизни и творчества авторов, вошедших в мировую литературу благодаря...
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...KING LEAR Act One The play opens at Lear’s court, where we meet the main characters. The opening scene is in itself shocking, as Lear forces his daughters to declare their love for him. The one who loves him the most will receive the largest part of his kingdom, which he intends to divide between the three. Lear himself wishes to hand over the ruling of the kingdom to his daughters, while retaining the ‘Pre-eminence, and all the large effects / That troop with majesty’ (Scene 1, Lines 131-2). Goneril and Regan acquit themselves well at this love test. Cordelia, however, dismayed by her sisters’ ponderous words, refuses to take part in the ‘contest’ and tells Lear that she loves him as her duty instructs her. When Cordelia refuses to speak again, Lear casts her off without a moment’s hesitation. Ken attempts to argue with the King, accusing him of ‘hideous rashness’ (Scene 1, Line 151). When Kent further warns Lear that his elder daughters are false flatterers, Kent too is banished. Lear invests Albany and Cornwall with power, and, after Burgundy refuses to take Cordelia as his wife, now that she is without dowry, France takes her for her virtues alone. Goneril and Regan complain, in private, about Lear’s harsh judgement and unpredictable behaviour and worry that they too may be treated unfairly. Edmund, Gloucester’s bastard son, soliloquises about his own situation, revealing his devious intentions towards his brother. When his father enters, Edmund’s...
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...Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, Vol. 28, No. 5, October 2003 In Other (People’s) Words: plagiarism by university students—literature and lessons CHRIS PARK, The Graduate School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK ABSTRACT This paper reviews the literature on plagiarism by students, much of it based on North American experience, to discover what lessons it holds for institutional policy and practice within institutions of higher education in the UK. It explores seven themes: the meaning and context of plagiarism, the nature of plagiarism by students, how do students perceive plagiarism, how big a problem is student plagiarism, why do students cheat, what challenges are posed by digital plagiarism and is there a need to promote academic integrity? It is concluded that plagiarism is doubtless common and getting more so (particularly with increased access to digital sources, including the Internet), that there are multiple reasons why students plagiarise and that students often rationalise their cheating behaviour and downplay the importance of plagiarism by themselves and their peers. It is also concluded that there is a growing need for UK institutions to develop cohesive frameworks for dealing with student plagiarism that are based on prevention supported by robust detection and penalty systems that are transparent and applied consistently. Introduction Much has been written on the theme of plagiarism by students, particularly in the context of North...
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...Ben Jonson (1572–1637). The Alchemist. The Harvard Classics. 1909–14. | | | | |Introductory Note | | | | | |BEN JONSON was born of poor parents at Westminster in 1573. Through the influence of Camden, the antiquary, he got a good | 1| |education at Westminster School; but he does not seem to have gone to a University, though later both Oxford and Cambridge gave | | |him degrees. In his youth he practised for a time his stepfather’s trade of bricklaying, and he served as a soldier in Flanders. | | | It was probably about 1595 that he began to write for the stage, and within a few years he was recognized as a distinguished | 2| |playwright. His comedy of “Every Man in His Humour” was not only a great immediate success, but founded a school of satirical | | |drama in England. “Sejanus” and “Catiline” were less popular, but are impressive pictures of Roman life, less interesting but more| | |accurate than the Roman plays of Shakespeare. ...
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...Bloom’s Classic Critical Views W i l l ia m Sha k e Sp e a r e Bloom's Classic Critical Views alfred, lord Tennyson Benjamin Franklin The Brontës Charles Dickens edgar allan poe Geoffrey Chaucer George eliot George Gordon, lord Byron henry David Thoreau herman melville Jane austen John Donne and the metaphysical poets John milton Jonathan Swift mark Twain mary Shelley Nathaniel hawthorne Oscar Wilde percy Shelley ralph Waldo emerson robert Browning Samuel Taylor Coleridge Stephen Crane Walt Whitman William Blake William Shakespeare William Wordsworth Bloom’s Classic Critical Views W i l l ia m Sha k e Sp e a r e Edited and with an Introduction by Sterling professor of the humanities Yale University harold Bloom Bloom’s Classic Critical Views: William Shakespeare Copyright © 2010 Infobase Publishing Introduction © 2010 by Harold Bloom All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For more information contact: Bloom’s Literary Criticism An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data William Shakespeare / edited and with an introduction by Harold Bloom : Neil Heims, volume editor. p. cm. — (Bloom’s classic critical views) Includes bibliographical references...
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...Eat, Pray, Love Eat, Pray, Love Eat, Pray, Love Eat, Pray, Love ALSO BY ELIZABETH GILBERT Pilgrims Stern Men The Last American Man Eat, Pray, Love Eat, Pray, Love VIKING Published by the Penguin Group Penguin Group (USA) Inc., 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014, U.S.A. Penguin Group (Canada), 90 Eglinton Avenue East, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4P 2Y3 (a division of Pearson Penguin Canada Inc.) Penguin Books Ltd, 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England Penguin Ireland, 25 St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland (a division of Penguin Books Ltd) Penguin Books Australia Ltd, 250 Camberwell Road, Camberwell, Victoria 3124, Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) Penguin Books India Pvt Ltd, 11 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi – 110 017, India Penguin Group (NZ), Cnr Airborne and Rosedale Roads, Albany, Auckland 1310, New Zealand (a division of Pearson New Zealand Ltd) Penguin Books (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd, 24 Sturdee Avenue, Rosebank, Johannesburg 2196, South Africa Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England First published in 2006 by Viking Penguin, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Copyright © Elizabeth Gilbert, 2006 All rights reserved LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA Gilbert, Elizabeth, date. Eat, pray, love: one woman’s search for everything across Italy, India and Indonesia / Elizabeth Gilbert p. cm. ISBN 0-670-03471-1 1. Gilbert, Elizabeth, date—Travel...
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