...Physicians, and Medicine During the Elizabethan Time The Elizabethan time period was from 1558 through 1603 known as the Renaissance. During the Renaissance there was not any running water, so people would have to throw their waste in the streets. With people’s waste in the street came many illnesses including The Plague. Even a minor scrap could kill you in the next minute. When people got sick they needed medicine, physicians, and health care. In the late 1500 there was not a great deal medican, there was mostly just spiritual analysis. One of the key figures of the medical world was Andreas Vesalius who became Professor of surgery and anatomy at the University of Padua, when he was only twenty three. In most detail Vesalius showed that...
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...Doctors believed in many different things. One thing they believed was that the liver was the source of our emotions(Ros,Maggi). Now we know that the source of our emotions are is the subconscious mind which is part of our brain. They believed that four humors or fluids entered into the composition of a man the liquids are blood, choler ,melancholy ,and phlegm. According to this belief one humor could control the temperature as sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric, or melancholy. One believed that if there is too much it can cause a disease(Medical Beliefs and Practices 2). Physician believed what they did because ancient teachings of Aristotle and Hippocrates.(The Beliefs of the Elizabethan Physician).There beliefs centered around astrology. In...
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...The doctors of the Elizabethan era were not as educated as to today’s doctors. A large amount of their work was based on philosophies of Aristotle and Hippocrates. Most people accepted the beliefs that the doctors shared. The doctors got their training at the College of Physicians. The college was established in 1518. A doctor were required to have a certificate saying that they graduated from University. The college was given the right to dissect corpses in 1565. The bodies of dead convicts and criminals were used to be dissected on. Broken legs were treated differently in those times as they are today. They believed that the human body was part of the universe. Yellow bile was considered fire. Phlegm was considered water. Black bile was...
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...The Elizabethan Age (1558 - 1603) refers to the period of Elizabeth 1's reign and is characterized by vigorous intellectual thinking, an age of adventure and discovery, a time in which new ideas and new experiences were sought after. The period revolutionized many aspects of English life, most significantly literature. The Elizabethan Age is considered the Golden Age of English literature. English writers were intrigued and heavily influenced by Italian Renaissance writing and readily adopted this model. This period also saw the introduction of a new genre in English theatre, the tragicomedy, which became very popular. The era is also considered the era of sonnets. The works of writers such as Shakespeare, Wyatt and Thomas Campion became very popular as printed literature and was widely distributed in households. Drama, under Elizabeth's reign, became a unifying influence, drawing people of different social classes together, since watching a play became a common experience and was not exclusively restricted to the gentry or upper class. Commoners and royalty could enjoy the same performance in each other's company, albeit in separate seating arrangements. Elizabethan Literature has so deeply stamped its authority on all future literate endeavors and developments, that we, almost half a millennium later, still study it and admire its exceptional beauty and greatness. Women's Rights were nonexistent Women were meant to be seen and not heard They were baby makers and...
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...The standards of beauty incessantly change decade after decade. Today, society portrays beauty as having flawless skin, long hair and exquisite tans. Women try to mirror this “ideal” image of beauty by using tanning beds, hair extensions and pounds of expensive makeup. However, in the Elizabethan era, being beautiful was declared as having distinct pale skin, bright eyes, colorful lips and cheeks and hair in a mesmeric up do. Having a colorless tint of the skin was said to show nobility and power. The more pale a person’s skin was, the more accepted they were in the Elizabethan society. Women often functioned behind the scenes of their husbands. They were urged to be obedient and virginal. Women were often accessories to the men in every aspect...
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...3rd period Elizabethan Theatre The Elizabethan World This theory, based on the Greek philosopher Aristotle’s concept of the universe, was of great importance to Shakespeare’s contemporaries and was used by him in developing events in his plays. According to this idea, everything in the world had its position fixed by God. The Earth was the center of the universe and the stars moved around it in fixed routes. In heaven god ruled over the archangels and angels. On there was order everywhere. Society reflected this order with its fixed classes from the highest to the lowest- kings, churchmen, nobles, merchants, and peasants. The animals had their own degrees too, the lion being the “king”. Plant life and minerals also reflected this order. Among the trees, the most superior was the oak; among flowers, it was the rose. The Elizabethans called this hierarchical structure The Great Chain of Being. There are two major religions in Elizabethan Englan were the Catholic and Protestant religions. The convictions and beliefs in these different religions were so strong that they led to the executiong of many adherents to both of these Elizabethan religions. Elizabethan Court was wherever the Queen happened to be and was made up of all those who surrounded the Queen from servants to the courtiers themselves. Once a year the Queen would go on a progress to the southern counties, but most of the time she resided...
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...plays take place are determining factors in the behaviors of the characters involved. The Taming of the Shrew takes place in the Elizabethan Era at a time when men were considered to be superior to women. Pygmalion takes place in the Victorian Era where social roles were viewed natural and status was acquired among most of London’s society. These two characters in their periods of time can be perceived as humanitarians or professionals; but really they are both perfect examples of how pride and self centeredness can make a man take on the complicated task of taming or transforming a woman. A comparison of their differences will reveal their successes but with very dissimilar results. Petruchio is a quick witted wealthy bachelor with a disregard for social decorum in search for a rich wife to increase his fortune. He doesn’t care if a woman is ugly, old, or shrewish as long as she has money. He sets off to Padua to visit a friend and hears about Katherine Minola. Katherine has a reputation of having a temper and an acid tongue, in short she’s a shrew; but her father is rich. Petruchio despite Katherine’s reputation agrees to marry her because money is what makes him happy. Let the taming begin! In his taming efforts, he acts like a jerk on his wedding day and throughout the honeymoon so that Katherine can get a taste of her own medicine. He constantly yells, swears, abuses his servants, and gets erratic and cruel. Then he uses different psychological techniques...
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...times in different areas of Europe and was a slow process of change rather than a sudden shift in ideas and values. England The English drama of the 16th cent. showed from the beginning that it would not be bound by classical rules. Many themes and ideas can be seen in the components of the Elizabethan drama. For example, many works were influenced by other works. Themes on revenge were seen and blood and killing was evidenced in many works by, for instance, Thomas Kyd 's Spanish Tragedy (c.1586). Marlowe’s works presented deeper meanings of questioning life. Shakespeare, of course, stands as the supreme dramatist of the Renaissance period, equally skilful at writing tragedies, comedies, or chronicle plays. His great achievements include the perfection of a verse form and language that captures the spirit of ordinary speech and yet stand above it to give a special dignity to his characters and situations; a marvellous ability to unify plot, character, imagery, and verse movement. With the reign of James I the English drama began to decline until the closing of the theatres by the Puritans in 1642. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_drama Comedy in Elizabethan Drama: The term "comedy" as applied to a division of the drama was not used in England until the Renaissance had brought a knowledge of the classical drama and theatre. Though the term was new the thing was old. The comic spirit invaded the miracle plays at an early date; while there were...
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...dangerous, to mass travel for millions today. Introduction: People have always traveled, in search of food or animal skins for clothing, or for territorial expansion. Travel in these early days was time-consuming and dangerous. Indeed, our word travel comes from the French word TRAVAIL, which means work, and that is what it was, hard work. Most early travel was on foot, but later donkeys begun to be used. Waterways and seaways also frequently become paths for trade and commerce. 1. EARLY BEGINNINGS (THE GREAT EMPIRES): Organized travel in the West probably began during the great empires of Persians, Assyrians, Greeks, Egyptians, and Romans. This period began several millennia B.C. and continued to several hundred years A.D.1 (or C.E./Common Era). During the empire period, travel developed for military, trade, and government reasons, as well as for communication from the central government to its distant territories. (i) Travel Methods: For overland travel, ordinary people used donkeys or camels, but for military and government purposes, horses were used, along with wagons and chariots. Goods also had to be transported. In Persia between 500 and 400 B.C., all the provinces were connected with the capital, Susa, by roads, and one of them was fifteen hundred miles long, The Greeks, on the other hand, constructed few roads. Sea travel also thrived (successful/strong). The first great system of sea transportation was established by the Phoenicians and connected the early inland camel...
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...ABSTRACT John Donne is acknowledged as the master of metaphysical poetry and is admired for his talent and magnificent wit exercised in his writing. Metaphysical poetry is a special branch of poetry that deals with the pedagogic use of intellect and emotion in a harmonic manner. The basic praxis of metaphysical poetry is to highlight the philosophical view of nature and its ambience concerning human life. Despite criticisms from various corners, Donne and his other companions remained busy with their work to concentrate on metaphysical poetry to portray the feelings and sentiments of human beings by dint of their skillful and artful literary accomplishments. This paper is to address the outstanding performance of John Donne in the arena of metaphysical poetry and it endeavours to make a critical assessment of the diverse issues allembracing metaphysical poetry as well as to establish the relevance of metaphysical poetry in the literary realm. ______________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION ―Shine here to us, and thou art everywhere This bed thy centre is, these walls, thy sphere‖ The Sun Rising: John Donne The startling conversational lines marvellously enumerate the poet‘s intense appeal to spread the beams of sun on the lovers‘ world as a mark of illuminating the macrocosmic world and beckon the readers to enter into a new realm of poetry with a sense of attachment and belonging between different objects of nature...
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...The perennial contemplation pertaining to the way in which society’s reflection on humanity concerns with mortality and death directs and upholds enduring notions dependant on the contextual values of religion and human epistemologies. In the poetry of John Donne (1572‐ 1631) and play Wit (1997)by Margaret Edson, the recurrent issues of death and self actualisation are realigned in the Elizabethan context and post modernist ideals. While centuries separate the historical and social context of the paired texts, the human issues remain parallel reasserting the fundamental concerns of life and death in Donne’s poetry to give rise to new interpretations of the understanding of life. The evolution of societal ideologies regarding humanity’s attitude towards death is reliant upon the vicissitudinary nature of both cultural and historical contexts. In Donne’s context the Jacobean era saw the flourishing of Protestant Christianity and scientific advancements as seen in individuals such as Shakespeare and Galileo. This anthropocentric, humanistic movement is apparent in Donne’s challenge to the petrarchan conventions of poetry, in which he expresses the confidence of humanity and the arrogant attitude towards death that is central to his Holy Sonnet X ‘Death be not proud.’ Addressed through the second person references ‘thou’, ‘thee’, ‘thy’, death is not considered abstractly but anthropomorphisedas the poems central conceit. In Donne’s apostrophe to death ...
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...History of Community Nursing Matrix Historical Time Period Nursing Role in Community Major Health Issues Partnerships Used Watson’s Theory Past Period 1 1800-1900 (America’s Colonial Period) In 1800-1900, during America’s colonial period and the new republic, public health committee was concerned about the health and care of individuals in the community; in the early years of 1800, the care for sick people and the ideas of public well-being were influenced by the traditions of British immigrants. That was the motive for establishment of a system to care for sick, poor, aged, mentally ill and dependent patients based on the English model. Using the Law of 1601was a great medical privilege for poor communities, blind individuals, and those who did not have families. At that time, the problems surrounding poor communities included death, birth defects, and many other kinds of sicknesses; that was also the beginning of the industrial developments and mechanizations and population growth, which contributed to increased incidence of disease. In 1856, Florence Nightingale organized hospital nursing practice and nursing education, emphasized the benefits of public health nursing, and highlighted the job of nurses which includes health promotion and disease prevention. (Dieckmann, 2008, p. 21) In the early 1800s, nurses were responsible for providing care at home and mostly focused on ethical improvements rather than illness or disease prevention. The year 1813 was the starting point...
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...English Study Guide E period Beowulf * The Wrath of Grendel Grendel, a murderous, powerful monster lurks outside Hrothgar’s a Danish King’s, extravagant party. God drove out the demons, but they split into many forms of evil spirits, fiends, goblins, monsters, and giants. Grendel is a demonic monster. At night, when the party ended, Grendel ate 30 guests and left blood everywhere. In the morning, the people of Herot and Hrothgar mourned the deaths of Grendel’s victims. However, Grendel came again and ate all of Hrothgar’s soldiers, leaving Herot bare. Hrothgar was incredibly saddened by this. However, God protected him and no help came from the pagan sacrifices. The only protection came from God. * The Coming of Beowulf In the land of the Geats, ruled by Higlac, Beowulf was the greatest and strongest of all the men. He decided to go to see Hrothgar, because he has heard of the horrors Grendel brought. The Geats egged on his adventure, so Beowulf took a crew of the mightiest men he could find and set forth on his journey. They arrived at the Danish shore and were questioned by the guard, who thought they might be raiders or pirates. Beowulf explained they were Geats; his father was Edgetho, a famous soldier and explained why they were there. The guard lets them pass. They enter Herot and are called to see the King. Beowulf is greeted by Hrothgar and explains why he is there. He says he will fight and kill Grendel without fear, and if he looses to...
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...HUS1011/30 22 May 2013 What is the Historical Background of Human, Maternal, and Child Services? Since the beginning of time there has been a basic need for human services. It has helped to make a big impact, and a difference, in our society now and then; and has helped to maintain a positive and long lasting difference in peoples’ lives, and it helps to improve our nation. How much do we know about the history of where it all began, and what challenges had to be faced in order for improvement to be made in the lives of the people? First, we must begin at the start of where it all began, a half a million years ago; the Stone Age. The first Human Service worker began assisting individuals with their needs was called a shaman, or medicine man; they did a surgical procedure where they would cut a hole (with a sharp stone) into the skull of an individual to help let the evil spirits that had possessed them out. They believed in the supernatural in those times, as well as, that everything bad was from something evil, and it must be eradicated immediately by rituals or rites. It was very hard to be able to find a place to live or get food because the environment was so hard, so the healthy had to assist the disable, sick, and elderly family members, if not they would not be able to get the basic necessities of survival. There were no agencies or programs for individuals who could not do for themselves to get assistance; the family was the main source of help. As time went...
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...OLD ENGLISH LITERATURE • Palaeolithic nomads from mainland Europe; • New inhabitants came from western and possibly north-western Europe (New Stone Age); • in the 2nd millennium BC new inhabitants came from the Low Countries and the middle Rhine (Stonehenge); • Between 800 and 200 BC Celtic peoples moved into Britain from mainland Europe (Iron Age) • first experience of a literate civilisation in 55 B.C. • remoter areas in Scotland retained independence • Ireland, never conquered by Rome, Celtic tradition • The language of the pre-Roman settlers - British (Welsh, Breton); Cornish; Irish and Scottish Gaelic (Celtic dialect) • The Romans up to the fifth century • Britain - a province of the Roman Empire 400 years • the first half of the 5th century the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes (N Germany, Jutland) • The initial wave of migration - 449 A. D. • the Venerable Bede (c. 673-735) • the Britain of his time comprised four nations English, British (Welsh), Picts, and Scots. • invaders resembling those of the Germans as described by Tacitus in his Germania. • a warrior race • the chieftain, the companions or comitatus. • the Celtic languages were supplanted (e.g. ass, bannock, crag). * Christianity spread from two different directions: * In the 5th century St Patrick converted Ireland, in the 7th century the north of England was converted by Irish monks; * in the south at the end of the 6th century Aethelberht of Kent allowed the monk Augustine...
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