...(d) military strength of the Germanics. The Frankish leader who defeated the Moors at the Battle of Tours was ___. (a) Clovis. (c) Charlemagne. (b) Pepin. (d) Charles Martel. Areas that Charlemagne united within his empire are now part of _____. (a) France and Germany. (c) England and Spain (b) Spain and Portugal. (d) Austria and Russia. An important result of Clovis’ conquests was the _____. (a) spread of Christianity in Europe (b) union of the Western and Eastern Roman empires (c) expulsion of the Moslems from western Europe (d) decline of feudalism in central Europe. The "Dark Ages" in western Europe refers to the period _____. (a) after the creation of the Feudal system (b) soon after the assassination of Julius Caesar (c) followed the collapse of the Roman Empire (d.) strengthening the central authority of Rome within the Empire. Which was not a result of the Germanic invasions of the Roman Empire? (a) Raising the level of civilization (c) Curtailing trade (b) Overthrowing the Roman government (d) Destroying many fine buildings The tithe was _____. (a.) an asylum for the poor. (c.) a monastic order. (b.) a tax levied by the Church. (d.) a special vestment for nuns. The Holy Inquisition was established to _____. (a.) combat heresy. (c.) stamp out Church corruption. (b.) convert the Jews. (d.) punish traitors to the king. Whenever...
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...HISTORY OF FISCAL ADMINISTRATION AND THE THEORY AND PURPOSE OF TAXATION Introduction Fiscal Administration is not difficult to define. In simple terms, fiscal administration is the branch of economics that deals with the revenues and expenditures and their impact on the economy. It is the manner of collecting something from the constituents and spending it also for the constituents. And the exact definition according to http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-fiscal-administration.htm, fiscal administration is the act of managing incoming and outgoing monetary transactions and budgets for governments, educational institutions, nonprofit organizations, and other public service entities. Constituents charge leaders, whether governmental or organizational, with establishing fiscal policy as part of their duties in relation to responsible fiscal administration. Fiscal policies are tools for the development of fiscal planning budgets, based on the receipt of anticipated funding. As fund disbursement in the form of payroll, purchases, or other expenses occur, management reports appropriate accounting information back to organizational leaders. Historical data, future revenue projections, and current budget demands determine needed adjustments. The entire process forms the basis for future fiscal administration decision making. Leaders of government, nonprofits, and other public service entities have a fiduciary responsibility to those who put them in office, individuals...
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...something about it. He started a system in which he rented out his kingdom’s land in return for money, labor, or military service. This system is known as feudalism. In many ways it was a very beneficial system, but it had its faults. Over the middle ages, feudalism spread all throughout Europe. And even though it eventually failed, feudalism grew into one of the most powerful and well known political systems in history. Feudalism originally grew out of the chaos amongst the empires within Europe between the 9th and 15th centuries. Cities and states were struggling with each other and feudalism was a cure to their problems. It was a way to gather and organize an army of men and keep them on hand to restore and keep order in the land. The feudal system consisted of vassals, someone who serves, arranged in a pyramid. At the base of the pyramid was the largest group, the peasants or serfs that provided food and services. Above them were the merchants and craftsmen that served the lords and knights. The knights and nobles served the barons, bishops, and other officials. At the peak of the pyramid sat the king, who ruled everyone. Although this “pyramid” may resemble the social and political structure of previous societies, such as ancient Egypt, the classes within the feudal system proved to be beneficial, almost reciprocal for all members of the society. The feudal structure began as a simple plan and grew more complex. When the feudal system began to form, small communities...
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...Class: E8-2 Teacher: Mr Garcia My project idea is about finding out the benefit of diversity in the medieval times. According to Meriam Webster dictionary, it stated: “Diversity-the conditions of having or being composed of differing elements.” In my first and second paragraph, I will be mentioning different trade routes during the Middle Ages. In my second paragraph the different ruling system in the medieval times Church vs State. In my third paragraph, I will be explaining about a multicultural society inside the Iberian society. The last paragraph I will be concluding my points about diversity. After the crusades, the effect that the crusades had on the society benefits them. The Crusades brought wealth and power...
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...Japanese and Medieval societies were similar in the way that they both revolved around Feudalism. However, there were differences between the two. For example, Japanese feudalism was based on one philosopher while European feudalism was based on Roman laws and customs. Feudalism can be described by ownership of land. Both Europe and Japan have non landowning and landowning systems. In both Japan and Europe their class systems were the same. With that said, because of constant warfare, warriors were the most important class for both Japan and Europe. The warriors of Europe were called “knights,” and “Samurai,” in Japan. As in Japan, Europe also used swords, rode horses into battle, and wore armor. These war tactics were probably the smartest...
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...Life in the medieval times was dominated by the feudal system. Feudal Japan and Feudal Europe were so different but were so similar at the same time. The social classes the were different, there are more social classes Japan and their social classes were different. The way they treated their women was similar but still had its differences, in Japan there was more equal rights. Their armor was just completely different, one wore leather and iron and the other wore chainmail and plate armor. One of the many differences in Feudal Japan and Feudal Europe is the social classes. In Feudal Japan the empower is at the top of the social class then, shogun, daimyo, samurai, peasants, and merchants. In Feudal Europe the king was at the top then, nobles, knights, and serfs/peasants. In Japan, there are...
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...REVIEW The "hierarchical" fief-holding system in which vassals in turn had vassals owing them services was known as subinfeudation. The VIKINGS used iron weapons, had superior shipbuilding skills, did raids onto continent (they came from Scandinavia) , established settlements, aided growth of fief-holding., and in time - Christianity assimilated them into European civilization. In Western Europe, the chief political repercussion of frequent Viking raids was .an increase in the power of local aristocrats to whom threatened populations turned for effective protection. Feudalism of medieval Europe was primarily a complex system of vassalage by which the weak sought protection and sustenance from powerful local nobles. Feudalism in England under William I differed from feudalism in most other countries in that he required sub-vassals to swear allegiance to him. William of Normandy's survey of his new royal possessions in England was recorded in the Doomesday Book. By the thirteenth century, a previous acceptance of homosexuality by church and society had been replaced by Christian persecution of homosexuals due to all of the following: the writings of Thomas Aquinas; a rising tide of intolerance in Europe; the identification of homosexuals with other detested minority groups in society. The "agricultural revolution" of the High Middle Ages was in part brought about by a change from the two-field to the three-field system. The Magyars were originally from western...
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...John Foster HIS-109 March 6, 2014 Professor Carta The High Middle Ages The Christian religions rise to supremacy in the middle ages was the result of several factors. Christians had long been persecuted by the Roman Empire because the Romans felt that Christianity challenged and offended the Greco-Roman Gods and the Christians were prone to revolt against Roman rule. Christianity survived because it had many teachings that appealed to the downtrodden in Roman society, these teachings being that even though they were suffering they would gain equality and possibly superiority in the next life, Christianity gave them hope. When Emperor Constantine “converted” to Christianity, this conversion is not fact and often debated, after the Christian God gave him a vision that he would win a battle if he put the sign of Jesus Christ on his soldier’s banners. He did and won the battle decisively giving credit to the Christian God and then proceeded to favor Christianity over all religions in the Empire. Constantine’s favor was the turning point in the Christian religion. Under his rule Roman citizens converted in droves. When the Western Roman Empire collapsed around 476 A.D. all non-religious authority broke down throughout this empire and central Europe. Germanic tribes began to invade and take over these areas and the rule of law became almost non-existent. The Catholic Church maintained its organization giving the Christians a place to look for guidance during this dark...
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...lasted a couple hundred years. “[It] organized society during a violent and lawless time after the fall of the Roman Empire” (pg. 10), often known as the Medieval, or Dark, Ages. Feudalism “… developed an economic, military, and government system that has never been duplicated in any other time or place in the world” (pg. 9). Even though those three systems had been created, there were still many problems with the structure as a whole, such as taxing the poorest class. Within the Feudal system there was an order of power that started with the Pope, followed by the King, Nobles, Vassals (Knights), Freemen, Yeomen, servants, and, at the very bottom, peasants/serfs. “… [The King of] England, for example, divided [his] entire [kingdom] into fifty of sixty fiefs…” (pg.9), or parcels of land, and granted them to Nobles and Vassals, who would have then provided military services back to him in times of up rise. Not only did serfs work the land given to the Nobles and Vassals, but they also had large taxes placed on them by the King. These unreasonable taxes, along with the lack of a set body of laws led to a slow decline in Feudalism. Overall, Feudalism was a one-time system that “… helped European civilization lift itself out of the Dark Ages” (pg.10). It lasted just long enough for the economy to level out, and for a new system of military services to be...
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...Everything in the Middle Ages was a hierarchy. For an overwhelmingly Christian people, there was absolutely no concept of equality. The social structure of the medieval times was called ordo, which is Latin for “order”. The ordo grouped people into three basic categories based on the role you played in society. The top class during the medieval times were the oratores, which consisted of the clergy. The middle class during these times were the bellatores which consisted of knights, nobles, and kings. The lowest class, and also the biggest, were the laboratores who were those who did the labor. Since people of this time were born into their specific class, and had no chance of changing your class, there was great disdain felt towards the noblemen...
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...Contemporary world power, and the shift from the East to the West during what historian’s term, Medieval/Renaissance Europe, shifted the roles of two vastly different empires – the Ming and Ottoman. Both empires had different types of leadership and core goals – military and social. The Ming Empire was led by brilliant philosophical scholars, concerned not only with the external world but the development of the internal consciousness; the Ottoman based on a new monotheistic religion that stratified society, but also allowed numerous mathematical, scientific, and medical advances, copied by the Europeans after the Crusades. Islam began about 700 AD in the Saudi Peninsula, which at the time, was composed mostly of nomadic tribes, a few trade cities, and a disparate population. Through religion, the Arab peoples were united, so that by the years of 900-1200 AD, the Ottoman Empire could be called a state unto itself. It quickly proved to be a military strength and threat to its neighbors, at its height growing from the Iberian Peninsula through India and into Southeast Asia. The Turks expanded their empire through brilliant military tactics, horse archery, and new technologies in battle. Coupled with this more practical sense, the idea of spreading Islam, and the uniting of cultures through culture and religion, proved to be equally as powerful (Goodwin, 2003). The Ming Empire, on the other hand, had no central religion or cultural basis, unless one considers the philosophies...
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...traditions after the civil unrest and constant wars that once flew over this country. There is no doubt that Tokugawa’s regime was responsible for social change in Japanese society towards a medieval ruling. Junnosuke...
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...into Italy when the ships docked and even though the residents of Italy realised that the people on board were infected, it did not stop the black rats from entering the country. It infected Europeans in 1347 due to the siege of the Port of Caffa where the war strategy was for bodies infected with the plague to be catapulted over into Caffa. The disease affected the water supply and the air and gradually residents began to suffer and die. Caffa was defended by residents from...
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...who went to Jerusalem for the thrill of bloodshed and pursuit of wealth. Also, other crusaders entered the campaign out of fear of being shamed by their peers. Thus, the Crusades began as popular and widely supported movement and those who participated were considered heroic. The noble classes also supported the Crusades. The Christian kings and emperors used the Crusades to establish larger kingdoms using land taken from Palestine. (Harpur 24-25) The Crusaders failed in their stated goals for various reasons. First, during the years 1095 AD to 1291 AD eight major and multiple minor crusades took place. Many of the fighters joined the Crusades because they had nothing to lose. Serfs who became crusaders were the lowest class in Europe’s feudal society. They were often in debt, starving and hopeless. Some of these crusaders were only fighting for their own personal gain. They committed a range of immoral acts including rape, murder of men, woman, elderly and children, and the sack of cities, irrespective of the religions practiced by the inhabitants. Thus the goals of the crusaders were often not aligned with the stated goals of the Church. (Harpur 5-12) Second, the crusaders were completely outnumbered by the Muslim fighters. In the time following the first Crusade, almost all of the crusaders returned home, leaving behind a small force of Christians to control a large conquered area. The outnumbered crusaders could not compete with the united Muslims. ("Crusades - Facts & Summary...
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...During the period era between 500 and 1400, the entire Europe went through the process of disease, faith, feudalism and golden age. Throughout the years of the middle ages, 1/3 of europe's population was decimated, faith in God was renewed, and advancements in art, architecture and science occurred. Thus, the middle ages cannot be portrayed by using one label, however, the term “middle ages” is able to fully illustrate all three aspect that happened during the middle ages. The Middle Ages are often referred with numerous different labels: especially the Dark ages. For instance documents 1 provides clear illustration of Europe being referred to as the Dark Ages. Document 1 highlights the fact that Hungarians (barbarians) have sacked towns...
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