...Why do we keep a lab notebook? In the ‘real world’, you will be expected to record what you do and how you do it, with the data clearly identifiable. There are 2 reasons for this: • Any scientific experiment is only considered valid if it can be repeated by someone else using your notebook. • If you develop a new product or process, your notebook becomes a legal document that can be scrutinized in a court of law, especially in cases of patent infringement. In order to meet these requirements, certain conditions must be met: • Notebooks shall have bound pages, loose-leaf and spiral bound are not acceptable. • All pages must be numbered prior to use. This will show if any pages have been removed that contained data that might compromise interpretation of your conclusions. • All data shall be entered chronologically. Do not leave empty pages to insert information later. If you finish with a large expanse of blank page, put a line through it to show that it will not be used. • All notes are to be made in indelible pen – pencil will be penalized. If you make a mistake, just draw a single line through it, not a childish scribble to hide all traces! • All data will be recorded in your lab notebook at the moment it is generated. No notes shall be written on scraps of paper or memorized for later. Other notes about the lab notebook: All pre-lab and experimental work is hand-written in your lab notebook. Make...
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...Melting Range Report Name: Date: Lab Section: |Selected Known Compounds | |Name |Structural Formula |Literature Melting Point | |Acetanilide |[pic] |114.3°C | | |C8H9NO | | |Fluorene |[pic] |116.5°C | | |C13H10 | | |Experimental Data | |Sample Composition | |1. |2. |3. |4. |5. |6. |7. | |100% |10% |25% |50% |75% |90% |100% | |...
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...Determination of Boiling Points and Melting Points of Organic Compounds During this laboratory session, we will practice determining the boiling point of a liquid organic compound and the melting point (or we could call it the freezing point) of a solid organic compound. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the pressure of the vapor above a liquid equals the existing pressure. As we heat a liquid, the pressure of the vapor above the liquid slowly increases. When this pressure equals the pressure existing in the container, the liquid begins to boil– the liquid turns to vapor. If not contained, the vapor will “escape” into the atmosphere. In other words, the liquid evaporates. If the vapor is contained, and then passed through an area where the temperature is lower, the vapor will “condense” and enter the liquid state again. This would be a distillation. Atmospheric pressure is approximately 760 mm Hg; i.e., the weight of a column of mercury measuring 1 mm2 and 760 mm tall. This equates to about 29.7 inches of mercury. If we reduce the pressure above the sample that we are heating, we can reduce the boiling point of the liquid. This is referred to as a vacuum distillation or carrying out a distillation in vacuo. For example, while water boils at 100oC (or 212° F) at 760 mm Hg, it boils around 22oC at 20 mm Hg. The boiling point of a liquid is a physical characteristic of a compound. Many factors go into the estimation of the boiling point of a liquid such as the...
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...Determination of Boiling Points and Melting Points of Organic Compounds During this laboratory session, we will practice determining the boiling point of a liquid organic compound and the melting point (or we could call it the freezing point) of a solid organic compound. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the pressure of the vapor above a liquid equals the existing pressure. As we heat a liquid, the pressure of the vapor above the liquid slowly increases. When this pressure equals the pressure existing in the container, the liquid begins to boil– the liquid turns to vapor. If not contained, the vapor will “escape” into the atmosphere. In other words, the liquid evaporates. If the vapor is contained, and then passed through an area where the temperature is lower, the vapor will “condense” and enter the liquid state again. This would be a distillation. Atmospheric pressure is approximately 760 mm Hg; i.e., the weight of a column of mercury measuring 1 mm2 and 760 mm tall. This equates to about 29.7 inches of mercury. If we reduce the pressure above the sample that we are heating, we can reduce the boiling point of the liquid. This is referred to as a vacuum distillation or carrying out a distillation in vacuo. For example, while water boils at 100oC (or 212° F) at 760 mm Hg, it boils around 22oC at 20 mm Hg. The boiling point of a liquid is a physical characteristic of a compound. Many factors go into the estimation of the boiling point of a liquid such as the...
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...Lab Report Marco Huerta Partner: Sami Mrestani Chem 12B – Organic Chemistry 11/07/11 Lazik Benzocaine Objective: To prepare a local anesthetic, Benzocaine, by the direct estherification of p-aminobenzoic acid with ethanol. Abstract: Over the years many new local anesthetics have been synthesized and tested. Though many have not come into general use, the search for the perfect local anesthetic is still under way. An interesting fact about these compounds is that they all share common feature (see general structure below). At one end of the molecule is an aromatic ring. At the other is a secondary or tertiary amine. These two ends are separated by a central chain of atoms usually one to four units long. The aromatic part is typically and ester of an aromatic acid which is important to the bodily detoxification of these compounds. In our experiment, we created a topical anesthetic, Benzocaine, by the direct estherification of p-aminobenzoic acid. This was accomplished by reaction with absolute ethanol catalyzed by concentrated sulfuric acid and later neutralized with a 10% sodium carbonate solution. Neutralization raised the pH of the overall reaction system to about 8 creating a precipitate of Benzocaine. Recrystallization of the crude product was performed to increase purity. Our...
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...Experiment 34A: Hypochlorite Oxidation of Methyl Ketones by the Haloform Reaction: Benzoic Acid Objective: To practice the Haloform reaction as synthetic rout to form benzoic acid To understand the mechanis that provide chorine from NaOH To obtain the melting point and FTIR spectrum of benzoic acid Experimental Procedure: The procedure was followed as described in Mayo, pages 405 -406, with the modifications given on Blackboard. Additional modifications to the procedure included the following: * The filtered product was left on the Hirsch funnel for 1 5 min * The amount of Na2SO3 was increased from 15 to35 mg * The amount of Acetophenone was increased from 15 to35 mg * The amount of Na2SO3 was increased from 90 μL, from 60 μL. * The amount of Sodium hypoclorite was increased to 3.2 mg Reaction scheme Data and Results: Physical properties Compound | Formula | MW | Amount | mmol | Mp 0C | Bp 0C | d | nD | Acetophenone | C₆H₅COCH₃ | 120.16 | 90 μL. | 77 | 20.7 | 2.2.6 | 1.03 | 1.5372 | Aquous NaOCl | NaOCl | 74.442 | 3.2mL | | 18 | 101 | 1.11 | | Sodium sulfite | Na2SO3 | 120.6 | 35mg | | | 33.4 | | | Benzoic acid | C6H5COOH | 122.12 | 94mg | 77 | 121.0 | 249 | | | Chloroform | CHCl3 | 119.38 | 92mg | | | | | | Water | H2O | 18.015 | 1.5mL | | 32 | 100 | 1.00 | | Observations: * Acetophenone and NaOCl were clear liquids * Sodium Sulfite was a whote powder * A yellow greasy liquid was found at the...
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...CH 220C ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LABORATORY Spring, 2015 Section Page 1. General Information 2 2. Safety Information 2 3. Attendance 3 Make-Up Policy 3 4. Laboratory Protocol 3 Assigned Reading 3 Pre-Lab Quizzes 3 Lab Notebook 5 Chemicals 5 Due Dates for Reports 5 5. Orientation 5 In-Lab Information 5 Library Information 5 6. Check-In 6 7. Grading Procedure 6 8. Policy on Cheating 7 9. TA Office Hours 8 10. Faculty Course CoordinatorS 8 11. Course Web Page 8 12. Hints to Minimize Frustration IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 8 13. Work Schedule 10 Lab Report Due Date Schedule 10 Experiments 10 14. Supplements 17 A. Extraction of Unknown 17 B. Recrystallization of Unknown Products 18 C. Methyl Benzoate 19 D. Synthesis of Luminol 20 E. Azo Violet 23 1. GENERAL INFORMATION PRE- and CO-REQUISITES Pre- and co-requisites for CH 220C listed in the Course Schedule. Important: Because the lecture and laboratory courses are co-requisites of each other, dropping one of them requires that you drop the other as well, unless the drop occurs during ...
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...Hi Michele, Thank you for submitting the report on Metaphysics, Epistemology, Ethics, Aesthetics, Political, and Social Philosophy. I can see you have a personal philosophy expressing good ideas on the six fields of philosophy. When I reviewed the Unit 2 IP submission, I noted there was information that directly matched the content in several websites, word for word. (Identified on the Turnitin Report) at 17%. This is an instructional note Michele to let you know the issues with paraphrasing or using complete sentences without directly quoting and citing. When you paraphrase or borrow direct sentences, the information is written without your voice, words, phrases, or ideas. When paraphrasing a sentence citation and quotes are required. It is generally accepted that using three or more of the author’s original words is a direct lift and requires quotation marks or indentation. Changing one or a few words in a paragraph does not constitute paraphrasing the material. It is necessary to quote phrases or words identical to the authors, or it will change its meaning. However, direct quotes, not proper names or titles, should be limited. At least 85% of your paper should be in your own words, (not copied) and include a citation. When copying or borrowing other people's work, it is difficult to gauge your understanding of the material, because writing information verbatim does not show me that you read the material, thought about, perhaps analyzed it, broke...
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...Laboratory Report Guidelines Ryerson University Department of Physics Writing a strong lab report is a skill that often takes significant practice. Strong reports are: • structured in a clear and organized fashion. • as concise as possible, and yet sufficiently detailed that it does not omit any of the information required to fully communicate your work and results. Ideally, a lab report leaves any reader confident in the validity of the results, and with enough information that they could repeat the experiment. The evaluation of your report will be based on your ability to understand the goal of the experiment, your understanding of the applicable physical principles, your ability to perform the experiment attentively, and your ability to clearly communicate its results in a logical and coherent fashion. Report contents: 1. Title Page 2. Objective...
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...Lab Worksheet Principles of saturation for pressure measurement You must write up this work in the form of a report and submit to lab assistant in two weeks to receive feedback. Name: Std. No: Equipment (per group) Number 1 2 3 4 5 Item Armfield TH3-A/B/G Saturation Pressure Apparatus Armfield TH3-A/B/G Saturation Pressure Apparatus Electric Console 500 ml Beaker PC with TH3 software Stopwatch Learning Outcomes 1 2 3 4 Learning Outcome To understand principles of saturation pressure measurement To determine the principle of steam and P-V-T relationship To work with data tables To write a report based on theoretical knowledge and experimental results Objective(s) The objectives of these experiments are: To measure the saturation pressure of water using a pressurised vessel. To examine the effect of unsteady conditions on measurement accuracy. 1 Lab Worksheet Theory Saturation temperature is known as the boiling point of water. It is the temperature for a corresponding saturation pressure at which a liquid boils into its vapor phase. The liquid can be said to be saturated with thermal energy. For water, it is common knowledge that it boils at 100 °C and froze at 0 °C. However, this is only true if the water is at a pressure of 1 atm (100kN/m2). Decrease in the water pressure causes the boiling point to declines and vice versa. The relationship between pressure and temperature of boiling water can be plotted on a...
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...thermoplastic elastomers which had better tensile strength and oil resistance as compared to those formed by physical mixing only [8]. ] ] ] _ were introduced which were made by same dynamic vulcanization process but using natural and butyl rubbers in place of EPR and EPDM. Natural and butyl rubbers have the advantages like low cost, very good over molding properties, reusable and very easily recyclable scrap [9,10]. Butyl rubber based thermoplastic elastomers have excellent adhesion with other thermoplastics hence it is still used to date for many over molding applications [11]. A list of common thermoplastic elastomers used in modern world is given in Table 1. 1.2.2. Amorphous thermoplastics They are usually transparent and have diffused melting point. The molecules are arranged randomly and ] ] _ to crystalline polymers. Upon curing they shrink less as compared to crystalline thermoplastics [3,4]. Examples are polycarbonate (PC), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polystyrene (PS), polyphenylene oxide (PPO), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) [1]. 1.2.3. Semi-crystalline thermoplastics Semi-crystalline polymers plastics have combined properties of crystalline polymers and amorphous polymers. Examples are polyester Polybutylene terephtalate (PBT) and Polyamide (Nylon 6, Nylon 66). 1.3. Thermoplastic elastomers Thermoplastic elastomers are one of the most ver_ ] Thermoplastic elastomeric materials...
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...Synthesis of the Diels-Alder Adduct Purpose: To investigate the methods behind Diels-Alder chemistry through the laboratory synthesis of 4- cyclohexene-cis- ,2-dicarboxylic anhydride from butadiene sulfone with maleic anhydride. By utilizing the theoretical concepts in a hands-on approach through laboratory synthesis, I hope to gain a better understanding of the reaction concepts governing Diels- Alder chemistry. Theory: The Diels-Alder reaction is a cycloaddition, chemical reaction that occurs between a conjugated diene, a molecule with two alternating double bonds, and dienophile, an alkene, to form rings and bicyclic compounds. Because it involves the interaction of four π electrons that are supplied by the diene and the two π electrons supplied by the dienophile, the Diels-Alder reaction is often called [4 + 2] cycloaddition. In the reaction, two new σ bonds are formed and one π bond is formed at the expense of two π bonds, which results in a cyclic product. The Diels-Alder reaction is a member of a larger class of reactions called pericylic reactions, which are reactions that take place in a single step, without intermediates and that involve the flow or redistribution of bonding electrons. The reaction proceeds through a cyclic transition state and is concerted, meaning bonds in the transition state are simultaneously made or broken. The Diels-Alder reaction is favored when the dienophile is the substituted with electron withdrawing groups such as nitriles, amines...
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...natural trend there is not much we can do about it.” However, there is now hard evidence, which shows that the warming is not only real, it’s accelerating. The warming is altering the climate’s most basic chacteristics like rainfall, days of sunshine, and nighttime temperatures. These changes are damaging the environment and agricultural production, threatening wild species into extinction, and putting at risk human lifestyle, health, and cities near the sea. It starts with the warming. In the Artic, reports of heat waves and droughts seem far away. Over the last 100 years, the world has seen a 1 degree Fahrenheit rise in its average temperature (2). However, in Alaska and Canada, winter temperatures have increased by as much as 5-7 degrees Fahrenheit in the past 50 years (2). Global warming is already having a noticeable impact on the Artic. In November 2004 the Artic Climate Impact Assessment’s report on “Impact of a Warming Arctic (2004) was released (2). The ACIA report determined that greenhouse gases had driven climate change. Changes are being experienced particularly intensely in the Arctic; Arctic average temperature has risen at almost twice the rate as the rest of the...
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...Triphenylmethanol Objective: The purpose of this experiment is to synthesize triphenylmethanol from benzophenone via Grignard reaction. The product will be isolated through extractions and purified by recrystallization. Reaction efficiency will be evaluated through percent yield, percent recovery, and the purity of the final product will be determined by IR, TLC, and mp determination. Chemicals: bromobenzene, magnesium turnings, diethyl ether, benzophenone, biphenyl, triphenylmethanol, iodine, 6 M HCl, brine, anhydrous MgSO4 or Na2SO4, 10:90 EtOAc/hexanes. Glassware and equipment: 100 mL RBF, air condenser, Claisen adaptor, 60 and 125 mL addition funnel, short stem glass funnel, two 50 mL Erlenmeyer flasks, 10 mL graduated cylinder, lab jack, crystallizing dish, magnetic stir bar. Techniques: reflux, extraction, vacuum filtration, recrystallization, TLC, mp, IR spectroscopy. Introduction In 1912 Victor Grignard received the Nobel prize in chemistry for his work on the reaction that bears his name, a carbon-carbon bond-forming reaction by which almost any alcohol may be formed from appropriate alkyl halides and carbonyl compounds. The Grignard reagent RMgBr is easily formed by redox reaction of an alkyl halide with magnesium metal in anhydrous diethyl ether solvent. R-Br + Mg → RMgBr The Grignard reagent can be viewed as an ionic species consisting of carbanion R-, with Mg2+ counterion and an additional Br- counterion. The carbanion R- is very reactive, and functions both...
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...NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY CHARACTERISATION AND DEGRADATION OF ABA TRI-BLOCK WITH DISRUPTED ENDS Foo Yong Quan School of Materials Science & Engineering 2012 Report Spine ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ FOO Y.Q. Characterisation and Degradation of ABA Tri-Block with Disrupted Ends BEng (2012) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY CHARACTERISATION AND DEGRADATION OF ABA TRI-BLOCK WITH DISRUPTED ENDS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering of the Nanyang Technological University By Foo Yong Quan School of Materials Science and Engineering 2012 ABSTRACT Four tri-block copolymers composed of poly(L-lactide)-poly(caprolactone-co-L-lactide)-poly(L-Lactide) (PLLA-PCLLA-PLLA), with disrupted ends were characterised according to individual’s mechanical and thermal properties. The tri-block copolymers consist of amorphous PCLLA middle block, at constant composition of CL and LLA being 60% and 40% respectively. The end blocks consist of either a semi-crystalline PLLA or various compositions of P(LLA-DLLA). Factors such as high overall crystallinity and effective crosslinking of arms led to the high modulus values of polymers...
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