Chapter 10
SOCIO-CULTURAL EVALUATION

1. Importance of Socio-Cultural Evaluation

The socio-cultural resources of Central Luzon are potential resource-assets for tourism development. These resource-assets has great tourism application that can generate community-based livelihood and employment opportunities. The sociocultural resources include the traditional communities, archaeological and historical sites, festivals, indigenous arts and crafts, cuisine, myths and legends, as well as folklores and oral history. These resource-assets represent the country's heritage that is reflective of the region's identity.

Promotions of socio-cultural resources for tourism purposes will require an extensive and meticulous evaluation because of the possible "over-exposures" that these cultural assets will have to withstand. Socio-cultural evaluation identifies the tourism potentials of these resource-assets with relevance to the environmental and cultural settings of the host communities. It also identifies the existing and perceived impacts of tourism to these socio-cultural assets and to devise appropriate mitigative measures and management plans to protect and better enhance cultural heritage for tourism development.

The need to promote the cultural heritage of the Central Luzon region in the tourism industry should be balanced with the need to preserve and conserve the sociocultural integrity of these resources. The implications of tourism to the cultural heritage of the region must be evaluated so that appropriate measures to protect its integrity are put in place. Proper application of tourism may be one of the best restraints to the depletion and degradation of the region's cultural resources.

These are ethical considerations in the socio-cultural aspects of tourism that should be taken into account in the promotion of the region's cultural heritage. The social aspects of tourism on the region's resource-assets will always have implications to the culture of the host communities. One facet of tourism development is the attraction of the people themselves, their traditions and customs. However, in most cases, once communities are made open for public exposition, it becomes vulnerable to alteration of their culture.

The principal reasons for developing tourism is for economic benefits; however, in keeping with the concept of sustainable development, environmental and sociocultural considerations must be weighed together to achieve balanced development. Socio-cultural considerations must be well rationalized so that planning, developing and managing tourism will be successful.

2. Socio-Cultural Characteristics

Central Luzon or Region III comprises the six provinces of Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Tarlac and Zambales. The total population placed at 6.933 Million in 1995 makes it as one of the fastest growing populations in the country with a growth rate estimated at 2.12% for the period 1990 to 1995. With a total area of 18,231 sq. km., population density stands at 380.3 persons/sq.km. In 1990, male-female population was estimated at 3,118,227 and 3,070, 489.

The region is divided into two groups of provinces: the urbanized provinces of Bataan, Bulacan, Pampanga and Zambales, and the rural provinces of Nueva Ecija and Tarlac. The ratio of urban population to the total population or the urbanization ratio was 60.3%, considered the highest of all the 13 regions except the NCR. The proximity of Bulacan and Pampanga to Metro Manila places the region as the second largest receiving region of out-migrants from Metro Manila. Of the total population in 1990, Pampanga is the largest with 1.53 million followed by Bulacan with 1.51 million resulting to an urban population ratios of 68.7% and 79.9%, respectively.

Central Luzon is host to four ethnolinguistic groups. These are the Kapampangans, Tagalogs, Sambals and the Aetas. The Kapampangans are predominant in the provinces of Pampanga and Tarlac while the Tagalogs in the provinces of Bulacan, Bataan and Nueva Ecija.

The population of indigenous cultural communities is estimated at 119,845 individuals or 24,354 families. More popularly known as the Philippine Negritos, these short, dark-skinned and kinky-haired peoples are found in all parts of the country and are considered the earliest inhabitants in the islands. Although called by different names, those found in the provinces of Zambales, Bataan, Pampanga and Tarlac are better known as the Pinatubo Negritos. More specifically, they identify themselves as the Aeta, Abellings (or Aborlin), Dumagat/Remontado. Considered as semi-nomadic, the Pinatubo Negritos' striking characteristic is their inexhaustible knowledge of the plant and animal kingdoms. This lore includes not only a specific recognition of a phenomenal number of plants, birds, animals, and insects, but also includes a knowledge of the habits and behavior of each (Fox 1953). This intimate knowledge of their environment may be attributed to their way-of-life as hunters and food-gatherers. The scattered villages rarely contain more than three or four households totaling 20 to 40 individuals. There is no over-all political organization or even strong leadership and each village or extended family is an independent communal grouping. Important decisions are made by the elder members of each family grouping.

With the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in 1990, most of the Pinatubo Aeta have been uprooted from their natural habitat and are now distributed in several resettlement sites all over the region.

The Pinatubo Negritos generally speak Sambal, which is also largely spoken by the Christian lowlanders of the municipality of Botolan. Depending upon the intensity of their personal contacts with their Christian neighbors, the various Negrito groups of Central Luzon speak other languages. The Negritos of Bataan speak Tagalog, those of Pampanga, Kapampangan and/or Tagalog while Negritos of southern Zambales speak Iloko.

3. Cultural Impact of Tourism

Tourism can generate socio-economic impacts because of the possibility of bringing social change to the host community. Impacts brought about by tourism can be critical to the host communities with very strong traditional and cultural attachment to the resource-assets.

Cultural resources as tourism resource-assets are vulnerable to destructions, degradations and disturbances of various kinds. One that may be considered as serious impact is the exposure of indigenous people to various foreign cultures once they are used for tourism promotion. Indigenous people will likely to be parting with their treasured cultural artifacts in exchange for market commodities because they are enticed to adopt new culture, acquiring new traits and becoming less and less of what they were before.

Portrayals of traditional culture of indigenous peoples, more often than not, alter the ethnicity of the respective cultures and are replaced with modern versions. In most cases, the traditional dances, rituals, clothings, religions, are already simulated resulting in alterations and degradations.

Allowing cultural traditions to be opened to participation from foreign cultures, poses a great threat to traditional values. The alteration of indigenous culture is unavoidable when confronted with foreign culture.

Promotion of archaeological and historical artifacts for tourism development sometimes can lead to illegal exploitation, pilferage exportation and even theft. Proliferation of fraudulent artifacts become rampant when excavated cultural materials command high commercial value in the antique markets because of its uniqueness and significance in terms of its cultural relevance to the country's prehistory. Because antiquities from archaeological and historical sites are part of tourist milieu, mass productions of fraudulent artifacts may result in the alteration of the cultural integrity of the cultural materials.

Other perceived impacts of tourism development to cultural resources are impairment of scenery to historic monuments and archaeological sites (such as caves and open-sites) by tourists facilities such as commercial structures without the aid of proper zoning. Cultural sites such as archaeological and historical sites have a carrying capacity to accommodate visiting tourists. For example, accommodating visitors to an archaeological site inside the cave beyond the capacity limit may lead to the deterioration of the site due to over-use and physical proximity.

1. Conservation of Archaeological and Historical Sites

Tourism can help justify the conservation of the cultural heritage of Central Luzon. It can also be the best deterrent to the degradation and destruction of region's cultural heritage. The conservation of archaeological and historical sites lies on the political will and the ability of the local or the host communities to protect these cultural resource-assets because if these are lost, cultural tourism will never be successful. In the case of Central Luzon, tourism may be the impetus for the reconstruction of the rich cultural past of the region.

Preservation of known and significant historical monuments and reconstruction of archaeological sites for tourism promotion require sufficient fundings from government and private institutions. Re-constructions of archaeological and historical sites also demand adequate traditional, as well as legal protection and management mechanisms.

Showcasing the cultural practices of the prehistoric peoples of the region for tourism purposes may be done appropriately without having to degrade the integrity of these cultural resource-assets. For example, using replicas instead of the actual artifacts in the archaeological site museums may well be one of the best mechanisms to preserve and conserve sensitive and very fragile cultural materials.

Archaeological site museums (open and cave sites) may be developed into major cultural tourism attractions. The use of replicas instead of the original cultural materials can provide re-constructions of the prehistoric cultural setting of the archaeological sites. The reconstruction must be carried out on the basis of complete and detailed documentation on the original cultural setting and to no extent on supposition. Historicity alone may not be sufficient and it should be supplemented by artifactual remains that are culturally significant to make visitors appreciate the history and pre-history of the sites.

There are several significant historical sites in Central Luzon. Among them are: the Capas Shrine (Tarlac), Death March markers (Bataan), the Barasoain Church (Bulacan), Dalton Pass (Nueva Ecija), Betis Church (Pampanga), and Fort Playa Honda (Zambales). The other listings of historical resources provided in this report have great contribution to the rich history that shaped-up the region as part of the nation.

The archaeological and historical heritage of the region are non-renewable resourceassets. As a policy, the application of tourism as a procedure for conservation of these cultural resources can greatly help in minimizing and/or avoiding negative impacts on the cultural heritage of the region.

A Cultural Tourism Program (CTP) to be initiated by the Local Government Units (LGUs) with the support of the Provincial Tourism Council (PTC) and Department of Tourism (DOT) must be made. The main objectives of the CTP are the promotion, enhancement and preservation of these region's cultural resource-assets. The CTP will have put strong emphasis on the appreciation of the cultural values of the ,egion's heritage and that will eventually lead to the effective protection, preservation, and management of these cultural resource-assets.

2. Indigenous Music, Dances and Festivals

The Central Luzon region is known for its rich indigenous music and dances. These cultural resource-assets are reflective of the region's lifestyle and old cultural traditions and has great tourism application. In the case of the Aetas in the region, their traditional versions of music and dances are always associated with their rituals that take place in the context of sociological activities, such as, wedding, birth, good harvest, etc.

The need to revitalize the indigenous and authentic traditional versions of the music and dances of the region must be given with utmost importance. These cultural assets enhance the region's cultural appeal with respect to its local tradition. Maintaining the authenticity of the local dances and music require special training programmes so that modification are carefully controlled.

Cultural and religious festivals are part of the region's rich cultural diversity. The Fluvial Festival of Bocaue and the Obando fertility rites in the province of Bulacan are among the religious festivals of the region that are annually celebrated in honor of their patron saints. Revitalization and enhancement of these cultural festivals is very important because their activities depict the region's cultural identity.

3. Cultural Development Policy and Program

The general policies that are applicable to the archaeological, historical and other cultural resources of the region is the development of tourism in gradual basis so that host communities have the time to adapt, be educated and to learn how to participate and benefit from it. Such an approach will provide lead government agencies such as the DOT and LGUs sufficient time to monitor the socio-cultural impacts of tourism and provide measures before problems get serious.

Recognizing the value of the country's cultural heritage, the Philippine government provides the policy to protect and preserve these cultural assets, the properties and histories. Unless development projects recognize the significance of archaeological and historical conservation as an integral element in planning, expensive and unwanted delays can result and cultural resources can be inadvertently destroyed and/or degraded. The existence of protective legislation and policy at the national, provincial and municipal level or well-established traditional or adequate management mechanism, will be the best deterents for the degradation and destruction of the region's cultural resources.

The basic law that provides protection and preservation of the country's cultural heritage is Republic Act 4846, otherwise known as the "Cultural Properties and Preservation Act". This law must be implemented through the coordinated effort between the local government units, the Philippine National Police (PNP), the Department of Tourism and the National Museum.

The need to create a community-based Cultural Tourism Program (CTP) may well be the best restraints to the destruction and degradation of cultural resources of the region. The CTP must complement the regional development plan for tourism of Region III that must be supported by national government agencies such as the National Economic Development Authority (NEDA), as well the Congress and which will run in tandem with the national short, medium, and long term socio-economic development strategy of the region.

Under the community-based CTP, an agency that handles the preservation and management of cultural resources must be created. The task of this agency is to identify and register significant cultural resources and properties of the community. This agency will review and develop plans that are likely to cause positive arid adverse impacts of the CTP programs on cultural resources. Training programs will also be an essential component of the CTP because it will impart knowledge and understanding of the significance of cultural properties to the cultural workers (curators, guides, etc.). As has been emphasized, the host communities should be part of the planning and development process of tourism so that they have an influence in the decision-making and feel that they are part of the tourism development.

Community museums provide ideal venues to the preservation and conservation of. the cultural heritage of the host community. Exhibitions of the community's cultural heritage products render appreciation and enrichment of visiting tourists, both local and foreign. Developing and maintaining community museums may be assigned to the local government units, colleges and universities as well as private and non-profit organizations. Ideally, the six provinces of the Central Luzon region must have provincial and community museums.

The enactment of the Local Government Code of 1993 that mandates the local government to establish a provincial, city or municipal council for the promotion of culture and arts, may well be the best opportunity for the local government to become actively involve in the protection and promotion of the community's cultural heritage.

Proposed development plans for CTP will require an Archaeological Impact Assessment (AIA) if archaeological resources as cultural assets are utilized for tourism promotion. The conduct of an AIA will help identify impacts and determine what appropriate mitigating and management measures will be recommended to prevent and/or minimize loss of what could be significant cultural resources of the region. The AIA will also assist public and private sector management and development agencies in the design and implementation of effective integrated resource management plans.

4. Social Impact of Tourism

Tourism has the potential to contribute positively to socio-economic development if managed, planned and controlled by the people who stands to benefit, or suffer, from its implementation. Whatever the means chosen, its development depends at least in part on an assessment of the impacts it is likely to have. The social impact of tourism development will then depend on the role of tourism within the development strategy of the whole region.

The major constraints already identified by the JICA Study Team serves to define the type of tourism the region should develop. Tourism in Central Luzon had been dependent on the two US bases for decades. With its withdrawal, the region lost its largest market segment and caused a slump in the region's tourism sector.

Recognition of its weaknesses and the determination for economic recovery (tourism industry being identified as one potential) pushed the tourism sector to revitalize the industry.

This renewed enthusiasm for tourism development in the six provinces was manifested in the consultations conducted with representatives from LGUs, Tourism Councils, academe and NGOs. Leaders from the indigenous cultural communities interviewed have shown interest but with some caution towards tourism development.

Central Luzon has the greatest number of unemployed persons among the regions, after NCR and Region 9. Although the region ranks among those regions with the lowest underemployment rate (percentage of those working less than 40 hours a week), the situation in Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, and Tarlac calls for improvement.

The withdrawal of the U.S. Forces from Clark Air Base and the Subic Naval Base resulted in the loss of jobs of about 77,034 workers employed in Subic and 42,617 in Clark. Businesses that depended on U.S. personnel and their families have closed shop. The eruption of Mt. Pinatubo is another factor for the displacement and loss of jobs and livelihood for residents affected by lahar flow.

Tourism development in the area would mean the creation of new jobs and the opportunity for people to increase their income and standard of living. Employment generated, for example in hotels and restaurants, is generally known to yield earnings at least as high as, and often higher than those in agriculture. The attraction of employment in tourism and related activities will bring rural people to major centers of economic activity. Such movement would likely result in over population, traffic congestion, sprouting of squatter colonies, vagrants/beggars.

Tourism has secondary spillover effects in other sectors. Increased demand for food products, souvenirs, and other goods will generate employment in agriculture, food processing, handicrafts, and light manufacturing. Jobs will also be created in construction and capital goods industries when new hotels and resort complexes are built. Special problems may arise, however, when construction booms end and unemployment results. The demand for construction workers, if not met locally, would bring in migrant workers. The flux of people may have important social impacts on the welfare of members of the local community, positively by generating temporary jobs in activities serving the construction workers, and negatively by straining the capacity of community services. As it is now, delivery of basic social services are wanting for improvement. Population growth in the region is expected to double in 27 years, two years earlier than the Philippines doubling time for 29 years. The concern is how fast the requirements for food, housing, water, jobs, schools, and other needs are met.

Tourism affects the welfare of the local community through changing the range, prices, and quality of the goods and services available for consumption.

The proliferation of tax and duty-free shops both in the Subic Bay Freeport Zone and Clark Special Economic Zone also has its positive and negative impacts. While residents in nearby communities surrounding these SEZs can avail privileges, procurement of imported products with prices comparable to locally made goods may be detrimental to our local manufacturers.

On the other hand, the easy procurement of these products by residents in communities near the SEZs provides households an alternative source of income.

Sari-sari stores are usually resorted to as additional sources of income for most households in the rural areas.

Other perceived impacts of tourism development in key areas would be the rapid loss of agricultural lands, shift from subsistence farming, land sales and higher prices, migration to urban centers, increase in the urban poor population.

5. Host and Guest Relationship

Tourism is synonymous to travel and travel involves contact between peoples of varied cultures. Such contact may cause certain modifications in the lifestyles of destination communities depending on the length of stay and frequency of tourists/visitors in tourist destinations.

Tourist-host encounters are said to occur in three main contexts: where the tourist is purchasing goods or services from the host, where the tourist and host find themselves side by side, for example at the beach or a nightclub performance, and where the two parties come face to face with the object of exchanging information or ideas. (de Kadt, 1979)

Based on DOT's assessment, existing foreign tourism flow is largely concentrated in Manila and other major centers such as Cebu so that direct interaction between visitors and host communities outside cities is limited.

Central Luzon is said to have had little experience of international tourism in the real meaning as assessed by the JICA Study Team. Statistics show that the region's visitor arrivals in 1990 was 53,460 where 49% were inbound (foreign) tourists. Among the region's six provinces, Pampanga accounted for almost half of the foreign arrivals (taking around 80%) while Zambales accounted for 10%. [Statistics for foreign arrivals include Balikbayan Filipinos (Visitors from the USA and Canada include considerable numbers of naturalized Filipinos who tend to stay at friends and relatives' homes (DOT). Concentration of foreign visitors in these two provinces may either be partly or largely attributed to the presence of US bases in the cities of Angeles and Olongapo. The region's share of tourists from the USA is even higher than that of the Philippine average in 1990.(Source: DOT - International Tourists by Country of Origin in 1990)

Angeles and Olongapo have long been projected as sex tour destinations. For decades, residents of these cities and neighboring municipalities have been used to the presence of US military personnel and other foreign nationals who frequent the entertainment joints that dotted the highways and streets of the cities. The women in the 'entertainment' industry are the most vulnerable sector exposed to dehumanizing situation. Prostitution is a form of sexual and racial discrimination where women are treated as commodities to be bought. (Lee, 1992)

Direct interactions are largely experienced, though confined, in hotels and restaurants and beach resorts. Information elicited from some female workers in restaurants did not manifest any resentment or hostility towards tourists. To them, there are good and bad ones to be dealt with.

Disparity in the standard of living of foreign tourists and domestic tourists is another concern where values and attitudes of people in tourist destinations may change and become prejudicial to the local community. Filipino hospitality is a selling point of tourism in the country. In many instances, foreign visitors get preferential treatment over local ones. With their capacity to pay more, enterprising local people usually jack-up prices of goods and services.

Demonstration Effects

The demonstration effect phenomenon or "changes in attitudes, values, or behavior which can result from merely observing tourists" (de Kadt, 1979) will require an intensive study of the day-to-day activities of households and communities in identified tourism areas. While the effect of tourist activities is most easily and frequently seen in the local patterns of consumption, tourism is but one factor among many (i.e. radio, television and commercial advertising) that may cause changes in patterns of consumption especially in the rural areas.

Proposed plans of converting agricultural lands into golf courses introduce a way of life of the "leisure class" which may alienate the local community. Recreational activities now being promoted as tourist attractions are affordable only to the privileged class. The exposure of the young population, whether urban or rural, will result to the possible loss of Filipino traditional games or past-time activities. Tourism development, if it is to be responsible, should be sensitive to the needs of the local people.

Tourism should serve as a vehicle for Filipinos to be proud of their culture, to experience and appreciate the beauty and diversity of their own country.

6. The Indigenous Cultural Communities and Tourism

Tourism development must take into consideration the presence of indigenous cultural communities distributed in the different provinces of Central Luzon. Although insignificant in number, probably comprising around 2% of the total population of the region, the Negrito population, original occupants in areas surrounding the Zambales and Pampanga ranges and now displaced by Mt. Pinatubo's eruption has a crucial role to play in tourism development.

With ongoing development in Subic and Clark, the traditional way of life of indigenous peoples of Central Luzon will again be in danger of degradation, if not total extinction. Further displacement is expected by Aeta communities occupying areas within and around SBF and Clark Special Economic Zone.

Tourism has always treated the indigenous population as objects for exhibit which includes their material culture, traditions and customs. The Aeta of Zambales and Pampanga, whose skill for jungle survival was utilized by U.S. forces, is now a tourist attraction in the Subic Bay Freeport Zone. Plans are now underway to develop resettlement areas for lahar victims as tourist destinations. And almost always, their participation in development processes are taken for granted or completely ignored, relying on intermediaries, e.g. agencies created to represent or to speak in their behalf.

If tourism's main goal at the national level are to enhance and contribute to social cohesion and cultural preservation; and to develop tourism on an environmentally sustainable basis, the indigenous people's involvement in the planning and implementation of tourism plans and projects is essential.

Indigenous peoples have existed in harmony with ecosystems such as the forests for thousand of years which attests to their ability to successfully manage a sustainable environment. It is because of this and the fact that they defended these lands with their lives that indigenous peoples can rightfully be called the original environmentalists. The Aeta is an intrinsic part of the region's environment .

It is a well known fact that the resources on which tourism is based are fragile and that the growing demand for improved environmental quality goes hand-in-hand with tourism development.

Tourism development in Central Luzon should be guided with the following where it pertains to the rights and welfare of the indigenous cultural communities

1. The recognition of the right of indigenous peoples to self-determination. "The principle of self-determination as set forth in the Charter of the United Nations and in Article 1 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights is essential to the enjoyment of all human rights by indigenous peoples. Self-determination includes, inter alia, the right and power of indigenous peoples to negotiate with States, on an equal basis, the standards and mechanisms that will govern relationships between them."

The right to self-determination states that by virtue of this right all peoples can freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development.

2. Integral to this right to self-determination is the right of indigenous peoples to traditional lands, resources and economies.

This right of ownership and control over traditional lands and resources is increasingly being recognized as a fundamental right of indigenous peoples.

Article 14 of the ILO Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, No. 169, states that: "The rights of ownership and possession of the peoples concerned over the lands which they traditionally occupy shall be recognized. In addition measures shall be taken in appropriate cases to safeguard the right of the peoples concerned to use lands not exclusively occupied by them, but to which they have traditionally had access to for their subsistence and traditional activities. Particular attention shall be paid to the situation of nomadic peoples and shifting cultivators in this respect."

3. The recognition that the non-dominant, traditional subsistence economies of indigenous peoples are viable, and environmentally sustainable.

7. Women in Tourism Development

Women make up half the world's population but have remained peripheral or invisible in development processes. In the Philippines, they make up about half of the workforce both in the national and regional levels. Women are a significant portion in the labor force in community, social and personal services; wholesale and retail trade; financing, insurance, real estate and business services; and manufacturing (IBON Facts & Figures, 15 March 1987). In the agricultural sector where 2.3 million Filipino women are directly involved only 900,000 receive wages while 1.4 million are not compensated. While there are about as many women engaged in agriculture as they are in administrative, executive and managerial portions, female agricultural workers receive the lowest pay among employed women.

With the Philippines gearing up toward becoming a newly industrialized country by the year 2000 under the Philippine 2000, the expected conversion of prime agricultural lands for non-agricultural use will have deleterious effects on the livelihood and food resources of peasant and urban poor households. The massive displacement of rural families dependent on subsistence production and the subsequent increase in demand for jobs and food would mean further deterioration of the economic and social well being of poor families, especially the women and children. To cite some figures from a study made by the Philippine Peasant Institute, rural women comprise 60 percent of all females in the country. The continuous decline of female labor participation in agriculture is reflected in the current migration patterns where higher rates of female mobility to the cities and across provinces is indicated.

1. Tourism and the Issue of Prostitution

One of Philippine tourism's major concern is the unfavorable image (it has projected) of Manila as a sex tour destination and of which the DOT has done little effort to wipe-off (JICA Study). Manila as a gateway to Central Luzon, has taken over from Bangkok as the cheap sex capital of South East Asia (Santos and Lee, 1989). Outside Manila, the cities of Angeles and Olongapo where Clark and Subic are located, respectively, are known to be entertainment centers which have long served US servicemen as their Rest and Recreation destinations. For many years, the economy in the baselands were dependent on the two big US military facilities until its withdrawal in 1991. The entertainment industry as an attraction in these two cities in Central Luzon would later serve as tourist destinations for foreign nationals seeking night entertainment. Prostitution has become the most significant economic activity around the base lands, particularly in Angeles and Olongapo as there was no other industry except the entertainment business.

Prostitution, to use a definition by WEDPRO (Women's Education, Development, Productivity & Research Organization), is an industry where women's subordinated status, especially in the realm of her sexuality, has become a commodity in the 'free market' - where women's and children's bodies are the dominant object of a price tag in the flesh trade. In fact and despite prostitution being illegal in the Philippines, government is found to be complicit in the sex industry and profits from it. A study has shown that fifty five percent of the total revenue of the local government of Angeles City in 1987 came from Rest and Recreation establishments. Women in the entertainment industry are required to obtain licenses from the local government to work as entertainers, waitresses, dancers, massage parlor attendants and to undergo regular smear tests.

Despite pronouncements made by the Presidents of the Philippines - Corazon Aquino in 1986 and Fidel V. Ramos in 1995 to address prostitution, the development of the economy in these two major cities are showing signs towards the expansion and perpetuation of the R & R business in these areas. Development plans in the proposed major industrial estates in the region include recreation centers for investors and tourists.

During the first quarter of 1990, the total number of R & R establishments around Clark and Subic was registered at around 1,567 and 615, respectively. A survey done by a women's research institution estimated some 55,000 prostituted women, registered and unregistered in Angeles and Olongapo and did not include child prostitutes. While the pull-out of the US bases and Mt. Pinatubo eruption have badly affected the entertainment industry, recent studies conducted on prostitution have shown an increase in entertainment establishments specifically in Angeles City. However, in Olongapo City, R & R infrastructure has been radically downsized as there is an attempt by city officials to change the image of the city. Only a small red light district remains in Barangay Baretto and where dancing and bar fining (taking out of women from the bars for a fee) have been prohibited.

The magnitude of prostitution industry in the country had become one of the most observable indicators of the socio-economic situation of thousands of Filipino women. The incidence of poverty in the region increased from 33.8% in 1988 to 35.5% in 1991. Current statistics in immigration pattern have indicated that there are more female in-migrants than male.

Tourism development as an economic strategy, if it is to serve the majority of the Filipino people who live in the rural and underdeveloped areas, must not overlook the social costs of economic development. Tourism should be integrated into the broader development goals of local communities and should be sensitive to their local environment, culture, needs and interests.

Prostitution is a persistent social problem that has assumed serious proportions and therefore needs a systematic, sustained, deliberate and concerted program of action that involves all sectors of society. Primarily, it is government's responsibility to address this problem in terms of socio-economic opportunities for the disempowered and marginalized sectors of society. Tourism is a welcome opportunity for women who bear the burden of poverty. Their active participation in plotting the directions of tourism development in their areas must be ensured. The capacity to organize themselves must be encouraged and strengthened.

Chapter 11
DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS

1. Introduction

The development strategies for the CLTMP can be translated into specific programs and projects that can harness and/or enhance tourism development while at the same time, preserving/conserving the resources/assets. These proposed programs and projects are envisioned to have positive impacts particularly in the promotion and appreciation of the region's tourism development.

2. Tourist Attraction Improvements

Tourist attractions to be offered by CLTMP are grouped into: cultural, archaeological, heritage and historical, resort and leisure, business/industrial, ecology and trainings/conferences and fully discussed in Chapter 3. These attractions are shown in loops and these loops are identified in every province, as shown in Chapter 12.

3. Accommodations Development Program

Table 11.1 presents the accommodation capacity requirements of CLTMP in order to accommodate the expected visitor arrivals for each target year.

Table 11.1
ACCOMMODATION CAPACITY REQUIREMENTS

|No. |PARTICULAR |TARGET YEAR |
| | |2000 |2005 |2010 |
| | | | | |
|1.0 |Domestic Market | | | |
| | No. of Visitors |255,316 |489,887 |877,962 |
| | Ave. Stay (Nights) |3.6 |3.6 |3.6 |
| | Ave. Room Density |2.0 |2.0 |2.0 |
| | Rooms Required |1,937 |3,451 |5,773 |
|2.0 |Foreign Market | | | |
| | No. of Visitors |103,813 |159,069 |214,325 |
| | Average Stay (Night) |6.48 |6.48 |6.48 |
| | Average Room Density |1.5 |1.6 |1.7 |
| | Room Required |2,234 |2,942 |3,443 |
| | | | | |
| |TOTAL ROOM REQUIREMENT |4,171 |6,393 |9,216 |
| |Less: OPENING CAPABILITY c/ |3,535 |3,903 |4,309 |
| |ADDITIONAL ROOM REQUIREMENT |636 |2,490 |4,907 |

a/ Assumed occupancy rates: year 2000 - 65%; 2005 - 70%, - 2010 - 75%. b/ Assumed occupancy rates: year 2000 - 55%; 2005 - 60%; 2010 - 65%. c/ Assumed growth rate of 2% per year for without - the - project condition, using 1995 data (Total : 3,202 for hotel, lodging houses & resort).
Based on the additional room requirement and using an average estimated cost per room of about P525,000.001/, the total investment requirements for the respective target years are as follows:

Year 2000 - P 333.90 M

Year 2005 - P 1,307.25 M

Year 2010 - P 2,576.18 M

4. Parks and Recreational Facilities Development Program

In line with the First Lady's Clean and Green Program, every province/municipality/city in the region are undergoing their respective beautification and cleanliness program. This is aimed to improved the quality of life of the residents. Most of these projects are funded by local funds or sourced outside through the initiative of LG officials.

Table 11-2 shows the summary of some LGU - initiated tourism projects in the respective provinces composing Region III. This list was based on the results of Visioning Exercises and documents provided for by DOT-Region III. These projects will require a budget of P 2,068.50 million.

5. Utilities and Related Services

Programs for the development of utilities cover telecommunication network; water supply; sewerage treatment and disposal; power and energy; flood control, drainage and shoreline protection; sanitation and waste management; transportation services like airports, seaports, road works, and railways.

-------------------------------------------

1/ Obtained from the Handbook on the Construction Industry compiled by Davis Langdon & Seah, Philippines, Inc., 4th Quarter 1996 a) Telecommunication Network

Improvement of telecommunication network will abide with the program provided for by private franchise operators like PLDT, DIGITEL and PILTEL and BUTEL. Optic fiber cable are planned for installation along the main roads covering some 1,400 km. and 122 stations.

b) Water Supply and Sewerage Systems

On-going programs for water supply address the Mt. Pinatubo Affected Areas, the Bulacan Central Water Supply, Olongapo City Water Supply, the LWUA Water Supply Program for Central Luzon, and the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Improvement Program. Inefficient water supply systems shall be rehabilitated. Towns and barangays having less than 20,000 population shall be provided with appropriate water supply through the various implementing agencies like DPWH or DILG. Formation of Water Districts or Barangay Water and Sanitation Association (BWSA) shall be encouraged.

c) Power and Energy Supply

As indicated in Section 6.4.4, the power supply in the region is sufficient. Previously, 50 percent of the region's generating capacity comes from hydroelectric plants, while the rest were contributed by the thermal and gas turbine power plants. Conversion of Bataan Nuclear plant to a natural gas plant may change this ratio in favor of non-hydro-based sources of power. The coming in of additional BOT or BTO power projects will further ensure power sufficiency in the region.

d) Flood Control, Drainage and Shoreline Protection

The provision for flood control and drainage structures in identified flood prone areas is one of the many infrastructure agenda the region requires, to preserve and protect the tourism assets.

Major shoreline protection facilities and river bank stabilization structures may likewise be pursued in identified wave-eroded shores and overflooded river banks. Some of the mitigating projects intended for the region will include the following:

• Pampanga Delta Development, Flood Control Component; and,

• Construction of 700 m Seawall at Masinloc.

e) Sanitation and Waste Management

The continued increase of hazardous wastes produced by industries, agriculture - related activities, hospitals, and laboratories is a serious concern in the process of development. It is, therefore, a must that safe handling and disposal techniques of severe wastes must be thoroughly and appropriately studied and implemented. Solid waste problems are often the last priority by both the government and the private sectors, threatening the stability of the environment. This scenario has an adverse impact on tourism development.

A long range educational campaign shall be initiated by the civic organizations, regarding the appropriate storing and disposal of solid/liquid wastes water. Further, the government of the LGU's should be more strict in the implementation of wastes and sanitation ordinances.

Zero waste management program could be piloted in the proposed tourism projects. The program should cover the dissemination of pertinent information to tourists inculcating in their minds the necessity of keeping the environment clean and green.

Solid Waste Management Improvement Pilot Projects can be initiated in Abucay (Bataan), Meycauayan (Bulacan), Palayan City (Nueva Ecija), Angeles City (Pampanga), Camiling (Tarlac) and Olongapo City (Zambales) as a prelude to operating and constructing a final disposal site.

f) Transportation Services Development

Transportation is one of the major support facilities in the development of tourism sites.

Airports

The region will continue to rely on the Subic and Clark International Airports and also will be benefited from the tourist traffic offered by the NAIA. Other airports like in Castillejos and Iba of Zambales province and Plaridel of Bulacan can help tourists get chartered flights to and from Metro Manila and other urban centers of the country.

Seaports

The ports of Mariveles (Zambales) and Limay (Bataan) are serving passenger transport to and from Manila. The port of Subic, a former naval base, is planned to be converted into a commercial cargo port. These ports need improvement to augment their passenger and cargo handling capability.

A vessel modernization scheme is also encouraged on boats plying the sealane between Manila and the ports of Mariveles and Limay.

Road Works

As indicated in Section 4.4.1, Central Luzon or Region III has the most complete road network in the Philippines. Noted links are the north-south trunkline consisting of three major roads: the North Luzon Expressway, the Manila-North Road and Daang Maharlika Road. While the situation shows positive outlook, a lot of roads are still needed, following transportation improvement measures as indicated below:

a) Short Term Proposals

Listed projects under short term requirements are:

- Dinalupihan-Olongapo Road;

- Damage Road & Bridge Rehabilitation;

- Access Roads to Settlement;

- Angeles Bypass Development;

- Cabanatuan Bypass Development; and,

- Cabanatuan Common Bus Terminal.

Its completion within the short term will definitely boost not only tourism industry but also socio-economic activities in the region.

b) Medium Term Proposal

Projects listed are:

- Manila Coastal Road;

- Sierra Madre (Marginal) Highway;

- Iba-Tarlac Road;

- Capas-La Paz-Cabanatuan Road;

- Mariveles-Bagac-Morong-Olongapo Road; and,

- Tarlac Bypass.

The construction of these roads under the medium term proposal will provide a continuity of the road improvement program, thereby assuring good road link to boost tourism and other economic activities of the region.

c) Long Term Proposal

Projects listed under the long term proposal are:

- Dinalupihan-Angeles Road;

- Manila Coastal Road (Its construction starts at short term period);

- Rural Road Development (Its construction starts at short term period); and,

- Sierra Madre (Marginal) Highway (Its construction will start at the medium term period).

Railway

For railway, the rehabilitation/upgrading of PNR Mainline North is the most pressing need.

6. Human Resources Development Program

Tourism development includes both physical aspects and human resources training aspects to manage all the tourism assets, facilities, services and amenities.

Presently, the National Manpower and Youth Council is in-charge of training tourism manpower like waiters, bartenders, information/office clerks, cooks, pantrymen and bakers.

Various colleges and universities found in the region could also be one of the venues of learning the tourism trade.

Project Description

The project is envisioned to be a world-class resort. Strategically located, this 1.9 sq. km. lake is less than a kilometer away from the Zambales coast and is connected by a navigable river to China Sea. It is about five kilometers from the foot of the Zambales mountain and, therefore, provides opportunities for ancillary tourism development. Its proximity to the fish sanctuary at China Sea would enable tourists to go scuba-diving and indulge in water sports activities. In keeping with a naturebased development, the over-all design adopted shall center on the preservation of the lake, the mangrove and the forest reserves.

To enhance the financial viability of the project, some facilities, still in keeping with the over-all theme of ecology-based development, shall be incorporated. This includes camp site facilities, log-cabins, 36 hole golf course, international golf and country club, first class beach resort with a mix of hotels, serviced apartments, townhouses and retirement homes, restaurants specializing in marine-based products. Because of its idyllic setting, it is recommended that convention facilities be likewise included either as a separate structure or combined with the hotel. Said convention hall shall include a training cum livelihood display center and a business service center catering to the needs primarily of farmers in the area. An office for the forestry personnel/rangers and/or those managing the log cabins shall also be incorporated in the plan. (See Figure 11-1).

Other facilities to be provided include: marina, scuba diving facilities, sports fishing and water sports facilities. Other than the establishment/development of agro-based and aqua-based livelihood projects which are proposed to form part of the over all plan, a reforestration component is likewise recommended to be an integral part of the project.

Project Status

The local government has passed several resolutions to declare Uacon Lake as a national park. However, other than a resolution, it did not gain much headway basically due to the absence of political will/decisiveness and local government support. Inadequacy of exposure of the project's potential to those who could make a difference (both in the private and government sectors) may be largely attributable to the project's present pathetic status.

Project Cost

The project requires some P357.86M; breakdown of which is shown in Table 11.4. 7. Overall Tourism Development Timeplan Implementation

The over-all summary of the proposed tourism development program implementation together with its investment cost is shown in Table 11.3. It includes the tourist attractions improvements, accommodations, parks and recreational facilities, infrastructure and transportation networks, human resources training, marketing development/promotions program, environmental management program and socio-cultural tourism program.

8. Financial Assessment of Typical Project Models

Under the Central Luzon Tourism Master Plan, typical models of tourism projects are identified and these include:

- Proposed Leisure and Livelihood Complex (LCC) utilizing the Uacon Lake of Sta Cruz, Zambales;

- Proposed Candaba Swamp Development at Candaba, Bulacan; and,

- Heritage Tourism District at San Miguel, Bulacan.

For this report, a financial assessment is conducted on the proposed Leisure and Livelihood Complex and proposed Candaba Swamp Development. For the proposed Heritage Tourism District, only a description is included. The project profiles of each typical models are elaborated below.

a) Uacon Lake Resort Complex

Rationale/Objectives

To showcase the development of an eco-tourism project in the region by capitalizing nature's bounty at Uacon Lake, the adjacent forested areas and the rural agricultural lands. Through judicious planning, the three major project components shall be made to enhance its others peculiar asset with the maintenance of the area's ecological balance as the pervading theme.

Timetable

FS Preparation - 6 months

Bidding/BOT Arrangements - 3 months

Project Construction (4 phases) - 4 years

Project Viability Indicators

Income statement projection of the proposed LLC shows a net income after tax of P 7. 59 million during the first year of operation and this figure gradually increases through the years. A net income stream is maintained by the project during its 25year life span.

In like manner, cashflow projections show a net cashflow throughout the project life span. Furthermore, the Financial Internal Rate of Return (FIRR) is estimated to be above the market hurdle rate of 16 percent. The said viability indicators are summarized below:

Net Present Value P51.5M at 16% discount rate

Internal Rate of Return 18.8%

Benefit-Cost Ratio 1.3

b) Candaba Resort

Rationale/Objectives

The proposed Candaba Resort at Candaba, Pampanga is aimed at providing motorists, which include passers-by, overnight travelers and campers, rest and relaxation areas and related facilities where they could experience and enjoy the natural beauty of the site's surroundings. The resort provides for a viewing cottage and other amenities for use of the visitors.

Project Description

The project involves primarily the construction of Main Building and viewing area, a restaurant, kiosk, cottages, swimming pool, a lagoon with a waterfall, cabanas and control huts.

Technically, the project shall be located within a 5-hectare area overlooking sites of natural beauty or attraction. The project entails the construction of parking area, boardwalk, sanitary sewer system, and garbage bin. (Figure 11-2). Project Cost

The required amount is about P31.75 million, the breakdown is shown in Table 11.7.

Timetable

FS Preparation 3 months

Bidding/BOT Arrangement 3 months

Project Construction 1 year

Project Viability

Income statement projection of the proposed Candaba Resort shows a net of income after tax of P3.69 million during the first year of operation and this figure gradually increases through the years. A net income stream is maintained by the project during its 25-year life span.

In like manner, cash flow projections show a net cashflow throughout the project life span. Furthermore, the Financial Internal Rate of Return (FIRR) is estimated to be above the market hurdle rate of 16 percent. The said viability indicators are summarized below: Net Present Value P48.05 at 16% discount rate

Internal Rate of Return : 36.60%

Benefit-Cost Ratio 1.84

c) Heritage District at San Miguel, Bulacan

Rationale/Obiectives

Bulacan is full of historical places and events. She is a birthplace of many heroes and artists. The preservation and restoration of a heritage district at San Miguel, Bulacan can persuade people who are not part of the immediate community to visit and enjoy the culture, values, objects, structures and programs which make up the heritage of San Miguel. This project could showcase other districts like in Malolos, Bustos in Bulacan and Talavera in Nueva Ecija. (Figure 11-3).

Project Description

The Heritage District at San Miguel, Bulacan shall be developed into a community based tourisms. Each building/structure shall maintain its special character relative to its contribution to the Philippine history, constitute a district's major attractiveness to tourists. Its conservation and restoration proces shall follow the following steps: 1. - Conduct a community based tourism planning by setting the visions and missions, do strategic planning, identify key players and solicit their commitments.

2. - Elicit community support by putting in the legislative agenda the land use and zoning plan, set tourism services and facilities standards, provide tax incentives, pass heritage and conservation ordinances, undertake traffic management, promotion and preservation of indigenous people's tourism.

3. - By organizing the community to provide service like visitor's bureau, tourism council and proper coordination with the Executive and Legislative bodies of the local government.

4. - Improve Capability Building by undertaking aggressive marketing program, tourism trainors training, tour operations and tour guiding, services quality standard training, food and beverages and proper housekeeping.

5. - Focus a good marketing and promotions by conducting trade shows, educational tours for tour operators, develop travel manual and sending invitation to other tourism gateways or by direct mailing.

Project Status

At present, there is a San Miguel Municipal Tourism office that is linked to the Bulacan Provincial Tourism Office. Both are government offices primarily task to develop the tourism industry in the locality. Some serious planning and legislative supports are needed to emphasize its tourism direction. These activities may entail a regular budget to sustain its operation.

There is a need to enhance the participation of NGO's especially owners of these collections of built and historical resources. This is to entice them to preserve the historical value of these structures/buildings without downgrading the usefulness of the structure itself.

9. Project Profiles

To show the details of some of these programs, individual project profiles are presented at the last pages of this chapter.
PROJECT PROFILE

PROGRAM COMPONENT : Cultural Development Program

PROJECT : Reconstruction and Conservation of Fort Playa Honda Barangay Parel, Botolan, Zambales

IMPLEMENTING
ORGANIZATION/INSTITUTION : DOT-PTA/NHI/National Museum

POSSIBLE FUNDING SOURCES : DOT-PTA/LGU/International Grant

ESTIMATED COST : P 8.5 Million

PROJECT RATIONALE AND
DESCRIPTION

A significant cultural asset of the province of Zambales is Fort Playa Honda. Fort Playa Honda is the fortress structures that was built at the mouth of Bangcal River during the 17th century A.D. This historical site was utilized as habitation and fortification that provided protection against marauding enemies, the Dutch and moro invaders. European and Chinese tradeware ceramics attributed to the 15th and 18th centuries A.D., respectively, were discovered inside the perimeter walls of Fort Playa Honda. This structure is one of the few remaining historic edifice of Zambales province depicting the rich cultural history of the region.

At present, the existing walls of Fort Playa Honda is being eroded by water actions from Bangcal River. The restoration and conservation of Fort Playa Honda is a very urgent and important undertaking because it is already at the verge of destruction at the rate that erosion is taking place.

IMPACT

The project will have positive impact in the preservation and conservation of historical resources as cultural assets for tourism development. Conservation of this cultural heritage product which otherwise might be lost by erosion may reinforce or renew the sense of pride of the Zambalenos.
PROJECT PROFILE

PROGRAM COMPONENT : Cultural Development Program

PROJECT : Creation of Provincial Museums in Provincial Capitals of Region III

IMPLEMENTING
ORGANIZATION/INSTITUTION : DOT-PTA/National Museum/DECS/LGUs

POSSIBLE FUNDING SOURCES : GOP/International Grants

ESTIMATED COST : P 300 Million

PROJECT RATIONALE AND
DESCRIPTION

A provincial museum in every provincial capital of the six provinces of Region III will be a major tourists attractions and destination of the region. The museums will show case the province's unique cultural heritage where objects of historical, archaeological, cultural, scientific, and aesthetic values are collected, studied, preserved and exhibited for public appreciation, enjoyment and education.

The provincial museums may be complimented with books, brochures or pamphlets highlighting the cultural heritage and values of the six provinces of the region. These museums as tourism resource-assets can also be enjoyed and appreciated by the local communities providing a sense of cultural self-confidence.

IMPACT

This project will have a positive impact in creating awareness and appreciation of the rich cultural heritage of the region. The provincial museums can be made into major tourism destinations that can generate revenues from local and foreign tourists. However, measures must be put in place to prevent over commercialization of the regions' cultural resources and the possibility of losing its cultural integrity. Proper management and curation will be necessary to avoid loss of authenticity of cultural heritage products when presented as tourism attractions.
PROJECT PROFILE

PROGRAM COMPONENT : Cultural Development Program

PROJECT : On-Site Archaeological Museum

IMPLEMENTING
ORGANIZATION/INSTITUTE : (ON DOT-PTA/National Museum/LGUs

POSSIBLE FUNDING SOURCES : DOT-PTA/LGUs

ESTIMATED COST : P 10 Million

PROJECT RATIONALE AND
DESCRIPTION

The on-site archaeological museum is a new concept that is now emerging as a tourism strategy for cultural development. On-site museum refers to those built on the actual reconstruction of the cultural setting of significant prehistoric sites based on the archaeological excavation. Historicity alone will not be sufficient to promote the prehistoric sites as tourist destinations. Facts should be supplemented by artifactual evidences that are visually and intellectually gratifying to tourists and local visitors.

The artifactual evidences from the archaeological excavations of the open-burial sites in Bgy. Dolores of the municipality of Porac, Pampanga, indicated the cultural setting of the region's prehistoric people as early as the Metal Age period (approximately 200 B.C. to 600 A.D.). The Dolores site can be turned into an on-site museum with the actual reconstruction of the cultural setting of these prehistoric burial sites based on the archaeological excavation. The reconstruction will be carried out on the basis of completed and detailed documentation of the original setting of the Dolores Site.

The Dolores Site can be made into a major tourist attraction and destination. Using replicas on the actual context of prehistoric cave sites as "on-site" museums, the Metal Age period burial practices can be showcased. The significance of these archaeological findings is the reconstruction of the unique prehistoric burial practices in the region.

IMPACT

The on-site archaeological museums in Bgy. Dolores, Porac, Pampanga will have positive impacts as cultural assets for tourism development. This project when complimented by brochures and pamphlets highlighting the cultural significance of the burial site, will promote direct awareness and appreciation of the rich cultural history of the region. This project when properly developed, programmed, and managed, will have an important tourism application that can generate revenue in foreign and local earnings.
PROJECT PROFILE

PROGRAM COMPONENT : Cultural Development Program

PROJECT : Archaeological Excavation of Prehistoric Habitation Site in Bgy. Bamban, Masinloc, Zambales

IMPLEMENTING
ORGANIZATION/INSTITUTION : DOT-PTA/National Museum/LGUs

POSSIBLE FUNDING SOURCES : DOT-PTA/International Grants

ESTIMATED COST : P 1 Million

PROJECT RATIONALE AND
DESCRIPTION

The prehistoric open-site habitation in Bgy. Bamban, Masinloc, Zambales was a fishing village possibly dated to the Sung Dynasty Period (960 to 1279 centuries A.D.). Artifactual evidences indicated that a thriving trade network existed between this fishing village and China, and possibly Thailand during the 10th to 13th centuries A.D. Chinese and Thai tradeware ceramics were found in association with several eathernware net weights, potteries and animal and fish bone fragments which were initially discovered in the ground surface.

The cultural materials that will be recovered from the archaeological excavation will be part of the museum items that will be exhibited at the provincial museum for public appreciation, enjoyment and education. Part of the archaeological research activity is the cultural awareness programs to inform host communities of the significance of the habitation site in Bgy. Bamban to the prehistory of the country.

IMPACT

The archaeological excavation of the prehistoric habitation site in Bamban, Masinloc, Zambales will provide a vital link to the prehistoric past of the region. It will have positive impacts because this project promotes direct awareness and appreciation of the rich cultural history not only of the province but for the region as whole.
PROJECT PROFILE

PROGRAM COMPONENT : Cultural Development Program

PROJECT : Archaeological Impact Assessment
IMPLEMENTING

ORGANIZATION/INSTITUTION : National Museum

POSSIBLE FUNDING SOURCES : DOT-PTA/LGUs

ESTIMATED COST : P 1 Million

PROJECT RATIONALE AND
DESCRIPTION

The main rationale in conducting Archaeological Impact Assessments (AIA) is to identify existing archaeological and historical resources that will be developed for the tourism development program. Included in the AIA is the aim to develop and review plans that are likely to cause positive and negative impacts on the cultural assets due to their tourism application and to develop appropriate mitigating and management measures.

The main task of the AIA is also to identify the tourism values of archaeological and historical resources as cultural assets, to proliferate them, and preserve them from degradation or dilution in the process of tourism development.

IMPACT

The project will have positive impact in the preservation and conservation of archaeological and historical resources as cultural assets for tourism development.
PROJECT PROFILE

PROGRAM COMPONENT : Cultural Development Program

PROJECT : Restoration of the Capas Death March Shrine

IMPLEMENTING
ORGANIZATION/INSTITUTION : National Historical Institute/LGUs/DOT

POSSIBLE FUNDING SOURCES : DOT-PTA/LGUs

ESTIMATED COST : P 5.0 Million

PROJECT RATIONALE AND
DESCRIPTION

The Capas Death March Shrine in Capas, Tarlac is a major historical landmark in the region. The shrine was built to commemorate the sufferings of Filipino-American soldiers at the hands of the Japanese Imperial Army during the infamous "death march" of World War II. At present, the state of the Capas Death March Shrine is deteriorating because of the lack of proper maintenance and financial sustenance to keep it attractive for public viewing.

The Capas shrine can be made into a major tourism destination because of the significance of the historical event that is attached to it. The restoration of the shrine will renew a sense of pride in the war veterans who were once part of the significant war event.

IMPACT

The restoration of the Capas Death March Shrine will have positive impacts which will be an impetus for revitalizing cultural awareness to the local community and for the tourists. Likewise, the restoration project will reinforce conservation of the cultural heritage of the region.
PROJECT PROFILE

PROGRAM COMPONENT : Cultural Development Program

PROJECT : Lights and Sounds Camp O'Donnell, Capas, Tarlac

IMPLEMENTING
ORGANIZATION/INSTITUTION : DOT-PTA/NHI /LGUs

POSSIBLE FUNDING SOURCES : DOT-PTA/LGUs

ESTIMATED COST : P 5.0 Million

PROJECT RATIONALE AND
DESCRIPTION

The "lights and sounds" project is the re-enactment of the historical event depicting the actual sufferings of the Filipino-American soldiers at the concentration camp in Camp O'Donnell in Capas, Tarlac during World War II. The "lights and sounds" project will be an annual event which may be appropriately held during the celebration of the Philippine Independence Day.

The re-enactment will be made at the exact location where the concentration camps were situated. Reconstruction of the actual historical event will be made using replicas of the prison camps and life-size mannequins depicting the soldiers that were part of the event. The re-enactment is supported with the simulation of computerized lights and sounds to dramatize the actual historical event.

IMPACT

The project will have positive impact because it reinforces the sense of pride of the FilipinoAmerican soldiers' bravery, gallantry and valor. Likewise, it will also renew the sense of nationalism for the sacrifices of the Filipino soldiers who died and survived in World War II.
PROJECT PROFILE

PROGRAM COMPONENT : Cultural Development Program

PROJECT : Creation of an Agro-Industrial Museum

IMPLEMENTING
ORGANIZATION/INSTITUTION : Hacienda Luisita/DOT/NM/NHI

POSSIBLE FUNDING SOURCES : Hacienda Luisita/DOT

ESTIMATED COST : P 12 Million

PROJECT RATIONALE AND
DESCRIPTION

Hacienda Luisita is an agro-industrial estate which is currently being developed to attract more business and leisure tourists. At present, the hacienda boasts of its world-class golf course, commercial mall, including its sugar cane plantation and milling operations thus, it has become a tourist destination in the province of Tarlac.

The creation of an Agro-Industrial Museum as an added feature will help develop Hacienda Luisita into a major tourist attraction and destination. The museum will showcase the history of Hacienda Luisita including the families that were behind in its establishment and development. Likewise, the museum will also feature the evolution and the development of sugar cane milling operations and processes from traditional to the latest technology. Sugar based native products, such as tinaclob, muscovado, inuyat, etc., will be featured.

Visit to the museum will be supplemented with an actual trip to the sugar cane plantation and milling sites riding the train carts along its existing internal railways.

IMPACT

The creation of an Agro-Industrial Museum will have a positive impact because Hacienda Luisita will not only provide leisure to tourists but educational experiences as well.
PROJECT PROFILE

Program Component : Institutional Establishment and Strengthening

Project : Core Group Establishment Seminar Workshop

Implementing
Organization/Institution : DOT/PTA/LG Us

Possible Funding Source : DOT-PTA/LGUs

Estimated Cost : P 0.30 Million

Project Rationale and
Description

To disseminate information regarding the institution that will be established which will oversee and implement the Regional Tourism Plan to assure consistency compliance of units for the Regional Tourism Development Plan implementation approach. To generate interest and elicit active- participation and suggestions from the private and government sector agencies concerned.

Impact

The project envisions generation of support from the various levels of the agencies and entities involved as regards coming up with an acceptable and workable entity that will have jurisdiction over the planning area.
PROJECT PROFILE

Program Component : Institutional Establishment and Strengthening
Project : Study on Alternative Institutional Entities to implement the region's Tourism Development Plan

Implementing
Organization/Institution : DOT/PTA/LGUs

Possible Funding Source : DOT-PTA/LGUs

Estimated Cost : P 300,000

Project Rationale and
Description

To provide choices of the type of entity that will implement the Regional Tourism Development Plan based on results of the study highlighting the positive and negative points of the different type of institutions/entities that will be proposed.

Impact

The project will give the entities/agencies and LGUs on insight on what institutions might be established that will best ensure compliance with the Regional Tourism Development Plan.
PROJECT PROFILE

Program Component : Solid Waste Management Improvement Pilot Project

Project : Construction and operation of final disposal sites. These pilot project will cover Abucay (Bataan), Meycauayan (Bulacan), Palayan City (Nueva Ecija), Angeles City (Pampanga), Camiling (Tarlac) and Olongapo City (Zambales).

Implementing
Organization/Institution : DILG, LGU, DOH

Possible Funding Source : ADB Loan

Estimated Cost :

Project Rationale and
Description

During pre-construction phase, land acquisition is the main activity. At construction phase, the project requires for a sanitary landfill site, transportation of construction materials, and operation of heavy equipment. At Operation and Maintenance Phase, the activities should focus on the transportation needs of solid waste by collection vehicles; the disposal of solid waste and the provision of soil cover.

Impact

Impacts during pre-construction phase can be determined as soon as the land is acquired. During construction phase, there will be an increase in traffic volume, noise and vibration levels due to transportation of construction materials; increase in air pollution and noise brought about by operation of heavy equipment. During Operation and Maintenance Phase, expect an increase in traffic volume created by waste collection vehicles and odor generated from disposal site and waste collection vehicles, depending on sanitary landfill level.

Centralization of garbage collection and disposal will bring a controlled sanitary garbage disposal and will definitely improve the health conditions of the community.
PROJECT PROFILE

Program Component : Infrastructure Project

Project : Bypass Construction. This project covers Cabanatuan City (Nueva Ecija), Angeles City (Pampanga), Olongapo City (Zambales) and Tarlac..

Implementing
Organization/institution : DPWH

Possible Funding Source : ADB Loan

Estimated Cost

Project Rationale and
Description

This project requires construction of bypasses on the indicated places mentioned above.

Impact

Some cultivated land maybe turned into road, and residents maybe resettled. Also, airpollution and noise vibration will occur by virtue of the operation of heavy equipment and transportation of construction materials.

However, bypass roads will mean more length and more communities that can be served and better opportunities for economic activities.
Table 11.2
SUMMARY OF LGU-INITIATED PROJECTS IN REGION III

|Province/Project |Cost (PM) |Submitted by |
|Bataan | | |
|Democracy & Boundary Marker in Balsik, Hermosa |5.00 |Provl. Govt. of Bataan |
|Development of Surrender Site into Historical Park at Balanga |8.00 |Provl. Govt. of Bataan |
|Development of Tourism Beach Resort at Morong |10.00 |Municipality of Morong |
|Eco-tourism Project at Tala, Orani |6.00 |Municipality of Orani |
|Development of Waterfall at Palili, Samal |10.00 |Municipality of Samal |
|Improvement of Sibul Spring at Abucay |10.00 |Municipality of Abuca |
|Development of Dunsulan Falls at Pilar Const. of Road |6.50 |Municipality of Pilar |
|Restoration of Ca etano Arellano ancestral home at Orion |3.00 |DOT/LGU |
|Restoration of Zero Kilometer Marker Death March at Mariveles and Bagac |8.00 |DOT/LGU |
|Construction of Bataan Tourism Center at Balanga |30.00 |Provl. Govt. of Bataan |
|Construction of Tourist Halfway Inn at Balsik, Hermosa |12.00 |Municipality of Hermosa |
| | | |
|Bulacan | | |
|Beautification of Bocaue River |25.00 |Provl. Govt. of Bulacan |
|Improvement of Pamarawan Beach Resort |10.00 |DOT/LGU |
|Construction of Pulilan Landmark |10.00 |DOT/LGU |
| | | |
|Nueva Ecija | | |
|Development of Labi Natural Spring |10.00 |Provl. Govt. of Nueva Ecija |
|Development of the lace of death of Dona Aurora Quezon at Bongabon |5.00 |Municipality of Bon abon |
|Development of Olivete Natural Spring at Bongabon |10.00 |Municipality of Bon abon |
|Establishment of Prov'I. Tourism Center at Palayan City |30.00 |Provl. Govt. of Nueva Ecija |
|Improvement of Historical Landmarks at Talu to |6.00 |DOT/LGU |
|Improvement of Historical Landmark of the "First Cry of Nueva Ecija" |8.00 |Provl. Govt. of Nueva Ecija |
|Construction of Municipal Museum and Tourism Center at San Isidro |15.00 |Municipality of San Isidro |
|Province/Project |Cost PM |Submitted by |
|Improvement of Wa as Monument Historical Landmarks |15.00 |DOT/LGU |
|Development of Hot Spring at Sitio Mainit, San Isidro, Laur |10.00 |Municipality of Laur |
|Development of La bak, Malotabe and Alintutuan Falls |19.50 |DOT/LGU |
|Improvement of Bato Ferry River"Summer" Resort ` |6.50 |DOT /LGU |
|Develo ment of Diamond Park in B . Tazabo, San Jose City |8.00 |San Jose City |
|Improvement of Palaspas Falls |6.50 |DOT/LGU |
| | | |
|Pampanga | | |
|Clark Field Centennial Park |1,500 |Clark Airbase |
|Construction of On-Site Archeological Museum at Porac |8.50 |DOT/LGU |
|Mt. Ara at Development |72.00 |DOT |
|McArthur Highway Dev't. bet. S.F. & Angeles City) |40.00 | |
|Sunken Church at Bacolor |10.00 | |
| | | |
|Tarlac | | |
|Restoration of the Ca as Death March Shrine |5.00 |DOT/LGU |
|Lights and Sound Proj.at Camp 0' Donnell in Capas |5.00 |DOT/LGU |
|Development of Tarlac Tourism Complex at Paniqui |30.00 |Provl. Gov't. of Tarlac |
|Restoration of Century old Convent |5.00 |DOT/LGU |
| | | |
|Zambales | | |
|Reconstruction of Fort Playa Honda |8.50 | |
|Construction of Zambales Convention Center at Iba |30.00 |Provl. Gov't. of Zambales |
|Conversion of Mt. Ta ulao to Eco-Tourism Resort at Palaui |25.00 |DOT/LGU |
|Subic Municipal Park at Subic |6.50 |DOT/LGU |
|Conversion of Ramon Ma sa sa House into a | | |
| Heritage House at San Antonio |15.00 | |
|Rehabilitation of Small Parks in Olongapo City |5.00 | |
|TOTAL |2,068.50 | |
Table 11.3
OVERALL TOURISM DEVELOPMENT TIMEPLAN IMPLEMENTATION (MP)
|Projects/Activities |Funding Source |Agency Responsible |1997-2000 |2001-2005 |2006-2010 |
|1.0 TOURIST ATTRACTIONS | | | | | |
|1.1 Highway/Loop Destinations | |Private Sectors, NGO's |- |- |- |
|1.2 Local Attractions | |Private Sectors, NGO's |- |- |- |
|1.3 Touring/Viewing/Shopping | |Private Sectors, NGO's |- |- |- |
|1.4 Support Facilities | |DOT, LGU, Pvt. Sector,NGOs |2,068.50 |2,482.20 |2,978.64 |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
|2.0 ACCOMMODATION FACILITIES | |Private Sector |333.90 |1,307.25 |2,576.18 |
|3.0 PARKS & RECREATIONAL | | | | | |
|FACILITIES | |LGU's, NGO's |510 |260 |130 |
|4.0 INFRASTRUCTURES | | | | | |
|4.1 Telecommunications Network | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
|4.2 Water Supply | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
|4.2.1 Mt. Pinatubo Affected Areas | | |960 | | |
|4.2.2 Bulacan Central Water Supply | |Bulacan Water District |735 |735 |735 |
|4.2.3 Olongapo City Water Supply | |Olongapo City WD |355 | | |
|4.2.4 LWUA Water Supply | | |231 | | |
|4.2.5 Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Imp. | |ADB-DILG |115 | | |
|4.3 Sewerage Treatment & Disposal | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
|4.4 Power & Energy | | | | | |
|4.4.1 300MW Bataan Comb. Cycle Power | |NPC | | | |
| | | | | | |
|4.4.2 60OMW Masinloc Coal-Fired Thermal |ADB,J-Exim |NPC | | | |
| | | | | | |
|4.4.3 Enron II Diesel Power Plant |BOT |NPC | | | |
| | | | | | |
|4.4.4 Edison Cogen Power |BOO |NPC | | | |
| | | | | | |
|4.4.5 Masinloc-Labrador 230KV Trans. Line |KFW |NPC | | | |
| | | | | | |
|4.4.6 Northwestern Luzon Backbone T/L |WB,J-Exim,ICG |NPC | | | |
| | | | | | |
|4.5 Flood Control, Drainage & | | | | | |
|Shoreline Protection | | | | | |
|4.5.1 Pampanga Delta Dev't.-FC Comp. |OECF |DPWH | | | |
| | | | | | |
|4.5.2 Const. of 700M Seawall at | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
|Masinloc | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
|4.6 Sanitation & Waste Management |ADB |DILG | | | |
| | | | | | |
|4.7 Social Infrastructure | | | | | |
|4.7.1 Health Facilities | |DOH | | | |
| | | | | | |
|4.7.2 Educational Facilities | |DECS | | | |
| | | | | | |
|5.0 TRANSPORTATION SERVICES | | | | | |
|&INFRASTRUCTURE | | | | | |
|5.1 Airports | | | | | |
|5.1.1 Clark Int'I. Airport | |BCDA | | | |
| | | | | | |
|5.1.2 Subic Int'I. Airport | |SBMA |250 | | |
| | | | | | |
|5.1.3 Castillejos | |DOTC | | | |
| | | | | | |
|5.1.4 Iba | |DOTC | | | |
| | | | | | |
|5.2 Seaports | | | | | |
|5.2.1 Port of Mariveles | |PPA | | | |
| | | | | | |
|5.2.2 Port of Limay | |PPA | | | |
| | | | | | |
|5.2.3 Vessel Fleet Modernization | |Private Sector | | | |
| | | | | | |
|5.3 Road Works | | | | | |
|5.3.1 Manila Coastal Road | |DPWH & Private Sector (BOT) | | | |
|5.3.2 San Fernando-Dinalupihan Road | |DPWH | | | |
| | | | | | |
|5.3.3 Dinalupihan-Olongapo Road | |DPWH | | | |
| | | | | | |
|5.3.4 Dinalupihan-Angeles Road I | |DPWH | | | |
| | | | | | |
|Projects/Activities |Funding Source |Agency Responsible |1997-2000 |2001-2005 |2006-2010 |
|5.3.5 Damaged Road 8 Bridge Rehab. |ADB |DPWH | | | |
| | | | | | |
|5.3.6 Access Roads to Resettlement | |DPWH, LGU | | | |
| | | | | | |
|Areas Deft. | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
|5.3.7 Rural Road Dev't. |ADB |DPWH | | | |
| | | | | | |
|5.3.8 Angeles Bypass Dev't. | |DPWH | | | |
| | | | | | |
|5.3.9 Cabanatuan Bypass Dev't. | |DPWH | | | |
| | | | | | |
|5.3.10 Cabanatuan Common Bus Terminal | |DILG-LGU | | | |
| | | | | | |
|5.3.11 Sierra Madre (Marginal) Highway | |DPWH | | | |
| | | | | | |
|5.3.12 North Luzon Expressway Ext. |BOT |PNCC/BENPRESS |1,948 |1,168 | |
|5.3.13 Iba-Tarlac Road | |DPWH | | | |
| | | | | | |
|5.3.14 Capas-La Paz-Cabanatuan Road | |DPWH | | | |
| | | | | | |
|5.3.15 Mariveles-Bagac-Morong-Olongapo Rd. | |DPWH | | | |
| | | | | | |
|5.3.16 Tarlac Bypass | |DPWH | | | |
| | | | | | |
|5.3.17 Olongapo Bypass | |DPWH | | | |
| | | | | | |
|5.3.18 Manila-Bataan-Subic Coastal Road | |DPWH | | | |
| | | | | | |
|5.4 Railway | | | | | |
|5.4.1 Rehab./Upgrading of PNR Mainline North | |PNR | | | |
| | | | | | |
|TOTAL | |16,512.67 |5,308.40 |4,784.45 |6,419.82 |

Table 11.4
PROPOSED LEISURE & LIVELIHOOD COMPLEX
UACON LAKE, ZAMBALES

PROJECT COST ESTIMATES

PAY ITEMS QTY UNIT COST AMOUNT (P million)

A. AMENITIES

1. Golf Course (hole) 18 13,400,000 241.20 2. Aquatic Sanctuary (lot) 1 3,500,000 3.50 3. Convention Center (sq. m.) 1,000 8,200 8.20 4. Reforestation Center -Office (sq. m.) 50 10,000 0.50 - Log cabin (units) 300 100,000 30.00 5. Beach Resort - Lodging & restaurants (units) 10 3,500,000 35.00 6. Park Development (lot) 1 8,000,000 8.00 7. Hotel (room) 50 525,000 26.25

Sub-Total AMENITIES 352.65

B. SITEWORKS

1. PARKING AND WALKS AREAS

1. 150 mm thk Agg. Base Course (cu. m.) 2,250 375 0.84 2. 50 mm Gravel Base (cu. m.) 400 350 0.14 3. Landscaping (sq. m.) 30,000 75 2.25 4. Walkway with Trelis (sq. m.) 750 900 0.68
Sub Total WALKS, PARKING AREAS 3.91

1. SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM 1. Septic Tanks, Leaching Fields, etc. (lot) 1 700,000 0.70

2. DRAINAGE SYSTEM 1. Provision of Drainage Structures (lot) 1 600,000 0.60

TOTAL - SITEWORKS 5.21

TOTAL PROJECT DEVELOPMENT COST 357.86

Note: Housing, livelihood center, agriland centers, roads, water supply and electrical/power supply system can be provided by a particular government agency or an interested private sector.
TABLE 11.5
INCOME STATEMENT PROJECTIONS – LEISURE & LIVELIHOOD COMPLEX (UACON LAKE)
CENTRAL LUZON T0URISM MASTER PLAN
|ITEM |Y E A R |
|ASSUMPTIONS: |1 |

ASSUMPTIONS: |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |6 |7 |8 |9 |10 |11 |12 |13 |14 |15 |16 |17 |18 |19 |20 |21 |22 |23 |24 | |

Number of Motorists - Viewers1/ (000) Entrance Fee/Motorist-Viewers2/ Total Revenues from Entrance Fees(000,000

Percent of Consumers (Food etc.) Number of Motorists-Consumers (000) Average Value of Consumption/Head3/ Total Revenues from Consumption(000,000)

Number of Cottages d Cabanas Occupancy Rate Number of Night-Stays4/ Rate/Cottage or Cabanas (P) 5/ Total Revenues from Night-Stays(000,000)

REVENUES:

Entrance Fees Consumers' Fees from Viewers Night-Stays Fees Consumer Fees from Staying Guests Total Revenues

LESS: OPERATING COSTS

Adm.. Repair, & Maint.(15% of Total Reven Consumer Viewer Fees (68%) Consumer Night-Staying Fees (68%) Total Operating Costs

NET OPERATING PROFIT (NOP)

LESS: INCENTIVE FEE (7.5% NOP)

NET PROFIT BEFORE TAX

(Including Depreciation and Finance Charges)

LESS: INCOME TAX (35%)

NET PROFIT AFTER TAX |

146
15.00
2.19

50
73
30.00
2.19

90
30%
9,855
300.00
2.96

2:19
2.19
2.96
0.89
8.22

1.23
1.49
0.60
2.09

6.13

0.46

5.67

1.98

3.69 |

150
16.50
2.47

50
75
33.00
2.47

90
50%
16,425
330.00
5.42

2.47
2.47
5.42
1.63
11.98

1.80
1.68
1.11
2.78

9.20

0.69

8.51

2.98

5.53 |

153
18.15
2.78

50
77
36.30
2.78

90
70%
22,995
363.00
8.35

2.78
2.78
8.35
2.50
16.42

2.46
1.89
1.70
3.60

12.82

0.96

11.86

4.15

7.71 |

157
19.97
3.14

50
79
39.93
3.14

90
70%
22,995
399.30
9.18

3.14
3.14
9.18
2.75
18.21

2.73
2.13
1.87
4.01

14.21

1.07

13.14

4.60

8.54 |

161
21.96
3.54

50
81
43.92
3.54

90
70%
22,995
439.23
10.10

3.54
3.54
10.10
3.03
20.21

3.03
2.41
2.06
4.47

15.74

1.18

14.56

5.10

9.48 |

165
24.16
3.99

50
83
48.32
3.99

90
70%
22,995
483.15
11.11

3.99
3.99
11.11
3.33
22.42

3.36
2.71
2.27
4.98

17.44

1.31

16.14

5.65

10.49 |

169
26.57
4.50

50
85
53.15
4.50

90
70%
22,995
531.47
12.22

4.50
4.50
12.22
3.67
24.89

3.73
3.06
2.49
5.55

19.33

1.45

17.88

6.26

11.62 |

174
29.23
5.07

50
87
58.46
5.07

90
70%
22,995
584.62
13.44

5.07
5.07
13.44
4.03
27.62

4.14
3.45
2.74
6.19

21.43

1.61

19.82

6.94

12.88 |

178
32.15
5.72

50
89
64.31
5.72

90
70%
22,995
643.08
14.79

5.72
5.72
14.79
4.44
30.66

4.60
3.89
3.02
6.91

23.76

1.78

21.98

7.69

14.28 |

182
35.37
6.45

50
91
70.74
6.45

90
70%
22,995
707.38
16.27

6.45
6.45
16.27
4.88
34.04

5.11
4.39
3.32
7.70

26.34

1.98

24.37

8.53

15.84 |

187
38.91
7.27

50
93
77.81
7.27

90
70%
22,995
778.12
17.89

7.27
7.27
17.89
5.37
37.80

5.67
4.94
3.65
8.59

29.21

2.19

27.02

9.46

17.56 |

192
42.80
8.20

50
96
85.59
8,20

90
70%
22,995
855.94
19.68

8.20
8.20
19.68
5,90
41.98

6.30
5.57
4.02
9.59

32.39

2.43

29.96

10.49

19.48 |

196
47.08
9.24

50
98
94.15
9.24

90
70%
22,995
941.53
21.65

9.24
9.24
21.65
6.50
46.63

6.99
6.29
4.42
10.70

35.93

2.69

33.24

11.63

21.60 |

201
51.78
10.42

50
101
103.57
10.42

90
70%
22,995
1035.68
23.82

10.42
10.42
23.82
7.14
51 80

7.77
7.09
4.86
11.95

39.86

2.99

36.87

12.90

23.97 |

206
56.96
11.75

50
103
113.92
11.75

90
70%
22,995
1139.25
26.20

11.75
11.75
26.20
7.86
57.56

8.63
7.99
5.34
13.33

44.22

3.32

40.91

14.32

26.59 |

211
62.66
13.25

50
106
125.32
13.25

90
70%
22,995
1253.17
28.82

13.25
13.25
28.82
8.65
63.96

9.59
9.01
5.88
14.89

49.07

3.68

45.39

15.89

29.50 |

217
68.92
14.94

50
108
137.85
14.94

90
70%
22,995
1378.49
31.70

14.94
14.94
31.70
9.51
71.09

10.66
10.16
6.47
16.62

54.46

4.08

50.38

17.63

32.74 |

222
75.82
16.84

50
111
151.63
16.84

90
70%
22,995
1516.34
34.87

16.84
16.84
34.87
10.46
79.02

11.85
11.45
7.11
18.57

60.45

4.53

55.92

19.57

36.34 |

228
83.40
18.89

50
114
166.80
18.99

90
70%
22,995
1667.98
38.36

18.99
18.99
38.36
11.51
87.84

13.18
12.91
7.82
20.74

67.10

5.03

52.07

21.73

40.35 |

233
91.74
21.41

50
117
183.48
21.41

90
70%
22,995
1834.77
42.19

21.41
21.41
42.19
12.66
97.67

14.65
14.56
8.61
23.17

74.50

5.59

68.92

24.12

44.80 |

239
100.91
24.14

50
120
201.82
24.14

90
70%
22,995
2018.25
46.41

24.14
24.14
46.41
13.92
108.62

16.29
16.42
9.47
25.88

82.73

6.20

76.53

26.78

49.74 |

245
111.00
27.22

50
123
222.01
27.22

90
70%
22,995
2220.07
51.05

27.22
27.22
51.05
15.32
120.81

18.12
18.51
10.41
28.92

91.88

8.89

84.99

29.75

5524 |

251
122.10
30.69

50
126
244.21
30.69

90
70%
22,995
2442.08
56.16

30.69
30.69
56.16
16.85
134.38

20.16
20.87
11.46
32.33

102.06

7.65

94.40

33.04

61.36 |

258
134.31
34.60

50
129
268.63
34.60

90
70%
22,995
2686.29
61.77

34.60
34.60
61.77
18.53
149.51

22.43
23.53
12.60
36.13

113.38

8.50

104.86

36.71

88.17 | |Notes: 1/ At 400 motorist/viewers/day for 365 days, growing @ an average of 2.5%/year 2/ To increase by 10% every year 3/ Based on 100% of the motorist-viewers multiplied by the entrance fees 4/No: of cottages/cabanas x 365 days per year 5/Based on 30% of the night-stays fees
TABLE 11.9
CASH FLOW PROJECTIONS -CANDABA RESOR
CENTRAL LUZON TOURISM MASTER PLAN

|0 |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |6 |7 |8 |9 |10 |11 |12 |13 |14 |15 |16 |17 |18 |19 |20 |21 |22 |23 |24 |25 | |CASH INFLOWS Equity Total Revenues Total Cash Inflows
CASH OUTFLOWS
1. Capital Investments
A. Amenities - Main Bldg. & Viewing Area - Restaurant/Bathhouse - Kiosk - Cottages - Viewing Cottage - Pool - Lagoon & Waterfall - Cabanas - Control Huts
B. Siteworks - Board walk - Parking Area - Sanitary Sewer System - Garbage Bin Total Capital Investment
2. Operating Costs
3. Incentive Fees Total Cash Outflows

NET CASH FLOW |
31.75

31.75

3.60
3.50
0.12
11.60
0.42
3.50
3.30
1.60
0.10

0.60
2.61
0.50
0.30
31.75

31.75

0.00 |
0.00
8.22
8.22

0.00
2.09
0.46
2.55

5.67 |
0.00
11.98
11.98

0.00
2.78
0.69
3.47

8.51 |
0.00
16.42
16.42

0.00
3.60
0.96
4.56

11.86 |
0.00
18.21
1821

0.00
4.01
1.07
5.07

13.14 |
0.00
20.21
20.21

0.00
4.47
1.18
5.65

14.56 |
0.00
22.42
22.42

0.00
4.98
1.31
6.29

16.14 |
0.00
24.89
24.89

0.00
5.55
1.45
7.00

17.83 |
0.00
27,62
27.62

0.00
6.19
1.61
7.80

19.82 |
0.00
30.66
30.66

0.00
6.91
1.78
8.69

21.98 |
0.00
34.04
34.04

0.00
7.70
1.98
9.68

24.37 |
0.00
37.80
37.80

0.00
8.59
2.19
10.79

27.02 |
0.00
41.98
41.98

0.00
9.59
2.43
12.02

29.96 |
0.00
46.63
46.63

0.00
10.70
2.69
1-.1.40

33.24 |
0.00
51.80
51.80

0.00
11.95
2.99
14.93

36.117 |
0.00
5756
57.56

0..00
13.33
3.32
16.65

40.91 |
0.00
63.96
63.96

0.00
1.4.89
3.68
18.57

45.39 |
0.00
71.09
71.09

0.00
16.62
4.08
20.71

50.38 |
0.00
79.02
791.02

0.00
18.57
4.53
2'.4.10

55.92 |
0.00
&7.84
89.&4

0.00
20.74
5.03
25.77

62.07 |
0.00
97.67
97.67

0.00
23.17
5.59
28.75

68.92 |
0.00
108.62
1013.62

0.00
25.88
6.20
32.099

76.53 |
0.00
120.61
120.61

0.00
28.512
6.89
35.62

134.99 |
0.00
134.38
134.38

0.00
32.33
7.65
39.911

94.40 |
0.00
149.51
1,19.51

0.00
36.13
8.50
44.64

104.68 |
0.00
156 35
166.36

0.00
40.39
9.45
49.84

116.52 | |

Cost
Revenue

Net

FIRR

Discount Rate

NPV

B/C Ratio |31.75
0.00

-31.75

36.600,6

16.00%

48.05

1.84 |2.55
8.22

5.67 |3.47
11.98

8.51 |4.56
16.42

11.86 |5.07
18.21

13.14 |5.65
20.21

14.56 |6.29
22.42

16.14 |7.00
24.89

17.88 |7.80
27.62

19.82 |8.69
30.66

21.98 |9.68
34.04

24.37 |10.79
37.80

27.02 |12.02
41.38

29.96 |13.40
46.63

31.24 |14.93
51.80

36.87 |16B5
57.56

40 91 |18.57
63.96

45.39 |20.71
71.09

50.38 |2110
79.02

55.92 |25.77
87.84

62.07 |28.75
97.67

68.92 |32,09
108.62

76.53 |35.82
120.81

134.99 |39.913
134.38

94.40 |44.64
149.51

104.88 |49.84
166.36

116.52 | |