...A modification of swapping is used in many versions of UNIX. Swapping is normally disabled but will start if many processes are running and are using a threshold amount of memory. Swapping is again halted when the load on the system is reduced Some systems attempt to limit the amount of swap space used through demand paging of binary files. Demand pages for such files are brought directly from the file system. However, when page replacement is called for, these frames can simply be overwritten (because they are never modified), and the pages can be read in from the file system again if needed. Using this approach, the file system itself serves as the backing store. However, swap space must still be used for pages not associated with a file; these pages include the stack and heap for a process. This method appears to be a good compromise and is used in several systems, including Solaris and BSD UNIX. Several versions of UNIX (including Solaris and Linux) provide a variation of the fork() system call—vfork() (for virtual memory fork)—that operates differently from fork() with copy-on-write.With vfork(), the parent process is suspended, and the child process uses the address space of the parent. Because vfork() does not use copy-on-write, if the child process changes any pages of the parent’s address space, the altered pages will be visible to the parent once it resumes. Therefore, vfork() must be used with caution to ensure that the child process does not modify...
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...Chapter 6: Analyzing Consumer Markets GENERAL CONCEPT QUESTIONS Multiple Choice 1. ________ is the study of how individuals, groups, and organizations select, buy, use, and dispose of goods, services, ideas, or experiences to satisfy their needs and wants. 1. Target marketing 2. Psychographic segmentation 3. Psychology 4. Consumer behavior 5. Product differentiation Answer: d Page: 150 Difficulty: Easy AACSB: Analytic Skills 2. The fundamental determinant of a person’s wants and behavior is the person’s ________. 1. psyche 2. national origin 3. culture 4. peer group 5. family tree Answer: c Page: 150 Difficulty: Medium AACSB: Analytic Skills 3. A child growing up in the United States is exposed to all of the following values EXCEPT ________. 1. achievement and success 2. activity 3. efficiency and practicality 4. the importance of the group in daily life 5. freedom Answer: d Page: 150 Difficulty: Medium AACSB: Reflective Thinking 4. Which of the following would be the best illustration of a subculture? 1. A religion 2. A group of close friends 3. Your university 4. A fraternity or sorority 5. Your occupation Answer: a Page: 150 Difficulty: Hard 5. Based on information provided in the text, which of the following trends has lead to increased household consumption? 1. Growing female economic power ...
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...------------------------------------------------- Study skills From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Study skills or study strategies are approaches applied to learning. They are generally critical to success in school,[1] considered essential for acquiring good grades, and useful for learning throughout one's life. There are an array of study skills, which may tackle the process of organizing and taking in new information, retaining information, or dealing with assessments. They include mnemonics, which aid the retention of lists of information, effective reading and concentration techniques,[2] as well as efficient notetaking.[3] While often left up to the student and their support network, study skills are increasingly taught in High School and at the University level. A number of books and websites are available, from works on specific techniques such as Tony Buzan's books on mind-mapping, to general guides to successful study such as those by Stella Cottrell. More broadly, any skill which boosts a person's ability to study and pass exams can be termed a study skill, and this could include time management and motivational techniques. Study Skills are discrete techniques that can be learned, usually in a short time, and applied to all or most fields of study. They must therefore be distinguished from strategies that are specific to a particular field of study e.g. music or technology, and from abilities inherent in the student, such as aspects of intelligence or learning...
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...Critically discuss the psychological evidence that helps to explain the use of evidence given in court by children under the age of 11, (usually described as ‘child witnesses’) In the past 20 years the number of psychological studies on child witnesses and the competency of them being interviewed as well as the evidence being given by them has grown from very few quality studies to several thousand. Issues such as suggestibility, the effects of individual differences and the effects of long delays on their recall have been brought up and discussed in these studies. (Memon, Vrij & Bull, 2006) Traditionally, most Criminal Justice Systems have been reluctant to accept the testimony of young children, believing that they make less reliable witnesses than adults do. Although in recent years the balance has shifted and the evidence of children is now much more likely to be accepted. (Ainsworth, 1998) All witnesses defined as a child at the date of the trial, and irrespective of the nature of the offence, are automatically classified as vulnerable and this eligible for a range of protective special measures to enable them to give a testimony in court. There special measures include in-court screens, live TV link, removal of wigs and gowns and provision of any necessary aids to communication. (Raitt, 2007) The issue of children’s competency to testify in court has changed from the presumption that no minor is competent to the belief that all children are competent...
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...Thesis Statement Example 1 In this example of thesis statement, the emphasis of the study is to find a correlation, either positive or negative, between Mozart’s music and short term memory. This is an example of a research paper with data observation and analysis. The observations were recorded by running ANOVA and Post Hoc tests to compute values for the variables. The goal was to find a positive correlation between the two variables. For that a hypothesis was tested that was proven to be negative. Alternatively, this proved the scientific validation of the null hypothesis i.e. “positive correlation exists between short term memory and listening to Mozart’s music.” The actual thesis statement is both precise and straight to the point yet some explanation has been given to elaborate the details of the study. Thesis Subject: The Effect of Mozart’s Music on Short Term Memory Sample Thesis Statement: The thesis statement is created from the essential question i.e. “is there any presence of a positive cause and effect relationship on the memory status of the students who listen to Mozart’s music, as it is propagated in the theory of Mozart’s effect”. The hypothesis tested for this study is, “Listening to Mozart’s music has no effect on human memory”. Thesis Statement Example 2 This is an example of a research essay thesis statement. While writing a thesis statement for a research essay you have to strictly take a for or against approach and then justify your argument. For...
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...Prevalence Cramming is often done the night before an exam; in Japan this is known informally as one-night pickling (一夜漬, いちやづけ ichiya-dzuke?). In Commonwealth countries, cramming usually occurs during the revision week (week before exams), also known as "swotvac" or "stuvac". Over a longer term, cram schools exist in various countries, often designed to impart large amounts of information over the course of a year or longer. The pressure to excel academically has led to cramming behavior among students as young as five years old.[2] Cramming as a study technique H.E. Gorst stated in his book, The Curse of Education, “as long as education is synonymous with cramming on an organized plan, it will continue to produce mediocrity.” [3] Generally considered as a negative study technique, cramming is becoming more and more common among students both at the secondary and post-secondary level. Pressure to perform well in the classroom and engage in extracurricular activities in addition to other responsibilities often results in the cramming method of studying. Cramming is a widely-used study skill performed in preparation for an examination or other performance-based assessment. Most common among high school and college-aged students, cramming is often used as a means of memorizing large amounts of information in a short amount of time. Students are often forced to cram after improper time utilization or in efforts to understand information shortly before being tested. Improper...
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...Have you ever been in a situation where someone you know came up to you in the street and started chatting for ages about something from the past, and try as you might, you just could not remember this person's name? Maybe you couldn't even remember where you knew them from, so you worded your own questions very carefully. | Have been ever to this situation….?If, yes thenDo you know which factor affects behind it? That you did not associate ….????Yes…It is memory. | If have ever noticed then sometime it happens like,*You gone to the store and not been able to remember, what you went there to buy?* Walked into a room and forgot why you were there?* "Lost" a key word while telling a joke? | Above all things aren’t something new. These are the things which really happen with us in our day to day activity.Above all things directly indicate to our memory…. | Memory!Human memory is a process or a store; we use to store and recall information.Then, why do we forget such small and sometimes really important things? | Because, Our brain consists of about one billion neurons. Each neuron forms about 1,000 connections to other neurons, amounting to more than a trillion connections.We are able to recognize, number of neuron’s number o f connections with in brain Then it’s time to understand where exactly the error occurs???? | As a student you have to face difficulty preparing for tests and exams that require a lot of memorization? | This interactive course focuses on the process...
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...Following the recent sensation of using therapy to recover memories from one’s past, there is increasing concern over whether or not these “recovered” memories are indeed genuine. While certain memory recovering procedures appear to be designed to help a patient relax and serve to draw out old memories, often times, patients can be so eager to recover some memory from their past that they in fact create a false illusion in their head of an event in order to help better explain an unknown part of their past. Just because an event described appears and sounds genuine, does not mean that the event has actually occurred. While the patient can be the cause for creating a false memory so too can the therapist. Suggestive influences are likely to enhance the plausibility of a memory in the mind of a patient. It is easy to be lead to a conclusion by someone who you’re trusting to help you find answers. Suggestive procedures play a role in outcomes for other experiments and it is no different when conducting experiments about false memories. Persuasive information from the media can also play a role in the minds of people, as they all believe that if they’re hearing or reading about recovered memories on the television or radio than it is possible they might have some as well. Another concern about the validity of recovered memories is the potential of false testimony from patients, as they may not want to share what actually happened. This would likely stem from some sort of traumatic...
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...Cognitive Psychology Linda is an ex substance abuser and has experienced a few relapses. Linda is 33 and is in good health besides damage to her lungs due to smoking crack cocaine. She is concerned about her memory, since she misplaces her car keys at home and losing her car in the parking lot. Linda is also telling stories regarding her children and is later corrected for telling the story about the wrong child. Linda has no brain damage, besides the decay of her memory due to her substance abuse. When one has brain damage, or anyone uses any illicit drug, it affects the function of the brain. She believes she might be suffering from a neurological disorder. I believe the effect she is experiencing is due to her past substance use. Cocaine is known to cause several neurological disorders due to the fact that the crystalline free-base form is water insoluble which when smoking or free basing results in an instantaneous high contributing to the rapid absorption through the large pulmonary surface area and swift penetration to the brain. Cocaine can be absorbed from the mucous membrane, therefore causing neurological complications (Agarwal, 2013). Since she is healthy I would rule out that it is a neurological disorder and that it is just poor memory. Substance abuse affects the brain stem, the limbic system, and the cerebral cortex since drugs are chemicals. Cocaine causes nerve cells to release excessive amounts of natural neurotransmitters or prevent the normal...
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...VARK Analysis The VARK (Visual, Auditory, Reading, Kinesthetic) questionnaire shows the variety of different ways and styles of learning. By taking a simple test you are able to determine which style or styles of learning you would do best with. In addition to the regular test format, there are specialized versions for younger learners and athletes available on the website. After completion, each learning style is explained along with strategies and ways to improve upon studying and learning. This method has proven beneficial in helping many people with learning difficulties to become more successful in their learning (Fleming). Mentors, trainers, teachers and even sport coaches can benefit by using the learning strategies in their teaching and coaching methods (Fleming). The reading/writing learning style preference is characterized by an emphasis on using words and lists to learn (Fleming). Reading/writing style learners are best able to learn and study new information by using lists, headings, handouts, definitions, dictionaries, and encyclopedias (Fleming). These learners take excellent notes during lectures. Their notes are very detailed, and may possibly be verbatim based on their instructors lecture (Fleming). These students are also usually able to learn a great deal on a subject by simply using and referring to the given textbook (Cherry). Students following this method of learning may also benefit greatly by using PowerPoint presentations. Many instructors...
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...Phineas Gage Paper At the age of 25 Phineas Gage was a bright, promising foreman working for the Rutland and Burlington railroad in Cavendish, Vermont. As was the practice of the times, tamping powder was used to blast drill holes for the preparation of laying track (Wickens, 2005). Gage was using a tamping rod to compact the powder in the holes before detonation when suddenly a precipitous explosion propelled the rod, which was 1.1 meters long, 6 millimeters thick, and weighing 6 kilograms, through his left cheek and brain, exiting out the vault of his skull (Leach & O'Driscoll, 1998). Surprisingly, Gage remained conscious on the ride to the doctor. Once there, Dr. Harlow, the attending physician, bandaged his wounds, which bled for an additional 2 days. Gage showed no obvious, immediate mental deficits, but an aggressive viral infection set in at the damaged area which led to a month of semiconscious recovery. The infection finally abated and Gage made a complete recovery, except for blindness in his left eye and weakness in the left side of his face. However, upon returning to work it became quite clear that Mr. Gage was not entirely himself. The damage to Gage’s brain was localized in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex; nevertheless, in order to understand the personality changes that Gage underwent after his recovery it is necessary to first examine the underlying neurological and cognitive interplay thereof. Cognition and Neurology of Consequence Prediction The somatic-marker...
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...Memoir by Sumaiyah Khan Do we all really need a doctor’s fatal diagnosis for us to ‘live life to the fullest?’ Last week, my sister and I went out for a walk and began to discuss our experiences at school. I loved speaking to her since I could talk to her about just about anything, and knew she wouldn’t tell anybody else about our conversations. This time, I told her about a previous teacher of mine whom I recently found out was diagnosed with cancer. I explained just how amazing of a woman this teacher was, Masha’Allah, and told my sister about all of the things that she had already accomplished. I reminisced about how she always coached us in our extracurricular activities, and how she had also recently memorized the entire Qur’an. My sister simply said: “She’s trying to live her life to the fullest.” And this continued. Every single achievement I mentioned, my sister would repeat that same statement. I then understood that she was basically saying my teacher knew she didn’t have much time left and was therefore trying to achieve as much as she could before her passing. She had accepted the fact that her life could literally end at any time. It made me wonder, why weren’t we, as Muslims, in a similar state of mind all the time? Allah (glorified and exalted be He) warns us in the Qur’an that He can take our lives away at any moment without any prior notice. Is this not enough for all of us to try to please Him all the time? Is this not enough for all of us to try to accomplish...
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...DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE STUDY HABITS Mayland Community College S.O.A.R. Program Revised April 2002 GET THE STUDY HABIT Did you ever stop to wonder what sets apart the really successful students from the average ones? Why do some students who appear to study all the time just get by, while others who don’t appear to put in as much time and effort do well? Is it all related to IQ and genetics or are some other factors involved? The truth is that success in school is not so much determined by sheer intelligence as knowing how to study. Studying is a skill. Being successful in school requires a high level of study skills. Students must first learn these skills, practice them and develop effective study habits in order to be successful. Very often the study habits and practices developed and used in high school do not work for students in college. Good study habits include many different skills: time management, selfdiscipline, concentration, memorization, organization, and effort. Desire to succeed is important, too. In this module you will discover your areas of strength and identify your weaknesses pertaining to studying. You will learn about your preferred learning channel, tips to organize your studies, and ways to help you remember what you study. The skills you will learn about in this module can be applied in other areas of your life as well: your job, your career, or any activity that requires thought, planning, information processing, and selfdiscipline. You’ll find...
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...to Biology August 2, 2013 * The title of the article that I have chosen for this assignment is “The Era of Memory Engineering Has Arrived”. The article begins by explaining a basic plot of a sci-fi movie in which the main character has had his memories altered by scientists using electrode caps. The article then goes into detail about how a new set of experiments, led by MIT neuroscientists Steve Ramirez and Xu Liu in Susumu Tonegawa’s lab, shows that by using a stunning set of molecular neuroscience techniques. Scientists have captured specific memories in mice, altered them, and shown that the mice behave in accord with these new, false, implanted memories. The scientists needed a way of labeling neurons that were active during a specific experience, and a switch to make them work. It has been found that by using by using the molecule Channelrhodopsin, in already genetically modified mice. Scientists could see recent events that had been recorded to specific brain cells in those mice (Castro 2013). The article then states how with the use of doxycycline, the scientists were able to turn off the labeling or recording process of the experiment. This is important because the scientists were able to label memories in specific times and places. Once the scientists had labeled a memory to the mice, and were able to re-awaken that memory by using light that was shone onto the rodents brains. The scientists were able to (with the use of electrical shocks and...
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... 2. What is introspection? How did it influence current Cognitive Psychology? What were problems with it? 3. What fields influenced Cognitive Psychology? How did they influence Cognitive Psychology? 4. What are the assumptions of Cognitive Psychology? What does each of them mean? 5. Why do we use time and accuracy measures? What can time and accuracy measures show us? 6. What do eye movement and ERP measures show us? Are there any hypotheses or rationales for using these methods? 7. What is fMRI? What should we be cautious about? 8. What is sensation and perception? 9. What is iconic and echoic memory? 10. What did Sperling do? Why is this important? Be able to describe each experiment—what do the manipulations show us? 11. What is the evidence for echoic memory? 12. Why do we have sensory stores? 13. What are the models/theories of pattern recognition? What is evidence for each model/theory—evidence against each model/theory? Be able to describe research experiments that support or show evidence against each model. 14. What are bottom-up/ top-down processing? What role do these mechanisms play in pattern recognition? 15. What are the different components of attention? 16. What is inattentional blindness? Why does this happen? What is the evidence for this? 17. What models/theories explain our filtering system? What is evidence for each—evidence against? Be able to describe...
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