...Mental Imagery and its Limitations Carl Brown Grand Canyon University Dr. Mary Chmielewski PSY-812 November 13, 2013 Mental Imagery and Its Limitations Mental imagery is described as experience occurs without the presence of specific stimuli for the appropriate perception. Many professionals in sports training to achieve better performances have applied mental imagery as a technique. This idea has been there in sports for many years, however, it is recently being incorporated into sports training. As a psychological process intended to improve performance of athletes, it has presented positive results while other athletes have reported negative results from the visualization process. This paper aims to unearth whether indeed imagery is research founded or just a matter of popular psychology. Many researches that have been carried out by various experts explicitly indicate that the visualization concept is beneficial to sports. Mental imagery as a visualization technique has successfully aided to improve the performance of athletes. Studies conducted on imagery during the twentieth century have had inconsistent results due factors such as unavailability of reliable controls and subjects. However, recent studies on mental imagery have had sufficient evidence to suggest that it can improve performance of various sports. Finke carried out a meta-analytic research of sixty studies aimed at examining effect of mental practice on control conditions. The...
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...experiment was the use of mental toughness in my golf game through the use of mental imagery. My hypothesis is to lower the score on my golf game with the use of mental imagery and toughness. Sports psychology is just mere helping people to clear away the mental clutter that keeps them from achieving their best. As a golfer I have tried to break ninety strokes in golf, but did not succeed until taking this class and started using mental imagery. Before this class I tried to improve my game by buying expensive equipment such as oversized irons, gizmos, and lucky charms, but none of these worked. Once I started working with the techniques from this class I began to liberate my mind from its usual patterns and after a period of mental exercising, I finally broke 90. The mind is a tool like any other skill a player possesses. But it's often the tool most of us neglect to develop. Once the mind is in peace, our performance progresses. I believe I set unreachable standards in my game before this class and become overly disappointed when my performance did not meet those high marks I set, thus resulting in motivational withdrawal. After taking this class I realized why I took up golf the first place, it was for pleasure, and for the physical and mental benefits, and then it will become easier to achieve my goals. One of the biggest interventions with the great results I got was the use of the techniques from this class. Performance enhancement and mental skills training by focusing...
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...Mental imagery is related to the knowledge of representation in the way that to be apply the knowledge. For example when you learn something to actually remember something you mostly imagine what situations it could be used. If you are in a Biology class which requires you to know the anatomical structure, nervous system, and other systems of humans you have a basis for mental imagery. This is why we are able to know so much because people created a mental structure of the systems after people have dissected humans when they died or saw the structure of different organisms. It all depends on the person who is trying to get a mental representation of what they have learned. I believe it comes down to creativity to because if you really tried there is a possibility of making mental images of how you are going to something. It being a dissection or just applying psychological applications with people I believe would develop a good mental image. In psych I have had to make several mental images of the knowledge they have given to me would work with different situations. For example who you would talk to adolescent children who have yet to fully develop. You would talk to them...
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...The divergence-based centroid neural network is employed in the grouping process. Prior to the grouping process, 3D line segments are extracted with the aid of the elevation information obtained by using area-based stereo matching of satellite image data. High-resolution IKONOS stereo images are utilized for the experiments. The experimental result proved the applicability and efficiency of the approach in dealing with 3D building modeling from high-resolution satellite imagery. Index Terms—building model, satellite image, 3D modeling, line segment, stereo I. I NTRODUCTION Extraction of 3D building model is one of the important problems in the generation of an urban model. The process aims to detect and describe the 3D rooftop model from complex scene of satellite imagery. The automated extraction of the 3D rooftop model can be considered as an essential process in dealing with 3D modeling in the urban area. There has been a significant body of research in 3D reconstruction from high-resolution satellite imagery. Even though a natural terrain can be successfully reconstructed in a precise manner by using correlation-based stereoscopic processing of satellite images [1], 3D building reconstruction remains to a difficult process, due to the discontinuity of elevation in manmade objects. In this context, most studies rely on 3D feature analysis. Perceptual grouping technique [2] has been broadly used for detecting and describing buildings in aerial or satellite image. This traditional...
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...I. Current Situation: A. Current Performance: International Satellite Images (ISI) had been building a satellite to image the world at a resolution of one meter. At the resolution, a trained photo interpreter could identify virtually any military and civilian vehicle as well as numerous other military and non-military objects. The ISI team had been preparing a proposal for a Japanese government contractor. The contract called for a commitment of a minimum imagery purchase of $10 million per year for five years. In a recent executive staff meeting it became clear that the ISI satellite camera subcontractor was having trouble with the development of a thermal stabilizer for the instrument. It appeared that the development delay would be at least one year and possibly 18 months. When Jim approached Fred Ballard, the President of ISI, for advice on what launch date to put into the proposal, Fred told Jim to use the published date since that was still the official launch date. II. External Environment: A. General Environment: For the problem ofISI satellite camera subcontractor it appeared development delay would be at least one year and possibly 18 months. For that reasonthe level of trust between the parties was very low since the Japanese insisted upon completion guarantees. External forces include: Industry practice is to publicize optimistic completion dates that are rarely met. The financial industry that has profitability expectations which may be impossible...
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...The Impact of Evolving Technologies Computer generated imagery has spanned the verge of acceptability. “CGI frequently plays an essential role in the creation of the believable alternate reality necessary for the enjoyment of a film” (Goodyer, 2012). The animation cartoon looks is replaced with subtle distinction of movement and expression. “Motion capture represents a wholly new form of filmmaking, one that cannot and should not be limited by our previously held definitions of synthetic versus recorded cinema” (Freedman, 2012). The once was a drawing, that was made into several to produce a cartoon seen in films, times have changed with technology, now it is becoming more realistic and believable to audiences. “But no matter how impressive the trappings used to surround the audience–all the tricks of lighting and make–up and acting and computer–generated imagery–the root of all movies is the story, and without it, nothing else matters. If a story works, if it engages the audiences for two hours, then there is no wrong way to tell it. If the story doesn’t work, then the opposite is true” (Goodykoontz & Jacobs, 2011). Avatar (2009), was an American Science Fiction film set in the 22-century. “Avatar cost somewhere between $250 million and $500 million to make, yet weeks after its release, it had already grossed more than $1 billion worldwide for the Twentieth Century–Fox Film Corporation” (Gray, 2010). While to create such a costly movies was a big risk for...
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...The Modern Film A majority of current movies on the market today most likely have one thing in common, Computer Generated Imagery, or CGI. Imagine how crude a movie would be without the use of computers and the quality they would posses if these technologies didn’t exist. From Star Wars to The Matrix and even a vast majority of all the more recent animated films such as Toy Story or Monster’s Inc have all used computers to enhance the experience of the movie. Movie goers have been enjoying the quality that these technologies have been adding to movies for years, maybe even longer than some might know of. It’s said that John Whitney, Sr. was the first to bring computer graphics to the film industry with his slit-scan technology creating the visually powerful “into the monolith” imagery of 2001: A Space Odyssey. Over the years computers would keep proving there worth in movies such as Tron, the film many people associate with the birth of Hollywood computer graphics. In 1985 Pixar produced what is said to be the first CGI character animation in film with the stained glass window come to life effect in the Young Sherlock Holmes. Disney, the maker of popular children’s movies of all kinds would later acquire Pixar and take animated movies from the classic sketched scenes of Cinderella and Bambi to the first full length CGI movie, Toy Story. Toy Story changed the way of viewing for animated movies making the characters seem more realistic and giving more detail to the worlds...
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...Make-up and other effects have turned into a vital piece of motion pictures. Sure, even movies that appear to have no effects for the on-screen characters will utilize computerized touching-up and hours of applying make-up to the performers to make them look the part they are playing. Regardless of what some people may say, conventional prosthetic make-up is still used very often in the entertainment industry. It is the most practical approach to include blood, scars, or essentially change the surface of the skin since it is a physical, impermanent modification to an actor. It is additionally still used to make huge or abnormal highlights that still leave the greater part of the face human unrecognizable, for example, Hellboy or Captain America's...
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...When TRON was released in July of 1982 it was considered groundbreaking in its use of computer generated imagery (CGI). In his original review of TRON in the Chicago Sun-Times Roger Ebert (1982) called it “…a dazzling movie from Walt Disney in which computers have been used to make themselves romantic and glamorous.” He also added that, “In an age of amazing special effects, TRON is a state-of-the-art movie.” By comparing the way that CGI is used in a movie to its rank based on total gross sales it will show that CGI movies have steadily become more popular and dominate in gross sales since TRON was released. TRON was created by Steven Lisberger in 1976 when he came up with the idea for what he called a neon warrior at his own design studio in California. He also took inspiration from the original game of Pong. In an interview almost two decades later Lisberger said, “And what happened was, I saw Pong, and I said, well, that's the arena for him.” (Lisberger, 2010). This statement was in reference to what would become the arena duel where discs of light are hurled at their opponent. Along with creating TRON he wrote the script and directed the movie. Lisberger was also the producer of TRON: Legacy which was released in December of 2010. The movie centers around Kevin Flynn who finds himself transported inside of a circuit board to the world within. In this computer world when programs are no longer needed they are forced to fight other obsolete programs in arena battles...
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...Kenneth Stokes Writing and Rhetoric 1 April 14th, 2013 CGI and Practical Effects in Film It’s hard to believe that the first real use of what we know as computer-generated imagery (CGI) took place in a feature film, Westworld, which was in 1973. But it would be another 20 years before Hollywood experienced a real revolution in special effects, when photorealistic dinosaurs rampaged though Jurassic Park, a Michael Crichton-inspired theme-park-gone-wrong movie. The concept of today’s level of 3D CGI animation is an evolution from basic cartoon animation into a simulated world that seeks to represent realism as accurately as possible. It does this by slicing up the world into the smallest segments possible, and then controlling how those tiny parts of the real world objects move, react and change based on the other objects and conditions within that 3D world (See fig. 1). The history of computer-generated imagery goes hand in hand with the history of the computer, as the computer evolved CGI effects got possible. For the origins of computer-generated imagery we need to go back to the year 1968. In this year a group of Russian mathematicians and physicists headed by N.Konstantinov created a mathematic model of a moving cat across a screen. A program was made for a specialized computer called BESM-4. The computer printed hundreds of frames to be later converted into usable film material. In the 1970′s CGI really got a hold in the designing community. With many people experimenting...
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...Psych 640 week 3 Individual VISUAL AND VERBAL IMAGERY paper Write a 500- to 700-word magazine article that discusses visual and verbal imagery. Include the following in your article: A contrast of verbal and visual imagery An argument about which of these you consider most important A justification of your argument with research Include at least three scholarly peer-reviewed articles, in addition to the course text. Imaginations allow individuals to use information and construct his or her own ideas. For example, individuals can imagine what his or her dream home looks like. This individual can see the home and describe what the home looks like. Anderson (2010) defined mental imagery as the processing of perceptual information without an external source. Visual imagery is the brain’s way of processing information as if the individual is actually seeing it; whereas, verbal imagery is the processing of information as if the individual is saying or describing the information. Visual and verbal imagery can use cognitive maps to make sense of his or her environment. A careful analysis of visual and verbal imagery allows an individual to draw conclusions about which form of imagery is important to them. Types of Imagery Visual Imagery Visual imagery is activated within the individual’s occipital cortex area (Fery, 2003). Motor actions require individuals to assess the size and shape of objects; thus, visual imagery provides the positions and movements associated with these tasks (Fery...
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...Visual Imagery Psych 640 March 17, 2014 Dr. Samantha Hickman Visual Imagery Imaginations allow individuals to use information and construct his or her own ideas. For example, individuals can imagine what his or her dream home looks like. This individual can see the home and describe what the home looks like. Anderson (2010) defined mental imagery as the processing of perceptual information without an external source. Visual imagery is the brain’s way of processing information as if the individual is actually seeing it; whereas, verbal imagery is the processing of information as if the individual is saying or describing the information. Visual and verbal imagery can use cognitive maps to make sense of his or her environment. A careful analysis of visual and verbal imagery allows an individual to draw conclusions about which form of imagery is important to them. Types of Imagery Visual Imagery Visual imagery is activated within the individual’s occipital cortex area (Fery, 2003). Motor actions require individuals to assess the size and shape of objects; thus, visual imagery provides the positions and movements associated with these tasks (Fery, 2003). Fery (2003) conducted an experiment in which individuals were shown a movement and were required to imagine the movement. The individuals were asked to draw the movement in which they had seen (Fery, 2003). The results confirmed visual imagery is appropriate when individuals are required to replicate a drawing (Fery, 2003)...
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...Mental Rotation: The Effect of Orientation towards the Reaction Time in Determining the Version of Letter UNIMKL- 012480 University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus Abstract This study is the replication of Cooper and Shepard’s (1973) study on mental rotation. This experiment is mainly designed to investigate a) the relationship between the angles of rotation of the alphabetical characters and the reaction time to determine whether the letter presented is normal or reversed position and b) whether the mean of the correlation coefficient is significantly greater than zero. A group of fifty- five first year undergraduate students who are studying Psychology course were recruited in the within- subjects experiment. In this experiment, the participants were showed the alphabetical characters (capital letter G and R) in both normal and reversed position in which oriented at different angles of rotation, the participants were required to determine whether the letter presented was in normal or reversed version as accurate and quickly as they can. The results obtains showed that the reaction time increases as the angle of rotation larger and the mean of the correlation coefficient was significantly greater than zero. Thus, this study suggesting that the orientation does affect the reaction time and correlate each other. Keywords: mental rotation, mental imagery, orientation, correlation coefficient, alphabetical characters, normal, reversed The Effect of Orientation towards the...
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...Abstract Mental rotation is a spatial task that involves the ability to mentally retain an object and rotate it in space. The purpose of this experiment was to replicate that of previously published studies like that of Shaperd and colleague to obtain the typical mental rotation effect. The independent variable in this experiment was the degree of rotation and the dependent variable was the response time. Participants were 14 male and 22 female undergraduate students who attended Douglas College, who were recruited from a 2nd year introductory cognitive psychology course. The task was to determine, as quickly as possible, whether two shapes, one of which was rotated to a certain degree relative to the orientation of the other shape, were the same or different. There was a minimum of 70 trials. For each pair of "same" and "different" stimuli, five trials were presented for each rotation angle. Only response times for which the participants were correct were used. The curve for the same shape stimuli is nearly a straight line except for the final degree of rotation. The curve for different shapes varied consistently with changes in rotation. The results of this study demonstrated the hypothesis that reaction time will increase as the angle of rotation increases. It demonstrates that people can mentally rotate images and it takes more time to react when the degrees of rotation increase. Mental Rotation Effect Mental rotation is a spatial task that involves the ability...
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...audience by addressing these three traits through a point of view, setting, and imagery. Since Ordinary People has two perspectives of a father and son, the point of view in One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest focuses on Nurse Ratched’s confrontation with Billy. Furthermore, the vulnerability that Con develops after the death of his brother also applies to Billy when Nurse Ratched humiliated him in front of the other...
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