...Assignment: Autism and Mental Retardation CUT AND PASTE THIS ASSIGNMENT TO SUBMIT IT Respond to the following: 1. List the primary features of autism. • Unresponsive to others • Uncommunicative • Repetitive • Rigid • Pronominal Reversal Language and communication problems 2. Which explanation for autism is no longer considered valid and lacks research support? Theorists first believed that autism was due to family dysfunction and social stress. Kanner thought that particular personality characteristics of the parents caused an unfavorable climate for development and contributed to the child’s disorder. Research has been unable to support this theory. Another theory that was not supported is a high degree of social and environmental stress. 3. What forms of treatment are helpful for a person with autism? There is no treatment that reverses the autistic pattern, but behavioral therapy, communication training, parent training, and community integration are very beneficial. 4. List the criteria for a diagnosis of mental retardation: People tend to be diagnosed with mental retardation when they display general intellectual functioning that is well below average also have poor adaptive behavior. 5. Explain one way in which sociocultural biases in testing might pose problems for assessing mental retardation. Intelligence test are biased due to the fact that middle and upper socioeconomic class have an advantage. 6. Of the four levels of mental retardation, into which...
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...and Mental Retardation Respond to the following: 1. List the primary features of autism. Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder. It influences a person's ability to communicate and how they interact and socialize with others. Those with mild forms of autism can be high-functioning and can live on their own, while others with severe cases may remain non-verbal and function on a very limited basis. 2. Which explanation for autism is no longer considered valid and lacks research support? Thimerisal in children’s vaccines does not cause autism. 3. What forms of treatment are helpful for a person with autism? Special education class’s area available for autistic children, structured-behaviorally based programs that are geared toward the patient’s developmental level, parental education on behavioral techniques, and therapy for both parents and the autistic child. 4. List the criteria for a diagnosis of mental retardation: Thorough neurologic and psychiatric evaluation is necessary for diagnosis of a mental retardation. 5. Explain one way in which sociocultural biases in testing might pose problems for assessing mental retardation. All cultures do not develop their children at the same speed and level as other. So when a patient from an under developing sociocultural is being tested the diagnoses may reflect mental retardation, when it is not the case at all. 6. Of the four levels of mental retardation, into which category do most people with mental retardation...
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...University of Phoenix Material Appendix F Autism and Mental Retardation Respond to the following: 1. List the primary features of autism. A. The primary feature of Autism are the language problems, communication problems, the lack of responsiveness, rigid behavior, unusual motor movements, limited imaginative play, overstimulation’s, and under stimulations as well. 2. Which explanation for autism is no longer considered valid and lacks research support? The explanation for autism that is no longer valid and does lack research support is the sociocultural theory which states that autism is from parents being distance their children, but it has not been able to be proven through any research they have done. 3. What forms of treatment are helpful for a person with autism? The form of treatment that are helpful for a person with autism would be behavioral theory, and communication training and community integration as well. 4. List the criteria for a diagnosis of mental retardation The criteria for a diagnosis of mental retardation are below average general intellectual functioning as well as poor adaptive behavior. 5. Explain one way in which sociocultural biases in testing might pose problems for assessing mental retardation. Sociocultural would have to do with environmental conditions as well as social status and based on that people may not be able to understand that even in the perfect environment and...
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...Autism and Mental Retardation Kelly Maag PSY/270 August 24, 2014 Cathy Matresse Autism and Mental Retardation This paper is about Autism and Mental Retardation. I will be telling you about the features, treatments, how mental retardation is diagnosed, and the explanation is no longer considered because of the lack of support for it as well as several other things about each of these diagnoses. I hope it will give a person a better understanding about these conditions and maybe help educate people more about what these people go through as well. Autism Primary Features There are several primary features of Autism that a person will show. Some of the different features are, being “extremely unresponsive to others, uncommunicative with others, repetitive, and rigid” (Fundamental of Abnormal Psychology Ch. 14 p.448). Children with autism have a hard time making friends and socializing appropriately with them. They may have an eye to eye gaze when they are being talked to and may not have much of an imagination when it comes to playing. They may hardly talk and the best thing parents can do for a child they have that had autism is to treat them normal and help them find a way to communicate with others. Explanations of Autism There are many different explanations for why a child is how they are. When it comes to autism cognitive limitations and brain abnormalities are the primary causes of autism. “Theorists once thought that family dysfunctions and social stressors...
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...1. List the primary features of autism. Some of the primary features of autism would be:" The individual’s lack of responsiveness, including extreme aloofness and lack of interest in other people, has long been considered the central feature of autism." (Comer, R. J. 2005) the typical autistic child does not like to be held and will wiggle and sometimes fight from being held. Language and communication problems are an issue with the autistic child, many times they are non-verbal or will repeat words. "Autism is also marked by limited imaginative play and very repetitive and rigid behavior." (Comer, R. J. 2005)Sometimes the autistic child have movements that do not appear normal to others, but it is the repeatedly behavior that the autistic child will do to calm themselves. Sensory issues to materials, sounds, and stimuli. "Sometimes the individuals seem over stimulated by sights and sounds and to be trying to block them out, while at other times they seem under stimulated and to be performing self-stimulatory actions.". (Comer, R. J. 2005) 2. Which explanation for autism is no longer considered valid and lacks research support? There are a few explanations for autism, which are no longer considered valid. At first, theorists thought that family dysfunction and social stress were the primary causes of autism. . (Comer, R. J. 2005)At one time, it was thought that autism could have been caused by social and environmental stress." Investigators who have compared children...
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...Autism and Mental Retardation PSY/270 August 2, 2013 Autism and Mental Retardation 1. List the primary features of autism. The primary features of autism are; a) Social Skills: Children or people diagnosed with autism show signs of delayed social development. Many people with autism make very little or no eye contact; show little interest in making or establishing friendships, and few seek out play mates or engage in make believe play. People with autism are easily upset whenever there is a change in their routine, and any minor disruption can cause them to go into an outburst. b) Language: Autism influences a person’s ability to communicate and interact with others in social atmospheres. Autistic children are usually set back when it comes time to learn to speak. Many people with autism speak in an abnormal fashion; some may speak in robotic tones or sing their words and phrases. They may even often sound like a broken record, -- repeating words over and over again. They may even act as though they are deaf, refusing to respond when their names are called. c) Behavioral: Most autistic children and adults will avoid any physical contact. They may respond better to a slight touch, but any other type of affection such as cuddling or hugging they try to avoid. Some autistic people will fixate themselves to certain objects like oscillating fans, spinning tops. They may sometimes display repetitive movements, such as rocking their body’s back and forth...
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...Lecture on Mental Retardation Development Lecture Objectives 1. Parents will understand the developmental process of mental retardation. 2. Parents will be exposed to different intervention techniques for their child. 3. Open forum for questions at the end of lecture will help in the learning process. Child Darrin is a 16 year old 11th grader diagnosed with moderate mental retardation. He gets himself up for school each morning and dresses himself in the appropriate uniform required for school. Darrin has to make sure that his mother is aware that he must catch the bus by 630 am in order to make it to school on time. His mother is fully aware that this is the case but Darrin feels the need to remind her. Darrin is transported by a yellow bus that is also occupied by special needs students. The route is direct and strict rules are adhered to by the driver. There are no extra passengers or stops allowed on this route. The driver is not allowed to leave a student without proper notification. At school, Darrin is required to go to the school nurse for his daily medication. He is not responsible enough to carry this or dispense it himself. Darrin is border line schizophrenic in addition to his mental retardation diagnosis. He enters the school grounds and feels immediately at home. He smiles constantly...
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...Mental Retardation-“A Political Standpoint” Mental retardation is also known as intellectual disability. Mental retardation is defined as a lack of intellectual capacities as it relates to the intellectual development and functionality of the normal individual. Mental retardation, often call MR, is a term that is not popular in today’s society. The term intellectual disability is defined as a mental disorder that affects the mental growth and function. Intellectual disability is also a disorder that increases the limitation on intellectual functions and adaptive ability. There have been numerous court cases on the subject of MR and the establishment of those individuals, their human rights, and social security. For example, there have been a few vaguely important cases that focused on the subject of mental health precedent and its implications. One of the most impactful Supreme Court cases on this subject is Jackson vs. Indiana. Jackson verses Indiana ruled that in the situation of a mentally ill individual who committed a criminal act, this case ruled that “mentally ill criminal defendants who are incompetent to stand trial cannot be indefinitely committed on that basis alone”. This means that a mentally individual who is facing criminal charges will not be forced to stand trial because that individual is not mentally stable enough to understand what they are facing. That individual cannot be tried on the basis of such circumstances. There are several definitions...
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...Autism and Mental Retardation Check Point Roberto Castro PSY-270 07/29/2011 Professor Andrew Graham LPC Autism and Mental Retardation Check Point Autism and Mental Retardation Respond to the following: 1. List the primary features of autism. The basic features in early childhood autism are social isolation, mental retardation, language problems and stereotyped ritualistic behaviors such as rocking back and forth, lining up toys over and over again. 2. Which explanation for autism is no longer considered valid and lacks research support? Causes no longer considered by researchers are socio-cultural causes where claims of family dysfunction and social stress (environmental stress) were the primary cause psychological factors are also not the cause for autism, malnutrition, food allergies, immune deficiency, or watching television. 3. What forms of treatment are helpful for a person with autism? Behavioral therapy, communication training, parent training, community integration and psychotropic medication and certain vitamins has helped when combined with other approaches. 4. List the criteria for a diagnosis of mental retardation: The Criteria for diagnosis Mental Retardation according to the DSM-IV is a) Significantly sub-average intellectual functioning; an IQ of approximately 70 or below on an individually administered IQ test (for infants a clinical judgment of significantly sub-average intellectual functioning). b) Concurrent deficits...
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...Abstract : Mental retardation (MR) is a condition of arrested or incomplete development of the mind, characterized by impairment of skills (cognitive, language, motor and social) manifested during the developmental period, which contribute to overall level of intelligence. Intellectual Disability is a more precise term (used in DSM-V). MR is an etiological factor for development of various co-morbidities, which account for substantial burden of the disease. However, the extent of this co-occurrence varies substantially between reports. Aim: To study the prevalence of psychiatric and medical comorbidity, among different degrees of Mental Retardation. Settings and Design: This is a cross-sectional, singlecentered study conducted at the out patient department of Psychiatry, Maharajah’s Institute Of Medical Sciences. Material & Methods : Sixty-three persons, who came for disability certification, were diagnosed with MR as per ICD-10 criteria, The Wechsler’s Adult Intelligence Scale – IV and The Developmental Screening Test for IQ and Vineland Social Maturity Scale for SQ assessment were used. Psychiatric and medical co-morbidities were diagnosed, using clinical examination, laboratory investigation, the ICD-10 Diagnostic criteria and CHA-PAS SCALE. Statistical Analysis : The statistical analysis was done by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 13.0 version. Frequency, percentages and chi square analysis were used to analyze the data. Result : Out of...
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...paper is to define and identify the causes of mental retardation, autism and severe disabilities. In addition, it will discuss the areas of the curriculum which is necessary for students with these severe disabilities. Mental Retardation is defined, when a person has a certain limitations in mental functioning and in skills such as communicating, taking care of themselves and social skills. The cause of mental retardation according to doctors is genetic conditions, in which this is caused by abnormal genes inherited from parents. Some examples of this are genetic conditions of Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome and phenlketonuria (PKU). Mental retardation is not a type of mental illness, there is no cure for it (The National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities (NDCCD), 2004). The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) defines mental retardation as, “significantly sub-average general intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period, which adversely affects a child's educational performance (2004)”. NDCCD identifies mental retardation as “a term used when a person has certain limitations in mental functioning and in skills such as communicating, taking care of him or herself, and social skills. Some of these limitations will cause a child to learn and develop more slowly than a typical child. Children with mental retardation may take longer to learn to speak, walk, and...
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...DUAL DIAGNOSIS DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITY MENTAL RETARDATION Mental Retardation v Intellectual Disability: Current debate in the field Since 2001 the American Association on Mental Retardation has debated changing its name (AAMR to AAID) Intellectual Disability term used more widely in Europe International Association for the Scientific Study of Intellectual Disabilities (IASSIA)World Health Organization (WHO) Mental retardation term value as a diagnostic and specific clinical entity, entitlement programs, death penalty, etc. “Disability” is a common consistent term used across a variety of disabilities Intellectual disability does not necessary connote the developmental nature of the deficit Mental Retardation and Mental Health: Trends & Shifting Services: MR/DD are living in neighborhoods & communities, not segregated institutions Changing perspective of range & extent of psychiatric disorders in MR/DD Strain produced on both the MR & the MH systems- a messy system Use of generic & community services Needs- cross training and education, interagency collaboration & planning FEDERAL DEFINITION: DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES: The term "developmental disability" means a severe, chronic disability of an individual that - (i) is attributable to a mental or physical impairment or combination of mental and physical impairments; (ii) is manifested...
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...Developmental Disorders Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) Diagnosis The first diagnosed case of ASD was in 1938 by American psychiatrist Leo Kanner. A diagnosis of ASD can be made accurately before the child is 3 years old but the diagnosis of ASD is not commonly confirmed until the child is somewhat older. The ages of diagnosis can range from 9 months to 14 years however the mean age of diagnosis is 13 months. On average each case of ASD is tested at 3 different diagnostic centers before confirmed. Early diagnosis of the disorder can diminish familial stress, speed up referral to special educational programs and influence family planning. In the brain The cause of ASD is still uncertain. ASD is a disorder of the cortex, which controls higher functions, sensation, muscle movements, and memory. What is known is that a child with ASD has a pervasive problem with how the brain is wired. The distribution of white matter, the nerve fibers that link diverse parts of the brain, is abnormal. An ASD child’s brain grows at a very rapid rate and is almost fully grown by the age of 10. Symptoms Signs include impairments in social interactions, communication and repetitive or restricted patterns of interest or behaviors. There are also different symptoms at different ages based on developmental milestones. Children between 0 and 36 months with ASD show lack of eye contact, seem to be deaf, lack of social smile, doesn’t like being touched or held, unusual sensory behavior,...
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...All the intellectually disabled have one thing in common which is the disability they have. However, they differ in every other aspect. The main characteristics of the intellectually disabled fall under 5 criterias which are: Physical characteristics ◾An underdevelopment in physical growth ◾Average weight and height usually less than normal peers of the same chronological age ◾Physical deformation ◾Retarded movement and balance Mental characteristics ◾Less-than-average I.Q. ◾Underdeveloped speech and language skills ◾Poor: memory, attention, perception, imagination, thinking, computing and concentration Social characteristics ◾Underdeveloped ability of social adjustment ◾Lack of interests and orientations ◾Irresponsibility ◾Aloofness ◾Aggression ◾Low self-esteem Emotional characteristics ◾Emotional imbalance ◾Excessive movement ◾Evidence of premature or late reactions ◾Primitive reactions Attributes of the intellectually disabled classifications ◾EMR: ◾Provided with the appropriate educational services, certain aspects related to some academic skills (reading, writing, arithmetic) could be acquired, besides, possessing social communication skills as well as vocational rehabilitation. ◾TMR: ◾Primary educational programs. ◾Workshop training. ◾Rehabilitation programs. ◾SMR: ◾In constant need of professional and extensive care provided only within the premises of permanent boarding centers. Psychological and behavioral...
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...Autism and retardation List the primary features of autism. Impaired social interaction and communication are the primary features of autism, with restricted and repetitive behavior occurring in many patients. Information processing is impaired in the brain, and the condition is life-long. 2. Which explanation for autism is no longer considered valid and lacks research support? That autism is caused by vaccines. 3. What forms of treatment are helpful for a person with autism? Early behavioral and cognitive intervention helps autistic children improve their social and communication skills, and some move on to become independent as adults, but this isn’t the norm. 4. List the criteria for a diagnosis of mental retardation: IQ below 70, evidence that the limitations were apparent in childhood, and significant limitations in two or more areas of adaptive behavior, such as social skills, memory skills, problem solving ability and self care. 5. Explain one way in which sociocultural biases in testing might pose problems for assessing mental retardation. IQ testing has come under the gun as being socioculturally biased and therefore causing some children to be labeled retarded when they didn’t speak the language at a level that would demonstrate their true IQ. 6. Of the four levels of mental retardation, into which category do most people with mental retardation fall? Mild level – IQ from 50-70 7. What are the main types of biological causes of mental retardation...
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