...History Venus was formed 4.6 billion years ago along with the Sun and the solar system. Large amounts of dust and gases accumulated over many years to form the planet. Venus is thought to be the result of a large collision. This is due to the fact that Venus rotates differently than the other planets in our solar system. Venus is commonly referred to as Earth's "sister planet" because of their similarity in size as well as a similar gravitational force. Although Venus and Earth share some similarities, it has shown to be very different from Earth in many other aspects. It has the most dense atmosphere out of the four terrestrial planets. Venus consists of more than 96% carbon dioxide. Surface Geography: The surface shows evidence of extreme volcanism, and the sulfur in the atmosphere may mean that there have been some recent eruptions. Venus is covered by a thick atmosphere, creating a blazing environment with temperatures reaching high enough to melt lead. Geology: Much of Venus's surface appears to have been shaped by volcanic activity. Venus is home to about 167 large volcanoes. Some stretching over 100 km long. Venusian surface is estimated to be 300–600 million years old. Almost 2x longer than Earth's. Internal Structure The similarity in size and density between Venus and Earth may mean that they share a similar internal structure: a core, mantle, and crust. Like Earth, the Venus's core is at least partially liquid because the two planets have been cooling...
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...Observing Surface Features of the Sun for Amateur Astronomers Nikhil Anand Mustafa Shahid B.Tech Aerospace Engineering, IV Sem Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology Email: nikhil.myindia@gmail.com B.Tech Avioncs, IV Sem Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology Email: mustafashahid4@googlemail.com Abstract—Viewing the sun through a telescope is a very underrated astronomical practice. This paper will focus in detail on the relevance and significance of observing the sun. The various features on the sun are explained along with appropriate methodologies for safely viewing them. Three techniques are deployed to safely observe the sun. Further scope and interpretations of this experiment are also discussed. I. I NTRODUCTION Looking at the sun with naked eyes can be extremely dangerous, but with the right equipment, several interesting features of the sun can be revealed. Some of the notable features include sunspots, granulation and corona of the sun. To view the surface, three techniques are used. each has its own advantage. A. Surface features 1) Sun Spots : Sunspots are temporary phenomena on the photosphere of the Sun that appear visibly as dark spots on the surface. They correspond to concentrations of magnetic field that inhibit convection and result in reduced surface temperature compared to the surrounding photosphere. Sunspots usually appear as pairs, with each spot having the opposite magnetic polarity of the other...
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... Mercury - History and Naming Mercury, the planet closest to the Sun, circles the Sun faster than all the other planets in our solar system, which is why the Romans named it after the swift-footed messenger god Mercury (Space exploration, 2013). Human observers have been looking up at Mercury since at least the time of the Sumerians – the 3rd millennium BC (The planet mercury, 2013). These Greek astronomers believed even then that Mercury (and Venus) both orbited the Sun, and not the Earth. Mercury was the god of commerce, travel, and thievery in Roman mythology, hence the naming of Mercury. Slide 2 Early beliefs of Mercury Mercury was known since at least Sumerian times roughly 5,000 years ago, where it was often associated with Nabu, the god of writing (Mercury, the sun's, 2013). Mercury was also given separate names for its appearance as both a morning star and as an evening star (Mercury, the sun's, 2013). Early beliefs thought that perhaps there were two different planets. However, Greek astronomers knew that both names referred to the same planet (Mercury). Back in the nineteenth century, astronomers made very careful observations of Mercury's orbit, but they could not explain the orbit adequately using Newtonian mechanics (The planet mercury, 2013). There were discrepancies between what they observed and what was mathematics predicted. This problem would last for decades. Einstein's General Theory of Relativity correctly predicted the motions of Mercury; this...
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...The Post Position Draw of the entries for the Kentucky Derby was held Wednesday, April 29, 2015 at the Churchill Downs Racetrack clubhouse.[8] American Pharoah was installed as the 5-2 morning line favorite.[9] The day after the draw, Todd Pletcher scratched Stanford, stating that the horse was "fine," but they were not pleased with the draw and had been "on the fence" about running in the Derby.[10] On May 1, El Kabeir was scratched due to a possible hoof problem,[11] however the also-eligible Tale of Verve did not get a chance to run since the scratch was made after the cutoff time that allows also-eligible runners to gain a start in the race.[11] Early on race day International Star was also scratched after having problems with his left-front foot.[12] Overall, the 2015 field was considered "the deepest and most talented in decades". Trainer Bob Baffert had the top two favorites: American Pharoah and Dortmund. [13] Dortmund, winner of the Santa Anita Derby, was an undefeated 6–0 entering the race, a feat matched by 1977 winner Seattle Slew and 2004 winner Smarty Jones. American Pharoah was 4–1, having placed fifth in his debut before running off four straight victories, including an eight-length win in the Arkansas Derby.[13] Baffert described the experience as like being "on pins and needles all week long," as reporters and fans expected one of his two horses to win.[13] Other notable horses in the field included the undefeated Florida Derby champion Materiality; Frosted...
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...Abstract What could be more innocent than a last minute trip, on a privately-owned jet, to a privately-funded research facility, in northern Alaska to see the magnificent auroras? After Matt’s best friend and college roommate, Bartholomew Jacob Hunt, the third, convinced him that it was the chance of a lifetime, they would surely find out. During their flight to Alaska, the boys are notified that Halley’s Comet’s orbit has been altered by the sun’s photosphere and is headed straight for the research station’s space elevator. There is no time to bring in additional scientists, so Matt and Barty must be willing to help. Using a chemical rocket and magnetic sail, three of the scientists at the research center will enter space and attempt to change the orbit of Halley Comet, while Matt and Barty operate the command center with the help of the lead scientist. This is the day they single-handedly saved two planets and created a new habitable environment on Mercury’s surface. [Student’s Name] [Professor’s Name] [Class Number] [Today’s Date] The Day We Saved Two Planets 10:20am. “It’s 2068! It is a mistake to ignore an occurrence that only transpires once every 11 years. Do you know what an aurora is!? I’ll tell you what an aurora is. An aurora is a disturbance in the magnetosphere produced by solar winds (source). You see, the electrons… remember electrons, Matt? They are the charged particles we talked about in chemistry. Right. You see, the electrons collide with atoms in...
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...The Milky Way Galaxy * A spiral type of Galaxy * composed of 200 billion stars. * One revolution every ~200 million years. * 100,000 lights years long * 3000 light years wide Our Solar System is mainly composed of: * STARS * PLANETS * SPACE DEBRIS STARS - are luminous heavenly bodies which have their own light. We can see near about 2500 stars on a clear night with our naked eye. But in actual, total no of stars are countless. The star which is nearest to earth is sun. It is the brightest star of all. The second nearest star except sun is Alpha-Centauri. THE SUN * Diameter: 1.4 million km * Age: 4.5 billion years (lifetime 11 billion years) * Mass: 2 x 1030 kg (330,000 x Earths) (99.8% of mass of solar system) * Density: 1.41 (water = 1) * Composition (by mass): Hydrogen: 73%, Helium: 25%, Others: 2% * Distance from Earth: 149.6 million km. * Distance to nearest Star: 9.46 million million km. * Luminosity: 4 x 1026 J s-1 (390 billion billion Megawatts). Solar Cycle: 8 - 11 years. * Temperature at Surface: 5,800°C (10,500 °F). * Temperature of Core: 14 million°C (22.5 million °F) POLARIS - known by many names, is one of the most famous stars in the sky. Polaris is also known as Alpha Ursae Minoris and is part of the constellation Ursa Minor, which is the Little Bear. Polaris is always in the sky; it does not disappear depending on the season, which is one reason why it has been...
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...Title: American muscle Purpose: After listening to my speech my audience will be familiar with the three American muscles of the 60’s. Thesis: Although there were many American Muscles cars created in the 60’s only three were widely recognized. I. Introduction A. Attention Getter: A loud roar is heard in the distance as the driver revs his engine. Eight cylinders of Intense power with its five speed transmission. Cars that are meant to be raced and compared to each other. In an adrenaline pumping race of performance. According to Fast Muscle by Gabbard and Gabbard, “The decade began with Ford, GM, and Chrysler in an expanding cubic inch and horsepower war. C. Thesis statement: Although there were many American Muscle cars created in the 60’s only three were widely recognized. D. Credibility statement: 1. I have worked and studied American muscles since I was 11 years old. 2. I have read and have done further research to develop this speech. E. Preview of main points: 1. Today I will discuss the muscles cars of Ford, 2. GM 3. and Chrysler Transition: “Now let us start our engine with Ford in the American muscle race.” II. Body A. Ford motor company 1. History I. Ford motor company was created in June 16, 1903 when some investor decided to sign article of incorporation for Ford motor company. II. The company was founded by Henry Ford Sr. ...
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...that many changes have aroused within younger generation. In today’s society, everything relies on technology and electronics, that it has now become a necessity rather than a recreational leisure item. With electronic devices or products, we only see the physical part of electronics but there are many chemicals, substances, and numerous parts within a simple device that are severely dangerous if consumed by any living organism. Many of the toxic substances that get released were improperly treated, stored, transported, or disposed of can be derived from the wiring, circuit boards, smaller electronic parts such as chips, monitors, and so forth. In addition, many of these electronic parts release severely dangerous chemicals such as; lead, mercury, zinc, silver, chromium, etc. There are many factors in which hazardous waste can affect us such as the following: - A large amount being released at once - Toxicity - Level of exposure/contact - Who particularly is exposed - Concentration/dose of exposure - How exposure is initiated - Time period of exposure For humans as well as animals and plants, there can be exposure through; inhalation, ingestion, or dermal exposure. Inhalation can be breathing dangerous chemicals in the form of vapors, or even from the contaminated water while drinking water from the tap or even as simple as showering. Furthermore, ingestion can take place through what we eat and whether or not it is contaminated itself such as; fish, fruits, veggies...
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...Myopia is defined by Merriam –Webster dictionary as “a lack of foresight or discernment: a narrow view of something” (“what is marketing myopia?). In terms of marketing this is demonstrated by a company displaying short sightedness and an inward approach that keeps the focus on the specific needs of the business rather than its products or the customer’s satisfaction. This phenomenon can destroy companies if it is not addressed immediately. A good example of marketing myopia would be Ford Motor Company’s attempt at a car called the Ford Edsel in the late 1950’s. The vehicle was a passenger car and it was Fords marketing approach with the introduction of this car that was going to revolutionize the industry. Ford was under the impression that the vehicle would meet the driving habits and needs of many domestic consumers and families. The Edsel was released with extreme publicity from marketing company’s and also the media, however it was soon after found out that the Ford Edsel would be a complete failure within the consumer market. Many may argue that the vehicle was just not a good car and did not sell well. If you ask a business professional about this they would most likely chalk it up to the company’s failure and inability to recognize the consumers’ needs and desires or as we now know it “marketing myopia.” A second way that marketing myopia may occur is slightly different however the same unwanted failure takes place. Like the text says, “many sellers make the mistake...
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...1. Why has NASA sent recent orbiters to Mars (such as Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter) on trajectories that required them to skim through Mars's atmosphere before settling into their final orbits? | | It saves money because the spacecraft uses atmospheric drag to slow down rather than needing to carry enough fuel to slow by firing rocket engines. | | | Each spacecraft also carried a lander, and the lander could only be dropped to the Martian surface when the spacecraft passed through the atmosphere. | | | It allowed the spacecraft to collect samples of the atmospheric gas for return to Earth. | | | It allowed the orbiters to get higher resolution pictures of the surface as it came close when skimming through the atmosphere. | 2 points QUESTION 2 1. Why was it advantageous for the Voyager mission to consist of flybys rather than orbiters? | | It was easier for data to be radioed back to Earth with flybys than orbiters. | | | Each individual spacecraft was able to visit more than one planet. | | | Spacecraft making flybys can return to Earth more quickly than orbiters. | | | Flyby spacecraft can get closer to a planet than an orbiting spacecraft. | 2 points QUESTION 3 1. Which of the following statements about the recently-discovered object Eris is not true? | | It orbits the Sun in the same direction as the other planets. | | | It lies well beyond Pluto and Neptune. | | | It is thought to be the first example...
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...throughout the next few hundred years. In 1833, the Crawcours brothers introduced their “Royal Mineral Succedaneum” to America, which was actually shaved French silver coins and mercury. They used a similar technique to what we use now to fill a tooth; they removed the carious lesion and then replaced it with the alloy. The main difference was that they did not have much anatomy in their structure due to the lack of knowledge of it. (Bharti et al, 2010). Amalgam’s disrepute initiated by these brothers led to the “Amalgam War” and to the promulgation by the American society of dental surgeons in 1845. The use of amalgam was considered as a malpractice, and an expulsion from the society of those members who would use it was demanded. Throughout the next few decades there were many studies conducted by various surgeons and scientists that eventually led to the conclusion that the alloy was an acceptable restorative material, with some alterations to the original material. (Bharti et al 2010) According to Jack L. Ferracane in Matierials in Dentistry, amalgam is defined as an alloy of mercury. An alloy is a combination of two or more metals; therefore, amalgam is a metal allow containing mercury. The word “amalgam” also is used to describe a combination or mixture of things, and dental amalgam is a mixture of mercury, silver, tin, copper, and other elements. (Ferracane 2001) Ferracane states that amalgam is an extremely biocompatible material in the oral cavity and is extremely tolerant...
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...esthetic reasons, but also by articles I read concerning the adverse health effects of mercury in amalgam fillings. An amalgam filling, consists of approximately 50% mercury and is combined with silver, copper, tin and zinc, to form a strong metal substance placed into a prepared tooth that has had a cavity. (6) Amalgam fillings have been used for approximately 160 years, the cost of the material is around...
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...Unilever claims that corporate social responsibility, including environmentalism, is at the heart of its business. However, the transition to a responsible and sustainable company is an ongoing process. Unilever has attracted some criticism from activists on not achieving the high aims and goals the company has communicated publically and internally. Despite the criticisms, Unilever has been at the forefront of its industry to initiate processes and create transparency in in its operations, especially regarding the environment. Even in its infancy, Unilever had difficulty balancing ideals with business goals. Unilever's founding companies produced products made of oils and fats, principally soap and margarine. At the beginning of the 20th century their expansion nearly outstripped the supply of raw materials. In an effort to reduce increasing costs due to World War I and growing limitations on supplies, former business rivals join forces, at first in the form of trade associations. These companies set up negotiations intending to prevent others from producing the same types of products but instead they merge to create Unilever. After struggling through the Great Depression and World War II, one of the main products companies were trying to develop was detergent. Soaps are made of materials found in nature and are break down naturally in the environment. A big drawback from using soap is that the minerals in water react with those in the soap, leaving an insoluble film...
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...[pic] Ford Motor Company By Mario Torres Dr. Lawrence Shao Finance 534 September 9, 2010 Table of Contents Executive Summary Company Overview A. Conduct research on the company’s operations and locations and summarize the company’s financial status for the past 3 years. 1. Operations, locations, markets, and lines of business. 1. Comparison of Ford’s financial statements for the past 3 years. Ratio Analysis A. Perform three year trend and ratio analysis for 2007, 2008, and 2009. Stock Price Analysis A. Research the company’s common stock price. 1. Research the S&P for the past five years. 2. Chart the price movement in the company’s common stock against the S&P movement. Conclusion Executive Summary Ford, General Motors, and Chrysler known as the “Big Three Automakers” faced some hard times and had to find a way to survive or possibly be forced into bankruptcy. General Motors and Chrysler accepted a loan package from the federal government while the Ford Motor Company decided to try and make it on its own. The loan package given to GM and Chrysler came with strict conditions that it cut its labor costs and reorganize its debt obligations. Skip to next paragraphFord, however, decided to try and improve its competitive position without the assistance that federal loans provided GM and Chrysler. In order to accomplish this, Ford had to reduce its own costs to stay on a level playing...
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...Matching Of Charts: A New approach By Tej K. Zadoo, India Volunteer: Maurício Avila, Brazil W Dr. Tej K. Zadoo born on Deepawali day 1948 at Srinagar, Kashmir in a Brahmin family. Got introduced to astrology in 1966, mostly self study of classical texts, he has a Ph.D. degree in Physics, was working in the education dept. of J&K Govt. as a teacher and retired recently. Besides astrology he is interested in 'Ramal' shastra and paranormal subjects. He can read write Urdu, Hindi and Sanskrit. His article BCP & Longevity was praised by senor astrologers as one of the finest articles ever to appear in any magazine. hile commenting on the author's article "3 simple rules of marital disharmony"1 an astrologer friend asked the author: "By using the rules given in your article one can see whether a person is prone to tension in his or her married life or not. If the native has combinations in his or her chart which indicate a troublesome married life the solution you have suggested is to match the charts. But the problem is that we usually use "Guna Milan" method and this method doesn’t give correct results all the time. There are charts where the number of points (Gunas) that are matching are very high but the married life is miserable or there is separation; and there are charts where number of points (Gunas) that are matching are very low and there are doshas like Nadi dosh, Gana dosh etc. but the couple is leading a very harmonious and blissful ____________________________ ...
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