...even if the husband wanted to forgive the wife (17). A single woman?s was carefully protected, if a man the virginal wife of another man, the man would be put to death but women should go free (19). In Mesopotamia, women were sexual and economic property of their husbands, and the law did not allow women to leave their husbands without any reasons. For example, law states that if a woman left her husband without any reason and then neglected her husband, she would be put into the water. But, the code provided women with protections that were continue for the time, if a man did not have sex with his wife or draw up a marriage contract, she was not considered his wife....
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...civilization ; however, I believe that they envisioned a greater existence in forming a civilization. The Minoan civilization was destined to remain isolated on the island of Crete. In contrast, the Mesopotamians' option of migrating anywhere in the Middle East proves conclusively that they sought a better life for themselves through the formation of a centralized civilization. Mesopotamia is considered the first civilization ever created and it was no accident that it formed. One could say that the people of Mesopotamia came together to fight the powers of Mother Nature. It was obvious that Mother Nature was not on their side, whether it be the thin soil in the north or the lack of rain in the south. Mesopotamians that once settled in scattered towns and villages came together to form small settlements and towns that they used to build irrigation systems. In centralizing their population, they benefited from the additional manpower that was necessary to carry on the irrigation systems that gave them a better day to day life. Organization of an agriculture system was one of the first signs that Mesopotamia formed a civilization. Incorporating other Mesopotamian towns into the control of the settled towns denoted expansion. Urbanization followed expansion, thus allowing people to congregate in one designated area. However, as a result of the pressure put on the cities' food supplies, inhabitants would pursue material development by stealing from...
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...VALEN, Aira Geyle C. --- AC402 * Political System A political system in which government is controlled by a king or queen is called a monarchy. In Sumer and Babylon, the king was often the monarch and the high priest. The position of these so-called priest-kings was relatively unstable. If the god(s) didn't provide for welfare of the citizens, the people often held the king responsible, and deposed him. Ancient Mesopotamia was a region that contained several city-states, much like Italy during the Italian Renaissance period. Mesopotamia at this time did not have a centralized government but, instead, had many smaller regions with their own separate governments. The early kings ruled over only their own city-states. Lacking a centralized government and leader, the ancient region was prone to internal fighting among the kings for land and resources. The Mesopotamians believed their kings and queens were descended from the City of Gods, but, unlike the ancient Egyptians, they never believed their kings were real gods. Most kings named themselves “king of the universe” or “great king”. Another common name was “shepherd”, as kings had to look after their people. Sumerians: Gilgamesh (c. 2650 BC) - Gilgamesh was the 5th king of the Sumerian city of Uruk. He became known as a demigod with superhuman strength in later legends and tales such as the Epic of Gilgamesh. Akkadian Empire: Sargon the Great (reigned 2334 - 2279 BC) - or Sargon of Akkad, founded the world's 1st...
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...Brandon Gordon Professor J. Gonzales HIST 100 21 February 2014 The Factors Enabling Civilization to First Appear in Mesopotamia History shows us that Mesopotamia had many key factors that played a significant role in allowing the first civilization to develop there. Despite the word being highly debated by subject matter experts worldwide, most would agree that “a civilization is a culture capable of sustaining a great number of specialists to furnish the economic, social, political and religious needs of a large social unit” (Edgar, Hackett, Jewsbury, Molony, Gordon 10). From the beginning to the end, key advancements have set it apart and made it a widely studied world area. Due to Mesopotamia’s geographical advantages in farming capability and advancement in technology, language and laws, it sustained long enough and in a matter to be regarded as the world’s first civilization. After the Neolithic period and Agricultural revolution, people migrated southeast from the northern part of the Fertile Crescent. These people, mostly farmers, settled on the plain between where the Tigris and Euphrates rivers almost connect and modern day Iraq is. The name Mesopotamia is Greek meaning “between the rivers”. Rainfall was inadequate for farming however and these new settlers, out of necessity, developed irrigation techniques that would then allow the rivers to help water their planted crops. This required much teamwork and cooperation from these people though in order to use...
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...archaeological excavation is from Mesopotamia, and dates to around 3500 BC. This period was known as the Bronze Age, which is a relatively late chapter in the story of the development of human civilization. By this time, human beings were already planting crops, herding domesticated animals, and had some form of social hierarchy. One of the reasons why the wheel was invented only at this point in history is due to the fact that metal tools were needed to chisel fine fitted holes and axles. This leads to the next reason the wheel was not just a cylinder rolling on its edge. It was a cylinder that was connected to a stable, stationary platform. This wheel concept was a stroke of genius, but making it was a challenge. The ends of the axle, as well as the holes in the Centre of the wheels had to be nearly perfectly smooth and round. Failing to achieve this would result in too much friction between these components, and the wheel would not turn. Although the axle had to fit snugly in the holes of the wheels, they had to have enough room to allow them to rotate freely. Given the complex design of the wheel combination, it may be unsurprising that the wheel was not initially invented for transportation purposes. Instead, it has been claimed that wheels were first used by potters. It seems that it was a potters’ wheel. It seems that the use of wheels for transportation only happened 300 years later. Although the world’s oldest wheel has been found in Mesopotamia, the earliest images of...
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...It was common to bury family members underneath their own homes and also in cemeteries. Generally the burial process was simple, with few items with the person, sometimes nothing at all, however if there were expensive items this showed their social class or gender. The Royal Cemetery at Ur is an example of lavish burials of 16 tombs. The tombs contained exotic goods and also signs of human sacrifice. The people in these tombs are lavishly dressed with jewels however there is no evidence of exactly what they were. What is so puzzling even today is that these lavish burials were put in trash dumps, perhaps because it was easier ground to dig up. What makes Old Kingdom Egypt so different from Mesopotamia is they would never bury an elite where trash is also dumped. As everyone knows the Egyptians believed in an afterlife so mummifying the body was very important. If one could afford such a burial their tomb would have everything to continue a rich and successful afterlife such as small charms to keep evil spirits away. Shang China also used tombs to bury their kings, in their tombs can be consorts, weapons, jade artifacts, bronze vessels along with animal & human sacrifices. According to the inscriptions written...
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...Euphrates rivers, Mesopotamia was the wellspring from which modern societies emerged. The land was very important because it’s where writing was first discovered 5000 years ago at Uruk, and where the seventh wonder of the world, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, is situated. It is important culturally because it was the center of the Islamic Empire (Khilafat), and Arab civilization for hundreds of years. It’s where science and culture prospered, where Arabic language has its two distinguished schools, Kufa and Basra, and where one of the oldest universities in the world was built, Al Mustansiriyya University in Baghdad. It is also important religiously, as it has the oldest established church in the world, The Church of the East, founded by St Thomas, one of Christ's 12 disciples. In addition, it has numerous Islamic holy sites such as Karbala, Najaf, and Baghdad. The holy city of Najaf is the study center of theology for the world's 150 million Muslims who follow the Shia tradition. Its people learned how to tame the dry land and draw sustenance from it. Tanks tread there and now companies pump oil from beneath the ancient soil. According to what Dr. Oguagha taught in History 101 class he said that much of the area lies in present day Iraq were it not for the Mesopotamians, that country or any other possibly wouldn't exist, at least not in a way we would recognize. During my research and with the help of the video the cradle of civilization I realized that Mesopotamia is generally...
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...Geographic and environmental factors have a momentous impact on the development of trade and migration systems. Those systems and migration patterns lead to correlations among diverse people and their cultures. Therefore, geography and resources have an influence on the growth and relations between societies. Two of the most significant geographical and environmental factors that have led to the development and expansion of the United States is the growth of industry after the Civil War, and the abundance of agriculture. After the Civil War, the population in the United Sates more than doubled and industrial growth was also rapid because of the large quantity of natural resources. The United States had enormous assets such as coal, copper, petroleum, iron, water power and timber. Due to this immense supply of natural resources, many immigrants came to the States for work and many rural workers traveled many miles to flourish as well. There were many jobs like coal mining, constructing railroads, and silver and gold mining that promised wealth, like in the California Gold Rush. When gold was discovered in 1849 in California, people came from all over the world and with such an influx of people and the following development, California became an official state in 1850. Gold wasn’t the only abundant resource in the U.S. With the production of coal and other minerals, exporting to other countries was in high demand and expanded the trade industry for...
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...Gke Task 1 Geographic and environmental factors have a momentous impact on the development of trade and migration systems. Those systems and migration patterns lead to correlations among diverse people and their cultures. Therefore, geography and resources have an influence on the growth and relations between societies. Two of the most significant geographical and environmental factors that have led to the development and expansion of the United States is the growth of industry after the Civil War, and the abundance of agriculture. After the Civil War, the population in the United Sates more than doubled and industrial growth was also rapid because of the large quantity of natural resources. The United States had enormous assets such as coal, copper, petroleum, iron, water power and timber. Due to this immense supply of natural resources, many immigrants came to the States for work and many rural workers traveled many miles to flourish as well. There were many jobs like coal mining, constructing railroads, and silver and gold mining that promised wealth, like in the California Gold Rush. When gold was discovered in 1849 in California, people came from all over the world and with such an influx of people and the following development, California became an official state in 1850. Gold wasn’t the only abundant resource in the U.S. With the production of coal and other minerals, exporting to other countries was in high demand and expanded...
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...Where would our world be today if the ancient civilizations in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Palestine did not exist? Who do we have to thank for their achievements? What contributions did they make to society? In these paragraphs the ancient world of Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Palestine will come back to life as I talk about their achievements and contributions that helped not only to their civilizations, but helps to the future civilizations to come. In 2650 B.C. Egypt's Old Kingdom era began. (Document 1) During this time period dynasties were created and in those dynasties were Egyptian rulers called pharaohs. The pharaohs had majestic pyramids as tombs built to show their power. These pyramids started the architectural development. Every since the Egyptian civilization started the Egyptians believed in faithful life after death. On judgment day the more pure you are the better and kinder judged you will be by Osiris the god of the dead. (Document 3) The Egyptians wore clothing made out of cotton. Cotton is one of the world's most important agricultural products and not many civilizations could grow it so the Egyptians sold it. (Document 4) Egyptians had a system of writing called hieroglyphics. Hieroglyphics are a form of pictures to create an idea. Over time scribes developed demotic a simpler form of writing. They wrote on paper like material called papyrus. The Egyptians were among the first to use something to write on rather than stone and clay tablets. Now today we have...
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...contexts. archaeological survey: Recording remains visible on the surface, without recourse to excavation. archaeology: A subdiscipline of anthropology involving the study of the human past through its material remains. artifact: Any portable object used, modified, or made by humans; e.g. stone tools, pottery, and metal weapons. ashlar masonry: masonry style with smoothed rectangular cut blocks. assemblage: A group of artifacts recurring together at a particular time and place, and representing the sum of human activities. band: A term used to describe small-scale societies of hunters and gatherers, generally less than 100 people, who move seasonally to exploit wild (undomesticated) food resources. Kinship ties play an important part in social organization. Big-Man society: A type of socio-political organization where an influential individual achieves the leadership position through personal achievements (alliances, gift exchange networks, feasts, impressive deeds etc). In contrast with chiefdoms, the position of leadership is not hereditary. Archaeologists think that the Early Iron Age (Dark Age) society may have been Big-Man communities. bulla: (Latin, pl. bullae) A hollow clay sphere or envelope used to...
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...Executive Summary The organisation structure determines the manner and extent to which roles, power and responsibilities are delegated, controlled and coordinated, and how information flows between levels of management. "Cultural Implications" is the connection that culture has on organisation. Implications are essentially consequences from a particular event at a cultural level.. Culture influences the structures as well as the behaviour of the different stakeholders. The understanding of the cultural context from which an employee or customer originates is imperative to the overall success of any business. This has created an extensive increase in demand for training and understanding, particularly within the area of decision making. Mesopotamia Brewery ltd initially seeks to facilitate training within the context of “Industrialisation by Invitation” i.e. the contractual agreement with the expatriate brewers to facilitate the transfer of knowledge and skills. However, very little is mentioned about training at the managerial level. The issues evolving from this case shows serious managerial pitfalls throughout. Analysing this case within the context of “cultural implications” seek to address the cultural variables found in the organisation that has significant implications to either retards the progress or enhance the development of...
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...Education, Politics and Government. 2. WHAT PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION DOES PHILIPPINES HAVE? According to Alex Brillantes, Jr and Maricel Fernandez • Philippines have a basic public administration structure and processes. • Philippines have Executive branch with the bureaucracy at its core. • Philippines have Legislator • Philippines have Judiciary • Philippines have Electoral Process and Procedures • Philippine have sub-national institutions and local governments, together with decentralization processes and procedures. 3. EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION • Phases in the Evolution of Public Administration 1. Traditional/Classical Public Administration • It is old as ancient empires of China, India, Greece, Rome and Mesopotamia • According to Caiden (1982) o Public Administration existed in all societies o “public administration should not be considered administration of the public but administration for the public” o the genesis of Public Administration must have had originated from monarchial Europe where household officials were divided into two groups: one in charge of public affairs, i.e. the administration of justice, finance, training of armies, and the other is responsible for personal services. • 1800s to 1950s o Woodrow Wilson’s (1887)- “The Study of Public Administration” public administration should be a self-conscious, professional field ”Wilson suggested...
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...investors for $485 million. The company was renamed U.S. Steel, and it is still one of the largest U.S. steel- makers today.The investors paid a high price for Carnegie’s company because they knew they could use its low-cost, competitive advantage to create a monopoly in the steel industry—which is exactly what they did. U.S. Steel kept the price of steel high and made huge profits for decades. Of course, Carnegie sold his company knowing this would likely happen. This further tarnished his reputation.1 • Jones: Introduction To Business: How Companies Create Value for People I. The Environment of Business 2. The Evolution of Business © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2007 38 Chapter Two The earliest writings about business date back to Mesopotamia in 3000 BC and were discovered by archaeologists in what is now the Middle East. Business goes back to the Stone Age, however. Economists regard the clan, or tribe, as the earliest form of organized “business” activity. The division of labor between a clan’s members into skilled hunters, food gatherers, craftspeople, priests, shaman, and sages is a good example of how these people organized their activities. (See Figure 2.1.) In fact, their very sur- vival depended on it. Only by working together could people gather sufficient amounts food and perform the other activities necessary to protect themselves and survive in harsh conditions—such as...
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... The Prophetic Imagination. Here, Brueggemann proposes the social actions of the prophets Moses, Isaiah, Ecclesiastes, and Jeremiah as revolutionary insofar as each of their ministries provided a radical alternative for the social consciousness for the Hebrew people of their time given the context of their dominant social realities. These prophets provided a new social orientation for the Hebrews away from the power holders of their ever changing social hierarchy to that of a social life and though centered on their God Yahweh. Brueggemann explains this using Biblical citation while also applying this thesis to a theological critique of the modern Judeo-Christian faith and its preaching. Given Brueggemann’s analysis of the prophets’ social criticism, his argument is compelling and sheds new light onto how readers of the Bible ought to review the Old Testament. Brueggemann begins his work by defining the sole task of prophetic ministry, which is meant to introduce an alternative social reality to the dominant structure followers are led to believe in at their own peril (Brueggemann p. 3). With Moses as the prime example of this prophetic movement in the book of Exodus, Brueggemann explains that prophets must criticize enduring social themes in ongoing struggles while energizing the public to believe in the alternative freedom of God. Moses in battling the pharaohs of Egypt in Exodus had to provide a differing social and political view to the politics of oppression with the legitimate...
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