...Psychological theory The issue of human violence is also a major topic within the academic discipline of psychology. As biosocial theorists do, psychologists focus on how individual characteristics may interact with the social environment to produce a violent event. However, rather than focus on the biological basis of crime, psychologists focus on how mental processes impact individual propensities for violence. Psychologists are often interested in the association between learning, intelligence, and personality and aggressive behaviour. In this section of the report, we briefly review some of the major psychological perspectives that have attempted to explain violent behaviour. These perspectives include the psychodynamic perspective, behavioural theory, cognitive theory and personality theory. We will also explore the possible relationship between mental illness and violence. Social learning theory Social learning theory is a theory that attempts to explain socialization and its effect of the development of the self. There are many different theories that explain how people become socialized, including psychoanalytic theory, functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interaction theory. Social learning theory, like these others, looks at the individual learning process, the formation of self, and the influence of society in socializing individuals. Social control theory gained prominence during the 1960s as sociologists sought differing conceptions of crime. It...
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...Social Theories of Crime Linda Robuck AIU Online Abstract This text seeks to make more understandable and explain what social theories are all about, using four different social theories. The beginning of this text will offer a general description or definition of not only what exactly social theories are, but also a description or definition for each of the four theories mentioned earlier. For each of the theories, information that will be included involves a description of each theory, a short history of each theory which will include information with respect to when the theory was proposed, who the relevant theorist or theorists associated with each theory were, strengths of each theory which explains criminal behavior, why each theory was important at the time of its proposal, weaknesses of each theory which explain criminal behavior, and particular examples that will correspond with each of the four theories being discussed. A theoretical application involving an individual who has recently been convicted of a crime will be provided. Along with information regarding the individual and their criminal deviance particular to them, a discussion will ensue in regard to which of the four theories would be most relevant in regard to further explanation of the deviant actions committed by the individual. Social Theories of Crime Introduction In the annals of the early nineteenth century, criminology can find its beginnings in a newly urbanized...
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...Title registration for a review proposal: Broken Windows Policing to Reduce Crime in Neighborhoods Submitted to the Coordinating Group of: _X Crime and Justice __ Education __ Social Welfare __ Other Plans to co-register: _X No __ Yes __ Cochrane __ Other __ Maybe TITLE OF THE REVIEW Broken Windows Policing to Reduce Crime in Neighborhoods BACKGROUND Briefly describe and define the problem Crime policy scholars, primarily James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling, and practitioners, such as Los Angeles Police Chief William J. Bratton, have argued for years that when police pay attention to minor offenses—such as aggressive panhandling, prostitution, and graffiti—they can reduce fear, strengthen communities, and prevent serious crime (Bratton & Kelling, 2006; Wilson & Kelling, 1982). Spurred by claims of large declines in serious crime after the approach was adopted in New York City, dealing with physical and social disorder, or “fixing broken windows,” has become a central element of crime prevention strategies adopted by many American police departments (Kelling & Coles, 1996; Sousa & Kelling, 2006). In their seminal “broken windows” article, Wilson and Kelling (1982) argue that social incivilities (e.g., loitering, public drinking, and prostitution) and physical incivilities (e.g., vacant lots, trash, and abandoned buildings) cause residents and workers in a neighborhood to be fearful. Fear causes many stable families to move out of the neighborhood and the remaining residents...
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...questions, such as whether criminals are born or made and whether the factors of crime are individual or social, through the use of natural scientific methods in order to produce objective and quantifiable results to support the prediction of future crimes. As a result, positivists have only been concerned with the measurable and observable, and have consciously neglected the more abstract ideas of the causes of crime (The Open University, 2013a). In more recent times, however, this argument is generally not accepted as sufficiently addressing the root of crime and criminal behaviour. Positivism and the use of quantitative methods of data research has its advantages in attempting to establish causal relationships and providing statistical analysis on which to build crime-reduction policy, and has introduced the emphasis on criminal behaviour rather than how...
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..._______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ Report Information from ProQuest September 24 2014 20:32 _______________________________________________________________ 24 September 2014 ProQuest Table of contents 1. Open innovation for SMEs in developing countries - An intermediated communication network model for collaboration beyond obstacles....................................................................................................................... 1 2. Model of Thai Small and Medium Sized Enterprises' Organizational Capabilities: Review and Verification 15 3. SMALL BUSINESSES AND INTERNATIONAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE ECONOMIC HARD TIME: A GLOBAL STRATEGIC PERSPECTIVE............................................................................................ 33 Bibliography...................................................................................................................................................... 48 24 September 2014 ii ProQuest Document 1 of 3 Open innovation for SMEs in developing countries - An intermediated communication network model for collaboration beyond obstacles Author: Vrgovic, Petar; Vidicki, Predrag; Glassman, Brian; Walton, Abram ProQuest document link Abstract: Although there is increasing interest in exploring open innovation in developing countries, the conceptual and potential applications of using...
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