...Metabolic rate is said to be determined by body size and often the temperature of the organism. Often there is one generic slope that scientists associate with the slope in oxygen consumption and metabolic rate, but their has been speculation on whether that number changes with body size and what type of organism it is. The resting metabolic scaling exponent for mammals and many other species is usually .75. Over the years many different studies have been done finding different scaling exponents. Although almost every scaling exponent for resting metabolic rate found if from .6-.8. The scaling exponent of .75 has ben shown in homeotherms by the physiological flow rates varying with body mass (F.P. Zanotto, 2004). Significant heterogeneity...
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...Contents 1. Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………………………Pg. 2 2. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………….Pg. 2 3. Aims………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Pg. 2 4. Tables…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...Pg. 3 5. Training Day Schedule and Menu Plan…………………………………………………………..Pg. 4 6. Discussion……………………………………………………………………………………………………….Pg. 5,6,7 7. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………………………Pg. 7 8. References……………………………………………………………………………………………………..Pg. 8 9. Appendix………………………………………………………………………………………………………..Pg. 9,10 1. Abstract. Soccer players during training and match-play perform intermittent work demanding high metabolic rates to be sustained. Players require a diet that provides sufficient macro and micro nutrients, as well as fluid intakes, to allow them to meet the demands of the sport. As well as providing a daily balanced diet, strategic intake of carbohydrate and protein before and after training sessions can optimise performance and recovery. As each player is unique so will requirements need to be tailored to the individual to manipulate and match energy intakes with expenditure. 2. Introduction There is consensus in scientific literature that athletic performance and recovery after exercise are enhanced by optimal nutrition. (Bean, 2009). What an athlete chooses to eat and drink will have direct influence on health, body composition and weight, substrates for fuel during exercise, recovery...
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...cellular respiration. This metabolic process involves converting organic matter, such as carbohydrates obtained from diet, along with oxygen, in order to create adenosine triphosphate (ATP), as well as carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). ATP is an asset in metabolism as it is often described as the ‘energy currency’ of an organism because it supplies energy for several bodily functions such as biosynthesis, solute transport and muscle contractions (Hanson, 1989). Metabolic rate represents the speed at which energy and organic matter is transformed (Glazier, 2008). Therefore, the rate of oxygen consumption is directly proportional to the metabolic rate,...
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...SYNDROME X – FACT SHEET What is Syndrome X? Metabolic Syndrome X (also known as the metabolic syndrome, syndrome x and insulin resistance syndrome) is a cluster of symptoms that may be caused by a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors that increase a person’s risk of diabetes, heart disease and stroke. Who is affected by Syndrome X? People with: Waist circumference greater that 102 cm (40 inches) in men, greater that 88 cm (35 inches) in women A serum triglyceride level above 1,7 mmol/L (150mg/L) HDL cholesterol below 1.04 mmol/L (40 mg/dL) in men, below 1.29 mmol/L (50 mg/dL) in women Blood pressure raised; above 135mg/85mm Hg, or taking a hypertensive medication Fasting blood glucose above 6.1 mmol/L (110mg/dL) or taking antidiabetic medication What are the risk factors of Syndrome X? Stress, Overweight and Obesity, Sedentary Life Style, Aging, Diabetes Mellitus, Coronary Heart Disease, Lipodystrophy, Schizophrenia, Rheumatic Diseases, Postmenopausal Status, High Carbohydrate Diet, Smoking, Ethnicity, Family History, Low Socioeconomic Status What are the signs and symptoms of Syndrome X? Fatigue, Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome, Depression, Central Obesity, Hormonal Disturbances, Sleep Apnoea, Hypertension, Peripheral Neuropathy, Skin Tags, High Cholesterol, Uncontrolled Diabetes, Ancanthosis Nigricans, Elevated Triglycerides. Coronary Heart Disease, Heart Palpitations, Difficulty Losing Weight, Blurred Vision, Memory ...
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...Intro: Due to the variation in resting metabolic rates seen in different species, scientist have considered the relationship between body mass and metabolic rates and what effect that has on each specimen on a biological level. The respiratory system’s main function is gas exchange as oxygen enters the lunges and travels to the alveoli for most reptiles and mammals. Insects however, do not have a gas transport system, leading to air traveling directly to the tissues carrying out respiration. The energy expenditure is directly linked to gas exchange in both humans and animals. Indirect calorimetry is used to determine the total metabolic rate by measuring both CO2 production and O2 consumption. Insects use spiracles, valve openings along the cuticle, in order to...
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...Gout Uric acid is a compound composed of Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, and Hydrogen, and is produced by the metabolic breakdown of purine nucleotides. It is generally non-toxic, and is insoluble in water. High levels of uric acid in the body, can lead to many disorders, such as Diabetes Mellitus, kidney stones, and Gout. Gout is the inflammation of joints caused by an increased level of Uric acid (hyperuricemia) and has similar symptoms to Arthritis, but on an acute level. It is characterized by a red, tender, hot swollen area around joints; 50% of occurrences are around the joint of the big toe. Tophus (plural tophi) is a deposit formed from crystallized Uric acid, which deposits around joints, at the synovial fluid area, and is the main cause of gout, but not the only one. Extensive levels of Tophi often result in arthritis or chronic gout (gout that occurs every year or 2). Kidney stones, and Urate Nephropathy (rapid worsening of the kidney function), are also caused by hyperuricemia, where the excess amount of uric acid crystalizes and forms stones in the kidney, causing it to deteriorate. The joint pains usually begin during the night, due to the lower body temperature at that time, since lower body temperature promotes the crystallization of uric acid. Other symptoms include fatigue and a high fever. Unhealthy lifestyle, inheritance, and medical conditions can cause hyperuricemia, which then forms gout, and arthritis. 12% of the cases are caused by an unhealthy diet, which...
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...A Disease Controlled by Diet Is alcoholism a disease? There’s much confusion. Pull up a barstool beside any alcoholic drinker and ask whether he thinks he has a disease. He will tell you no, even though he may be quick to admit he’s “an alcoholic.” But ask any recovering alcoholic in A.A. He’ll tell you he has a disease and he’ll tell you he has this disease whether or not he’s drinking. Each of them is partly right. Alcoholic drinking starts a disease process. This process progresses when you’re drinking. It stops when you stop drinking. And when you stop drinking, you can heal much of the damage from the disease if you change your diet. Alcoholism fits the definition of disease. Like other diseases, alcoholism impairs your health by damaging your cells. Like other diseases, it interrupts your body’s vital functions, causing specific symptoms. And like other diseases such as cancer, if it’s allowed to continue long enough, it’ll kill you. But as a disease, it has an ironic twist. The agent causing the disease acts like a medicine that cures the symptoms. Alcoholic drinkers actually feel healthier when they’re drinking. Pain and sickness seem to disappear. Unfortunately, the sense of health is artificial. When you drink, you relieve yourself of the symptoms only. Meanwhile, inside your body, a disease process rages. Drinking wears out your body and actually speeds up the aging process. Your cells live their lives in the fast lane of high blood-sugar and toxic...
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...should her acid-base imbalance be medically managed? 1. Acid-base balance can influence the serum K+ levels detected in the blood. When a patient experiences hypokalemia, K+ is excreted from the cells and H+ takes its place creating an alkalotic state; K+ is processed out of the body via the kidneys and polyuria can be a clinical symptom. In the case of hyperkalemia, K+ is not properly processed by the kidneys as a result of renal failure; decreased urine output is a clinical symptom. 2. The reason for the patient’s low urine output is due to her acute renal failure. Since the kidneys are in failure, they cannot properly process normal levels of K+, which becomes more concentrated. 3. Non-compensated, mixed respiratory and metabolic acidosis due to a repressed respiratory drive and the impending failure of the kidneys as a result of the acute mushroom poisoning. 4. Since her respiratory drive is lowered, her body can not readily blow off accumulated PCO2 from the lungs,...
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...Sulochana, 2012). Positive test: acetoin + alpha-naphthol + KOH = red color. Negative test: alpha-naphthol +KOH = copper color (Ramakrishnan, & Sulochana, 2012). C. Discuss which of your organisms, if any, fermented glucose. S. epidermidis came out positive for glucose fermentation. D. Discuss which of your organisms, if any, produced measurable acidic by-products. Escherichia coli and s. epidermidis was tested and produced measurable acidic by-products from the experiment performed. E. Explain why organisms would have different biochemical pathways to metabolize glucose. Microbes are often identified using biochemical tests that detect specific enzymes of metabolic pathways. E. coli typically ferments lactose. It produce pyruvic acid initially from glucose metabolism. Some microbes use the mixed acid pathway to metabolize pyruvic acid to other acids (Ramakrishnan, & Sulochana, 2012)....
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...Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease According to Mayoclinic.org ‘Metabolic syndrome’ (also called dysmetabolic syndrome or syndrome X) is defined as ‘a cluster of conditions — increased blood pressure, a high blood sugar level, excess body fat around the waist and abnormal cholesterol levels — that occur together, increasing your risk of heart disease, stroke and diabetes.1’ Metabolic syndrome is becoming increasingly common and is now recognised as a major causal factor in cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD’s) are any illnesses that involve the blood vessels (veins, arteries and capillaries) or the heart, or both - diseases that affect the cardiovascular system.2 Cardiovascular diseases are said to be the number 1 cause of death globally: more people die annually from CVDs than from any other cause.3 Cardiovascular diseases include blood vessel diseases, such as coronary artery disease; heart rhythm problems (arrhythmias); and heart defects one may be born with (congenital heart defects), among others.4 Most cardiovascular diseases can be prevented by addressing behavioural risk factors such as tobacco use, unhealthy diet and obesity, physical inactivity and harmful use of alcohol using population-wide strategies.3 As mentioned in the definition, hypertension and hyperglycaemia are 2 main features of metabolic syndrome that can lead to cardiovascular disease. Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a blood pressure reading of 140/90 or higher...
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...CFLs – Unit 2 Chapter 8 – Introduction to Metabolism 1. Metabolism is the sum of an organism’s chemical reactions. 2. Catabolic pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds, while anabolic pathways consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones. 3. All laws of energy transformations are conserved. The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be converted from one form to another. The second law of thermodynamics is that all systems tend to increase in entropy. 4. Energy flows into an ecosystem in the form of light and exits in the form of heat. 5. The change in free energy (ΔG) determines if a reaction will occur spontaneously. 6. An exergonic reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous (ΔG<0). An endergonic reaction absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is nonspontaneous (ΔG>0). 7. ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the energy currency of the cell. ATP hydrolysis releases energy which is used to drive reactions forward. 8. Every reaction must overcome an activation energy barrier to occur. Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy barrier. 9. The reactant that an enzyme acts on is called the enzymes substrate. The substrate binds to the enzyme in the enzyme’s active site to form the enzyme –substrate complex. 10. An enzymes environment can affect its activity...
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...Illicit produced liquor or spurious liquor are known as moonshine throughout the world. Poorly produced moonshine can be contaminated, mainly from materials used in construction of the still. Stills employing used automotive radiators as a condenser are particularly dangerous; in some cases, glycol products from antifreeze used in the radiator can appear as well. Radiators used as condensers also may contain lead at the connections to the plumbing. Both glycol and lead are poisonous and potentially deadly. Although methanol is not produced in toxic amounts by fermentation of sugars from grain starches,contamination is still possible by unscrupulous distillers using cheap methanol to increase the apparent strength of the product. Moonshine can be made both more palatable and less damaging by discarding the "foreshot"—the first few ounces of alcohol that drip from the condenser. The foreshot contains most of the methanol, if any, from the mash because methanol vaporizes at a lower temperature than ethanol. The foreshot also typically contains small amounts of other undesirable compounds such as acetone and various aldehydes. Alcohol concentrations above about 50% alcohol by volume (100 proof) are flammable and therefore dangerous to handle. This is especially true during the distilling process when vaporized alcohol may accumulate in the air to dangerous concentrations if adequate ventilation has not been provided. Mixtures Moonshine has sometimes been mixed...
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...Received March 2, 2010; Accepted May 22, 2010 Abstract: Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is among the prevalent causes of chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. Here, we discuss the best diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for the disease. Materials and Methods: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, etiologies, natural course, differential diagnosis, treatment options, complications and follow up of the disease are reviewed in this paper. Results: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease seems to be the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. Liver function tests and sonography can be used as the appropriate screening tests for diagnosis. Weight loss and control of hyperlipidemia and diabetes mellitus might be the best therapeutic approaches. Conclusion: Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment may decrease mortality and morbidity rate associated to the cardiovascular complications of the metabolic syndrome. Keywords: Fatty liver, Insulin resistance, Metabolic syndrome x, Diabetes mellitus, Obesity, Therapy * Corresponding Author. Email: raika.jamali@gmail.com Tel: 0098 361 555 0026 Fax: 0098 361 555 8900 Conflict of Interests: No Feyz, Journal of Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Summer 2010; Vol 14, No 2, Pages 169-181 www.SID.ir 169 Archive of SID ﻣﺮوري ﺑﺮ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﻛﺒﺪ ﭼﺮب 2 1* راﻳﻜﺎ ﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ، ارﺳﻴﺎ ﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ و ﻫﺪف: ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﻛﺒﺪ ﭼﺮب ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻋﻠﻞ ﺷﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﻣﺰﻣﻦ ﻛﺒﺪي و ﺳﻴﺮوز ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻫﺪف اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ و ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ روشﻫﺎي ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ و...
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...Review Landis FN340 30 April 2015 Introduction Fructose, commonly known as fruit sugar, is a major component of sweeteners such as table sugar, honey and high fructose corn syrup (HFCS)1. Fructose is a simple monosaccharide that has been used as a sweetener in food and drinks, and current estimations suggest that sweetener consumption in the U.S. has increased to an average of 477 kcal/person, or approximately 24% of a typical 2000 kcal/day diet2,3. An increase in the consumption of sweeteners containing fructose has occurred in parallel with the increasing prevalence of obesity, suggesting that increased consumption of fructose may contribute to the current epidemic of obesity-related metabolic disorders, including increased incidence of the metabolic syndrome2. The metabolic syndrome (MetS) consists of a syndrome of insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity, and elevated blood pressure (BP), and often precedes the development of diabetes4. In some studies, humans and animals that have been administered fructose have developed these symptoms, however they have not been observed with glucose or starch-based diets. Fructose and glucose are metabolized quite differently, and it has been hypothesized that this differentiation is the key factor in the development of pathologies associated with MetS5. Additionally, ingestion of fructose does not stimulate the release of the hormones insulin and leptin, nor does it suppress the secretion of the hormone ghrelin as...
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...Jennifer Jackson Respiratory and Metabolic Acidosis and Alkalosis Unit 7 Assignment 10/13/15 Anatomy and Physiology 2 Prof. Maryjoyce Rotella The acid-base balance in the body largely depends on the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration. In general, high H+ makes the solution acidic with pH less than 7 while low H+ will make the solution basic or alkaline with pH higher than 7 (Lewis, 2013). Acidosis develops when the arterial pH drops below 7.35 while alkalosis develops when the arterial pH rises above 7.45 (Appel & Downs, 2008). The normal metabolic balance generally keeps the carbonic acid and bicarbonate ion to 1: 20 ratio. As the ratio changes, the body will respond to acid-base imbalance through compensation mechanisms to control acids through buffer system by either releasing or taking up H+ depending on the pH changes. Deviations from normal PCO2 cause respiratory problems while deviations from the normal HCO3− cause metabolic problems. Respiratory alkalosis is a condition that occurs when there is carbonic acid deficit as PaCO2 drops to less than 35 mm Hg. The blood pH increases while PaCO2 decreases but the bicarbonate (HCO3−) undergoes no changes (Apple & Downs, 2008). Respiratory alkalosis is primarily caused by hyperventilation due to conditions that stimulate the respiratory center such as oxygen deficiency at high altitudes, pulmonary diseases, congestive...
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