In the novel Esperanza Rising by Pam Munoz Ryan the author uses a metaphor to compare the pain and difficulty that Esperanza’s is feeling about her Mama being sick to a low, deep valley that she cannot escape. The author is trying to convey the deep sense of hopelessness that Esperanza must feel as if she were trapped and sinking lower and lower. This metaphor of mountains and valleys has been carried throughout the story ever since Abuelita compared the zig-zag pattern in her crocheting to the ups and downs of life. However, up until now Esperanza has had her family to help her to survive her difficulties. This is the first time in the story that she has had to face the “valleys” alone.