...has been a pillar among education both socially and experimentally. The meaning of psychology is, “The scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those affecting behavior in a given context”. (Oxford Dictionary) The effects that psychology has on society are innumerable and are very pertinent in many situations. The research methods utilized in psychology are very rampant numbers all depending upon its kind. Each research method has its pros and cons which can offer both good and bad situations within psychology. While the research methods of psychology play a vital role in the existence of the subject, ethics play a very vital role as well. Ethics within psychology has become a very importance pillar in the psychology community considering some of the older research that was done in which ethics was not taken into account. There are research experiments that have been deemed as unethical and many of those same research experiments have set the precedent as to what will and will not be tolerated in psychology. Morals should always come first no matter what research is being done. Psychology has many methods in which it can offer research however the most influential include correlational research, and experimental research. Correlational research usually measures the relationship between two variables however it cannot conclude the cause of that behavior between the two variables, in other words correlation does not produce causation. Correlation research...
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... the searches of mind and behavior of criminals in collaboration with judicial and law enforcement system. Stanford prison experiment was the major experiment conducted for the purpose of social psychology. Social Psychology Defined Social psychology is defined as the branch of psychology that deals with the scientific study of “how people think about one another, influence others and relate to others” (Meyers,2010). For example, how a person looks the world, he or she devises the situation and how individuals look at each other is social psychology. According to Allport, (1985), “Social psychology is the discipline which uses scientific methods to explain the behavior of individuals, their thoughts and feeling, also how behavior influences individuals by the actual or imaginative presence of others”. When it comes to thinking, It’s about the judgment the person makes about something , what he believes and perceives about something. When it comes to influence it means how the person influences the group of people, Persuades others and culture. Lastly social relations include aggression, helping and prejudice. Social psychology when compared to sociology...
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...IE 466: Concurrent Engineering T. W. Simpson 32.3 Taguchi’ Robust Design Method s Since 1960, Taguchi methods have been used for improving the quality of Japanese products with great success. During the 1980’ many companies finally realized that the old s, methods for ensuring quality were not competitive with the Japanese methods. The old methods for quality assurance relied heavily upon inspecting products as they rolled off the production line and rejecting those products that did not fall within a certain acceptance range. However, Taguchi was quick to point out that no amount of inspection can improve a product; quality must be designed into a product from the start. It is only recently that companies in the United States and Europe began adopting Taguchi’ robust design approaches in an effort to improve product s quality and design robustness. What is robust design? Robust design is an “engineering methodology for improving productivity during research and development so that high-quality products can be produced quickly and at low cost” (Phadke, 1989). The idea behind robust design is to improve the quality of a product by minimizing the effects of variation without eliminating the causes (since they are too difficult or too expensive to conrol). His method is an off-line quality control method that is instituted at both the product and process design stage to improve product manufacturability and reliability by making products insensitive to environmental conditions...
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...ROBUST DESIGN Seminar Report Submitted towards partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Aerospace Engineering) By SHYAM MOHAN. N (Roll No. 02401701) Under the guidance of Prof. K. Sudhakar Prof. P. M. Mujumdar Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay–400 076 November, 2002 ABSTRACT The underlying principles, techniques & methodology of robust design are discussed in detail in this report with a case study presented to appreciate the effectiveness of robust design. The importance of Parameter design & Tolerance design as the major elements in Quality engineering are described. The Quadratic loss functions for different quality characteristics are narrated, highlighting the fraction defective fallacy. The aim of the robust design technique is to minimize the variance of the response and orthogonal arrays are an effective simulation aid to evaluate the relative effects of variation in different parameters on the response with the minimum number of experiments. Statistical techniques like ANOM (analysis of means) and ANOVA (analysis of variance) are the tools for analyzing the data obtained from the orthogonal array based experiments. Using this technique of robust design the quality of a product or process can be improved through minimizing the effect of the causes of variation without eliminating the causes. Fundamental ways of improving the reliability of a product are discussed...
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...Psychological Factors Heather Mingee Research Methods Week 10 Assignment 2 Instructor Joseph Davis Psychological Factors The scientific method is an organized way of figuring something out and normally includes six parts (Galgas, 2014). The first step is to state my purpose. For example, for this assignment, my purpose would be to examine the psychological factors affecting how teenagers in an impoverished urban area spend their time outside of school. Second is my research. For my assignment, I would find out as much information on the area as possible. For example, I would talk to teachers to see what kind of after school programs are available and I would talk to the community to find out what kind of community programs are offered for the children. Third, after I do my research, I would develop a hypothesis. My hypothesis would be that since there are not many programs available to the children and they have a lot of free time, they tend to get in more legal trouble. The fourth step is to conduct my experiment. I would develop a questionnaire for the students on how they spend their free time outside of school. I would also develop a questionnaire for the teachers on new programs that they would like to see implemented. Fifth, I would analyze how having too much free time can have a negative impact on psychological effects. Sixth, I would conclude my research by checking to see if my hypothesis was correct. Using a questionnaire can cause errors because students could...
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...Research Method One 7th July, 2016 Accra, Ghana How do you choose a good research topic? Give 5 examples of a good research topic and justify your choices, i.e. problem issues in each topic and why they must be researched upon. (Not less than 2000 words). 1. Research defined The Oxford English Dictionary, 2002, defines research as ‘the systematic study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions’. According to Zina O’Leary, 2004, a research is a process that needs to be actively managed. The main aim of research is to find out the truth which is hidden and has not yet been discovered. Research is therefore undertaken to gain familiarity with new insights into a phenomenon (i.e., formative research studies); to accurately portray the characteristics of a particular individual, group, or a situation (i.e., descriptive research studies); to analyse the frequency with which something occurs (i.e., diagnostic research studies); and to examine the hypothesis of a causal relationship between two variables (i.e., hypothesis-testing research studies). 1.2 Research topic defined According to Laura Morrison, 2014, a research topic is an idea or theory that is expressed as a statement, a contention for which evidence is gathered and discussed logically. One of the most important concerns in choosing a thesis topic is that the topic speaks to an area of current or future demand. A research topic should be...
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...SCMA*2000 Quantitative Methods Q:1 Do question 7-27 (given on p. 294 of the text). Note: This may require drawing diagrams, and you may do it using Word, or Excel. However, your work must be fully explained on the same sheet (as I explained in the class, and as you have done for the previous assignments). (12 Marks; 3 for each part) Q:2 Do question 7-31 (given on p. 295 of the text). This question will require drawing diagrams. Follow the instructions given in Q:1. (12 Marks; 6,3,3) Q:3 Do question 7-33 (given on p. 295 of the text) which is related to the previous question. Here you will refer to the Table given for this question on p. 295 of the text when answering. (6Marks; 3 each part) Q:4 Do question 8-1 (given on p. 331 of the text). You may use Excel (as I did in the class yesterday, and the relevant file is posted on the course website for those of you who were not present in the class) or QM for Windows to do this question, and you must explain your work on the same page if you use Excel or through annotation tool if you are using QM for Windows. (15 Marks; 5,10) Q:5 Do question 8-6 (given on p. 333 of the text) in light of the instructions given in the previous question. (15 Marks) Notes: i) The assignment must be submitted electronically in the drop box before the deadline. ii) Please be mindful of the University's policy regarding plagiarism, which is a serious offense. You may read about the policy at the University's website....
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...The Scientific Method Ashley Burrell SCI/230 07/28/2013 Dawn Gleason The Scientific Method This paper seeks to explain what the scientific method is and exactly how it is used or can be used on an everyday basis. The scientific method is a method often used to help a person or a group logically or rationally draw a conclusions about an in particular subject or topic. The scientific method is not just used by scientists, but is also used by many others such as historians, criminal investigators, doctors, engineers, and anyone else who is trying to intelligently solve some sort of problem. One thing to understand about the scientific method is that it can’t be used to answer every question or solve every problem a person may be having, but it can be used as a way to solve many problems such as how to get a car started or how to stop the roof from leaking when it rains. The objective of this paper is to define what the scientific method is and to explain what steps are used to problem solving. According to the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language the scientific method is defined as “The principles and empirical processes of discovery and demonstration considered characteristic of or necessary for scientific investigation, generally involving the observation of phenomena, the formulation of a hypothesis concerning the phenomena, experimentation to demonstrate the truth or falseness of the hypothesis, and a conclusion that validates or modifies the hypothesis...
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...Research Methods and Terminology Candy Burtle CJA/334 Philip Russo March 13, 2014 Introduction An effective research method in the criminal justice system is essential and using these methods gives the ability to successfully open and close cases. People who work in criminal justice system have a wide selection of research methods and tools at their disposal. Throughout this paper we will discuss various research methods that are used within the criminal justice system as well as the terminology associated with the research. We will discuss the importance of knowing the proper terminology for research in the criminal justice system and how not knowing the proper terminology affects you as you conduct criminal justice research. We will also look at the benefits of knowing the terminology when evaluating and analyzing research. Research Process In order to properly grasp the importance of research and the terminology within the criminal justice system we must first ask, what is research? Research is the systematic investigation into the study of materials and sources to establish facts and reach new conclusions (Press, 2010). The process of research can vary significantly, but there are five steps generally followed when conducting research. Formulation is the first step and this is when the selection and specification of an area to be investigated. The second step in the research process is research design this...
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...Experiments Research TAGUCHI METHOD Fernando de Castro Palomino Siller – A01191233 Thursday, September 17th, 2015 Professor: Héctor Rincón CONTENT Introduction ……………………………….………………………………… 3 Why to use Taguchi Method ……………………………….……………. 3-4 Taguchi Method Strategy ……………………………….………………… 4 P-diagram ……………………………….………………………………….. 5 Quality Measurement ……………………………….……………………. 5-6 Signal To Noise (S/N) Ratios ……………………………….…………… 6-7 Static Versus Dynamic S/N Ratios……………………………….………. 7 Steps in Robust Parameter Design ……………………………….……. 7-8 Conclusions ……………………………….……………………………….. 8 Bibliography ……………………………….……………………………….. 9 Introduction Taguchi methods are statistical methods developed by Dr. Genichi Taguchi to improve the quality of manufactured goods and greatly improve engineering productivity. Dr. Genichi Taguchi developed a method (also known as Robust Design) after the end of the Second World War and it has evolved over the last five decades. Many companies around the world have saved hundreds of millions of dollars by using this method in diverse industries like automobiles, xerography, telecommunications, electronics, software, etc. This method results in a much-reduced variance for the experiment with optimum settings of control parameters. Because Design of Experiments works extremely close with optimization of control parameters, you can achieve the best results with the Taguchi Method. Taguchi's uses functions...
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...METHODS OF RESEARCH 1. Historical Method Purpose: To reconstruct the past objectively and accurately, often in relation to the tenability of a hypothesis. Example: A study reconstructing practices in the study of social studies in the Philippines during the past fifty years; tracing the history of agrarian reform in the Philippines; Philippine education since 1946; testing the hypotheses that Francis Bacon is the real author of the “Works of William Shakespeare”. 2. Descriptive Method Purpose: To describe systematically a situation or area of interest factually and accurately. Examples: Population census studies, public opinion surveys, fact-finding surveys, status studies, task analysis studies, questionnaire and interview studies, observation studies, job descriptions, surveys of the literature, documentary analyses, anecdotal records, critical incident reports, test score analyses, and normative data. 3. Developmental method Purpose: To investigate patterns and sequences of growth and/or change as a function of time. Examples: A longitudinal growth study following an initial sample of 200 children from six months of age to adulthood; a cross-sectional growth study investigating changing patterns of intelligence by sampling groups of children at ten different age levels; a trend study projecting the future growth and educational needs of a community from past trends and recent building estimates. 4. Case and field method Purpose:...
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...The Scientific Method Justin Lancaster SC300-24 The Scientific Method Throughout our lives, we face numerous challenges, obstacles and difficult decisions that require the use of higher-level thinking. When we process the different possibilities and scenarios in our mind, subconsciously we are using the scientific method to problem solve. This basic concept is developed from an early stage in our lives and while it is practiced often in the widespread experiments of science, it is a valuable tool that can be used to assist in even the smallest tasks we encounter on a daily basis. Applying the scientific method is as simple as first analyzing a real life problem that can occur on any given day. A good example of this would be coming home after a day of work only to find that the porch light is out when you knew you turned it on before you left to work. While most may err on the side of caution, their own scientific method starts to formulate in their head to try to put the pieces of the puzzle together. The problem at hand, and the question that should be asked, would be figuring out how the porch light went off. This first step of the scientific method helps narrow down the goal to a single statement and helps put things into perspective. Without problems and questions, we would have no need for a scientific method! After determining the problem of the porch light, research on everything involving it would need to be done, which would most likely take place in a few...
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...The scientific method originating from ancient Greek times in a primitive manner from today is applied in psychology in ways such as deduction and induction. It is aimed at setting rules allowing researchers to avoid mistakes and incorrect collection of data which an observation may produce when trying to develop a theory. The scientific method in psychology is based upon the idea that by gathering empirical evidence we can test if an idea about the world is true for example, we know that the sun rises and sets because of the rotation of the earth upon its axes. The method originated from the ancient Greek period, in the form of Empiricism. Empiricists believed that observation and experience was the best way to treat people. This basis has resulted in deduction through which inferences can be drawn where the conclusion must be true if the hypothesis is true. For example, if the statement is that all swans are white and one is seen to be white we may reach that conclusion. The use of induction, where general truth is based upon some observations, is more truthful. However, in acknowledgement of Hume’s belief that there will be exceptions not yet encountered, this cannot be universally. An example is after all swans were concluded to be white, a Dutch explorer found...
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...SCIENTIFIC METHOD CEDRIC KEARNEY SCI/230 20 April 2014 CHRISTINE ROGERS SCIENTIFIC METHOD The scientific method is the process of research in which an observation is made and information is gathered, a hypothesis is made, and experiment is taken place to understand the observation. There are six parts to a scientific experiment. The first part is the observation; the event that has taken place. The second part is the question; what caused the particular event to take place. The third and most important part is the hypothesis; the premise or explanation for what occurred. A hypothesis also known as an educated guess. The fourth part is the prediction; indication of what’s to experiment based on the hypothesis. The fifth step is the experiment. The experiment is conducted and determines the conclusion or result. The conclusion or result is the final step of the scientific method. Was the hypothesis right or wrong? If the hypothesis is wrong, it should be revised. In the scientific method activity provided to scenarios and laid out multiple choices to conduct a scientific method. I chose the car experiment because being ASE certified (Automotive Service Excellence), my intelligence lye with automobiles. The observation in the activity was that when the key is placed in the ignition and turned nothing happens. After the observation step there are three hypothesis to choose from. Based on my knowledge and the observation I chose that there may be electrical problems with the...
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...Research Method Hypothesis and Theory Hypotheses can be developed and tested to recognize the relationships between categories. Silverman (1991:1) defined hypothesis as a ‘testable proposition’. The appearance of an apparent relationship or connection between categories will need to be tested in order to find out whether there is an actual relationship (Saunders, 1997:344). The importance of hypothesis is that it will bring a specific direction and focus to a research study. The theory on the other hand, is usually drawn from the hypothesis. Theories are usually generated from attempts at explaining observations and thus prediction or expectations can be made (Gill, 1991:25). Deduction and Induction There are two methods of establishing what is true or false and of drawing conclusion. These two methods are deduction and induction. Induction is made by empirical evidence based, while deduction is logic based. Through induction, a general conclusion can be made from empirical observation. It goes by the process of assumption to conclusion (Ghauri, 1995:8). From deduction, conclusions are draw through logical reasoning and it is not necessary to be reality. When an observation is made to generate a theory with consistent facts, it is called induction, on the contrary deduction involves the gathering of facts to confirm or disprove hypothesized relationships among variables that have been deduced from proposition or earlier theories (Ghauri, 1995:9). Research method and methodology ...
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