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Mexican Inversment

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Submitted By marcoagonzalezu
Words 2699
Pages 11
Índice

1. Introducción

2. Términos conceptuales

3. Actores que participan en el problema

4. El problema de la inversión tecnológica en México

4.1 Datos

4.2 Políticas

5. Posibles soluciones y recomendaciones

6. Conclusión

1. Introducción

Este trabajo de investigación pretende mostrar un problema que a pesar de ser importante, poca gente lo toma en cuenta en nuestro país: la carencia de políticas adecuadas para la inversión en tecnología e investigación científica.

Desafortunadamente, en los últimos reportes de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OCDE), México ha ratificado su posición como último lugar entre los países miembros de la organización en cuanto a inversión en ciencia y tecnología y en el número de personas dedicadas a este sector. De este problema nace el interés por el tema: México se está quedando muy atrás en la inversión en tecnología.

Es importante mencionar que el tema escogido es un problema político porque debe ser atendido por instituciones gubernamentales, el poder ejecutivo y el poder legislativo, encargados de proponer y dar forma a las políticas para mejorar en esta área de oportunidad.

La investigación será apoyada con datos, cifras y hechos que señalen objetivamente las causas, consecuencias y situación actual del problema.Eso con el fin de obtener información confiable; las principales fuentes para los datos serán el Banco Mundial, la OCDE y el CONACYT ,entre otros.

El objetivo principal al exponer este problema, es difundir la importancia de la revisión de las políticas de inversión en tecnología en México. Si logramos identificar los puntos de las políticas actuales que ocasionan el retraso de México en esta área, será más fácil proponer posibles soluciones o recomendaciones para construir un país moderno que tanto hace falta.

2. Términos conceptuales

A lo largo del trabajo utilizarán muchos conceptos que son precisos mencionar y definir antes de seguir adelante. Primero, nos encontramos con la inversión, que hace referencia a cualquier instrumento en el que se pueden colocar unos fondos con la esperanza de que generarán beneficios positivos (1) que en este trabajo está íntimamente relacionado con la tecnología o la ciencia aplicada para resolver problemas de la humanidad (2).

Por su cuenta el gobierno, que es el actuar del Estado, tiene como obligación fomentar decisiones dirigidas a la resolución de problemas, osea las políticas. Estas nos permitirán que se produzca en otras palabras desarrollo tecnológico, que está sumamente relacionado con la investigación científica.

Al combinar todos estos factores, se produce crecimiento económico o expansión de las posibilidades de producción como resultado de la acumulación de capital y el cambio tecnológico (3), que aunque no mide el nivel de vida de la población si puede ser uno de los varios motivos por los que mejore la calidad de vida de la población.

3. Actores que participan en el problema

A continuación se muestra información de los principales actores que participan en la promoción de la inversión en ciencia y tecnología.

CONACYT

En México, el Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), es el organismo gubernamental que tiene como meta consolidar un Sistema Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología que responda a las demandas prioritarias del país, que dé solución a problemas y necesidades específicos, y que contribuya a elevar el nivel de vida y el bienestar de la población; para ello se requiere:

● Contar con una política de Estado en la materia.
● Incrementar la capacidad científica y tecnológica del país.
● Elevar la calidad, la competitividad y la innovación de las empresas.

La misión del organismo es impulsar y fortalecer el desarrollo científico y la modernización tecnológica de México, mediante la formación de recursos humanos de alto nivel, la promoción y el sostenimiento de proyectos específicos de investigación y la difusión de la información científica y tecnológica.

También es responsable de elaborar las políticas de ciencia y tecnología en México. Por ejemplo: desde su creación hasta 1999 se presentaron dos reformas y una ley para coordinar y promover el desarrollo científico y tecnológico y el 5 de junio del 2002 se promulgó una nueva Ley de Ciencia y Tecnología.

Sector privado

En México se ha observado un bajo nivel de participación del sector privado en el gasto en investigación y desarrollo, especialmente si éste se compara con el correspondiente a otros países cuya posición de despegue económico fue semejante algunos años atrás. Así, mientras que el porcentaje de la inversión del sector privado en México del 24%, en Brasil es del 40%, en España del 50% y en Corea del 73%. Resulta muy representativo que en los Estados Unidos, como potencia económica e industrial líder en el mundo, la dimensión de participación privada en el gasto de investigación y desarrollo alcance la cifra del 66%.

Sistema nacional de investigadores

El sistema nacional de investigadores fue creado el 26 de julio de 1984 y tiene como objetivo promover y fortalecer, a través de la evaluación, la calidad de la investigación científica y tecnológica, y la innovación que se produce en el país. También reconoce la labor de las personas dedicadas a producir conocimiento científico y tecnología. El reconocimiento se otorga a través de la evaluación de los candidatos nominados y otorgando el nombramiento de investigador nacional.

El Sistema contribuye a la formación y consolidación de investigadores con conocimientos científicos y tecnológicos del más alto nivel como un elemento fundamental para incrementar la cultura, productividad, competitividad y el bienestar social.

Academia Mexicana de Ciencias

La Academia Mexicana de Ciencias es una asociación civil independiente y sin fines de lucro. A sus 51 años, la Academia actualmente agrupa a 2272 miembros de destacadas trayectorias académicas y que laboran en diversas instituciones del país y del extranjero. Así, esta organización, enlaza a científicos de muy diversas áreas del conocimiento bajo el principio de que la ciencia, la tecnología y la educación son herramientas fundamentales para construir una cultura que permita el desarrollo de las naciones, pero también el pensamiento independiente y crítico a partir del cual se define y defiende la soberanía de México. Con base en lo anterior, la Academia tiene como objetivos:

● Promover el diálogo entre la comunidad científica nacional e internacional.
● Orientar al Estado Mexicano y a la sociedad civil en los ámbitos de la ciencia y la tecnología.
● La producción de conocimiento y su orientación hacia la solución de los problemas que afecten al país.
● Fomentar el desarrollo de la investigación científica en diferentes sectores de la población.
● Buscar el reconocimiento nacional e internacional de científicos mexicanos.

Universidades

El papel que juegan las universidades en la inversión en desarrollo tecnológico es sin duda uno de los más importantes. Es el actor que aprovecha las políticas de los organismos gubernamentales para materializar los esfuerzos de las demás instituciones, y llevar a cabo gran parte del desarrollo tecnológico. Tanta es su importancia y relevancia que las universidades e instituciones públicas, en conjunto desarrollan 80 por ciento de la investigación que se hace en nuestro país.

En el caso de la Universidad Iberoamericana Ciudad de México, en el área de Ingenierías, específicamente en la Coordinación de Desarrollo Académico Tecnológico (Codat), nace la Incubadora de Negocios, Iberoinc.

Comisión de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Cámara de Diputados

La Cámara de Diputados tiene una serie de comisiones que se encargan de atender especialmente una materia de interés nacional. Por ello existe la comisión de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Cámara de Diputados, cuyos objetivo son:

● Establecer el marco legal competente a esta comisión y definir la legislación que garantice y favorezca el desarrollo cultura, científico y tecnológico.
● Promover el ejercicio de una cultura científica y tecnológica que persiga en todo momento el gusto por la investigación y el bien social.

4. El problema de la inversión tecnológica en México

Después de revisar los términos conceptuales y actores relacionados al tema, contamos con los antecedentes necesarios para comprender el problema de la inversión en ciencia y tecnología en México ya que son las bases sobre las cuales se desarrolla el trabajo.

En primer lugar, analizaremos datos del Banco Mundial sobre México en este rubro y lo compararemos con otros países para poner nuestra realidad en contexto.

4.1 Datos sobre la inversión en tecnología en México

Inversión en investigación y desarrollo tecnológico (% del PIB)

México en el contexto mundial y con respecto a latinoamérica:
País % del PIB País % del PIB
México 0.4 México 0.4
Estados Unidos 2.7 Brasil 1.1
China 1.4 Argentina 0.5
Israel 4.9 Chile -

Como puede observarse en la tabla 1, México se encuentra rezagado en la inversión en tecnología.

Exportaciones de alta tecnología (% de las exportaciones totales)

México en el contexto mundial y con respecto a lationamérica:
País % de exportaciones País % de exportaciones
México 17.1 México 17.1
Estados Unidos 28.5 Brasil 11.9
China 29.7 Argentina 6.6
Japón 19 Chile 6.6

Explicación

Patentes registradas a nivel mundial

México en el contexto mundial y con respecto a lationamérica:
País No. de patentes País No. de patentes
México 629 México 629
Estados Unidos 241,347 Brasil 4023
China 153,060 Argentina 899
Corea 128,701 Chile 403

Explicación

4.2 Políticas de inversión en tecnología en México

Las experiencias de política científica y tecnológica a nivel internacional sugieren que el desarrollo de los países está fuertemente asociado a la construcción de capacidades sólidas en estos rubros: Estudios comparativos demuestran que las naciones que invierten en ciencia y tecnología logran un marcado crecimiento en el ingreso per cápita. En el periodo de 1970 a 2000, la inversión en ciencia y tecnología, como porcentaje del PIB, creció en México dos veces; Brasil, 4.5; España, cinco; Corea, nueve. Y el ingreso per cápita se multiplicó en dólares corrientes: México 3.8 veces; Brasil 6.3; España 7.4; Corea 25.4.

CONACYT a través de la camara de diputados a logrado que se aprueben diferentes leyes para el mejoramiento de nuestro país atraves de la tecnología y a continuación mencionaremos algunas

● Ley de Ciencia y Tecnología.
● Ley orgánica del Consejo Nacional de Ciencia
● Ley Orgánica del CONACYT.
● Reforma a la Ley del Impuesto Sobre la Renta relativa a los incentivos fiscales.
● Publicación en el Diario Oficial de la Federación del "Decreto por el que se adiciona el artículo 9 bis de la Ley de Ciencia y Tecnología", con fecha 1° de septiembre de 2004.
● Consejo General de Investigación Científica y Desarrollo Tecnológico, encabezado por el titular del Ejecutivo.
● CONACYT como entidad no sectorizada dependiente del Ejecutivo, con funciones de coordinación sectorial y administrador de un ramo presupuestal para Ciencia y Tecnología.

Si analizamos detenidamente la visión y los proyectos del CONACYT encontramos la razón de los problemas por los cuales no contamos con suficiente tecnología para competir con otras economías en este sector. Para el 2025, el CONACYT tiene como visión que “México invertirá más del 2% del PIB en actividades de investigación y desarrollo”. El gran problema con este proyecto es que es insuficiente ya que si nos comparamos con otros países, ellos en la actualidad invierten más del 2% del PIB, hay países incluso que invierten cerca del 5% de su PIB. A continuación se muestra una gráfica con datos del Banco Mundial, en la que se compara la inversión en cuanto a porcentaje del PIB en tecnología e investigación.

Primero se observa que el promedio de inversión en tecnología en el mundo oscila alrededor del 2% del PIB. México invierte tan solo 0.3% de su PIB. China invierte hoy en día 1.5%. Estados Unidos 2.5% del total de su producto interno bruto en términos reales. Finalmente tenemos a Israel con una inversión de 4.9% de su PIB total, siendo así el país que más invierte.

Podemos apreciar en la gráfica que México está muy retrasado en este aspecto, y no es de sorprender que países con mayor desarrollo inviertan más en tecnología. Un claro ejemplo es China, que hace tan sólo unos años no era potencia mundial e invertía prácticamente el mismo porcentaje de su PIB que México. Quince años después, China ha logrado posicionarse como un potencia mundial generando cada vez más trabajos para su gente, en parte gracias a la inversión en tecnología e investigación.

Como conclusión de este apartado encontramos que la falta de inversión en investigación y tecnología es sin duda una de las causas para la falta de desarrollo tecnológico en México. También es necesario resaltar que el papel que toman las dependencias del gobierno en torno a este asunto es de crucial importancia. El CONACYT y el gobierno deben impulsar las políticas adecuadas para favorecer mucha más investigación y desarrollo tecnológico.

Posibles soluciones y recomendaciones

● Existen dos soluciones o recomendaciones que creemos son necesarias para llevar a cabo una La transformación en el terreno de la inversión en tecnología. Primero, la creación de políticas adecuadas para facilitar la inversión en este sector, no limitarnos a políticas que fomenten la inversión del 2% del PIB en ciencia y tecnología en un plazo de 15 años. Tener como objetivo los niveles de inversión de los países más avanzados en este rubro, como Israel o Corea.

● El fortalecimiento en las universidades de áreas prioritarias para el desarrollo, sin menoscabo de la investigación científica que genera nuevo conocimiento. Debemos tomar plena conciencia de que la evolución de nuestra capacidad científica no ha seguido líneas que obedezcan a las necesidades -reales o potenciales- de importantes sectores de la producción.

● El gobierno federal tiene una importante responsabilidad en acciones como la planificación de la ciencia y la tecnología, en concordancia con el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo. Por otro lado, el financiamiento gubernamental es esencial no sólo en el apoyo a la ciencia básica, sino también a los proyectos que vinculen la industria con la universidad, tales como programas de riesgo compartido y otros mecanismos diseñados para apoyar financieramente al sector productivo en el desarrollo de investigación.


Conclusión
Un pequeño resumen de las causas que ha provocado el poco desarrollo tecnológico en México. Una síntesis de los beneficios del desarrollo tecnológico y las recomendaciones para fomentarlo en México.

IDEAS:
En Mexico hace falta desarrollo tecnológico. Es importante el desarrollo tecnológico porque fomenta la formación de científicos e ingenieros que crean nuevos productos que a final de cuentas crean nuevas industrias que generan más y mejores empleos elevando la calidad de vida de la población y la economía del país.

En muchas universidades se crean numerosos avances tecnológicos, por ejemplo en robótica, pero se quedan en la fase de prototipo debido a la falta de inversión, esto significa que no sólo el gobierno sino las empresas no ayudan a que se desarrolle la tecnología. Nuestras empresas son muy ineficientes en la creación de tecnologías porque no hay competencia. Esto afecta negativamente a nuestra economía ya que nos obliga a comprar productos del extranjero que serían más baratos si fueran producidos en México.

1)http://books.google.com/books?id=lTMNR9MUjuAC&pg=PA4&dq=que+es+inversi%C3%B3n&hl=es&ei=VnjRTrL2FYONsQL456nNDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CEAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=que%20es%20inversi%C3%B3n&f=false

2)http://books.google.com/books?id=I6hWaK8NXWcC&pg=PA4&dq=tecnolog%C3%ADa+es&hl=es&ei=DnnRTvuHMI73sQLfqOXTDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=tecnolog%C3%ADa%20es&f=false

3)Parkin

4) http://www.conacyt.gob.mx/transparencia/Documents/Trans_PECyT_2001-2006.pdf

http://www.diputados.gob.mx/comisiones/cienytec/index.htm

http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2007/01/17/index.php?section=sociedad&article=039n1soc

http://sitl.diputados.gob.mx/LXI_leg/integrantes_de_comisionlxi.php?comt=8

http://www.ub.edu/geocrit/sn/sn-170-26.htm

tecnologia http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS

educacion http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS/countries/MX-US-FI?display=default

255 -Parkin http://www2.mincyt.gov.ar/index.php?contenido=innovacion_tecnologica http://www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/noticia/379965.falta-fomentar-desarrollo-tecnologico-en-mexi.html

http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/52/22/36704678.pdf

http://www.conacyt.mx/Acerca/Paginas/default.aspx

http://www.amc.unam.mx/

http://www.conacyt.mx/Acerca/Paginas/default.aspx

http://noticias.universia.net.mx/vida-universitaria/noticia/2009/05/18/15593/requiere-mexico-inversion-ciencia-tecnologia.html

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Hispanic American Diversity

...if you mistake their culture for a similar culture. Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cuban Americans and Latinos are four groups that fit into this category. This research paper will give us an in-depth look at each group identifying their similarities and their differences. Mexico is a Latin country with a complex culture that spans different times in history. The Mexicans are proud of their country, culture and lifestyle and try to preserve it as much as possible even when they are living anywhere other than Mexico. Out of the 26.4 million Hispanics that live in America, 64% of them are Mexican Americans (Thinkquest.org). The Mexican American culture is a mixture of the Mexican culture and the American culture and often causes them to stand out. The primary influence comes from Spain while the secondary influence comes from America. Mexican Americans have strong ties to their families loving each other and taking care of each other. Honor within the family connects all the members together and loyalty without question is expected. They work hard, strive to live in the same house together or in houses near each other. They also have a good temperment (Kwintessential.co.uk). Depending on the generation their first language is either Spanish or it's English. There are some Mexican Americans who have never learned English, however, they have relatives that known both languages. The religious beliefs of Mexican Americans is very strong and many of their...

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Heritage Assessment

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Mexican American

...Mexican Americans There are many ethnicity cultures and race in the world. One of such ethnic groups is Hispanics. Hispanics can be identified or categorized in such ethnic groups. Hispanic Americans are Mexican with origin in a country of Latin American and countries in Europe such as Portugal and Spain. Under the Hispanic sub group we do find Mexican American who are Americans with Mexican decent. The median age of Mexican American is 24 years, which makes them the youngest Hispanic groups. In fact, 71 percent of the Mexican- Americans population is under 35. (U.S Bureau of the Census. , March 1989). The average size of the Mexican- American household is at 4.1 persons is the largest among the Hispanic groups. Through the early 1900’s Mexican Americans were mainly in rural and agricultural people, but today 90% of the populations is estimated to live in metropolitan areas. 73% of them lived in California and Texas in the 1980’s. Mexican American are the least well educated group among both major Hispanic groups and among the total U.S population. The dropout rate among Mexican American students is estimated at 40 percent or more. (Valdiveso, 1988). Lack of education probably contributes to the fact that as a group, Mexican Americans have lower status occupations than does the U.S populations as a whole. They concentrate on farm work and service occupations. Lower status jobs translate into lower income and higher poverty rates. The median family income of Mexican Americans...

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