EXPANDING ABROAD:

MOTIVATIONS, MEANS, AND MENTALITIES

OPERATING IN THE INTERNATIONAL ARENA GIVES RISE TO: ➢ NEW OPPORTUNITIES 新机遇 -ACCESS TO NEW MARKETS 进入新市场 -NEW SOURCES OF INFORMATION 新信息资源 -SPECIALIZED RESOURCES 特殊资源 -BROADER STRATEGIC OPTIONS 广阔的战略选择

➢ NEW CHALLENGES 新挑战 -INCREASED LEVELS OF COMPLEXITY 复杂水平增加 (In strategy, structure & operations)（战略，结构，运营） -INCREASED LEVELS OF DIVERSITY 多样化水平增加 -INCREASED LEVELS OF UNCERTAINTY 不确定性增加

UNIT OF ANALYSIS: THE MULTINATIONAL ENTERPRISE (MNE): THE DOMINANT VEHICLE OF INTERNATIONALIZATION

Definition: A MNE must have:

- Substantial direct investment in foreign countries 直接投资

- Active involvement in the management of these investments/ assets 参与管理

- The investments should be an integral pert of the MNE, strategically and organizationally 投资必须是完整的 战略上和组织上

SCOPE OF MNEs

- MNEs ARE A RECENT PHENOMENON: THE VAST MAJORITY HAVE DEVELOPED DURING THE POST-WORLD WAR II ERA

- CHANGED U.N. DEFINITION OF MNEs (p. 2)

- THE DEFINITION HIGHLIGHTS THE IMPORTANCE OF STRATEGIC AND ORGANIZATIONAL INTEGRATION
这个定义强调 战略的重要性和组织的集成 - WHAT DIFFERENTIATES THE MNE: IT CREATES AN INTERNAL ORGANIZATION TO CARRY OUT CROSS-BORDER TASKS RATHER THAN RELY ON TRADE THROUGH OPEN MARKETS 跨国公司创造了一个内部组织去执行跨国任务，不仅仅是依靠向一个开放市场进行贸易。 - [pic] - [pic] - -

- EXAMPLES OF MNEs (p. 3)

MNE INFLUENCE IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY:

- MOST LARGE COMPANIES ARE MNEs

- THEY WIELD GREAT INFLUENCES ON THE GLOBAL ECONOMY

- 450 MNEs, WITH REVENUES EXCEEDING $1 BLN EACH, ACCOUNT FOR OVER 80% OF FOREIGN CORPORATE INVESTMENT

- VALUE ADDED BY LARGE MNEs RIVAL GDPs OF MEDIUM-SIZED COUNTRIES (Table 1-1, p.3)

- MNEs EMPLOY