...Hypoxia: The Crash of Helios Airways Flight 522 Hypoxia: The Crash of Helios Airways Flight 522 Hypoxia: The Crash of Helios Airways Flight 522 Helios Airways Flight 522 was a Boeing 737 that crashed into a mountain on August 14, 2005 north of Marathon and Varnavas, Greece while flying from Larnaca, Cyprus. Rescue teams located wreckage near the community of Grammatiko (25 mi) from Athens. All 121 on board perished, making this crash the deadliest aviation disaster in Greek history. The investigation concluded that the accident was caused by Hypoxia. When the aircraft arrived at Larnaca earlier that morning, the previous flight crew reported a frozen door seal and abnormal noises coming from the right aft service door and requested a full inspection.[1][2] The inspection was carried out by a ground engineer who then performed a pressurization test. In order to carry out this test without requiring the aircraft's engines, the pressurization system was set to manual, and was not set back to auto upon completion of the test.[3] After the aircraft was returned into service, the flight crew overlooked the fact that the pressurization system was set to manual on three separate occasions: during the pre-flight procedure, the after-start check, and then after take-off check. The aircraft took-off around 9:07 with the pressurization system still set to manual, and the aft outflow valve partially open.[4] As the aircraft climbed, the pressure inside the cabin gradually...
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...Chapter 07 Activity-Based Costing: A Tool to Aid Decision Making Solutions to Questions 7-1 Activity-based costing differs from traditional costing systems in a number of ways. In activity-based costing, nonmanufacturing as well as manufacturing costs may be assigned to products. And, some manufacturing costs—including the costs of idle capacity—may be excluded from product costs. An activity-based costing system typically includes a number of activity cost pools, each of which has its unique measure of activity. These measures of activity often differ from the allocation bases used in traditional costing systems. 7-2 When direct labor is used as an allocation base for overhead, it is implicitly assumed that overhead cost is directly proportional to direct labor. When cost systems were originally developed in the 1800s, this assumption may have been reasonably accurate. However, direct labor has declined in importance over the years while overhead has been increasing. This suggests that there is no longer a direct link between the level of direct labor and overhead. Indeed, when a company automates, direct labor is replaced by machines; a decrease in direct labor is accompanied by an increase in overhead. This violates the assumption that overhead cost is directly proportional to direct labor. Overhead cost appears to be driven by factors such as product diversity and complexity as well as by volume, for which direct labor has served as a convenient measure. ...
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...Acknowledgments ix Acknowledgments This book owes a great deal to the mental energy of several generations of scholars. As an undergraduate at the University of Cape Town, Francis Wilson made me aware of the importance of migrant labour and Robin Hallett inspired me, and a generation of students, to study the African past. At the School of Oriental and African Studies in London I was fortunate enough to have David Birmingham as a thesis supervisor. I hope that some of his knowledge and understanding of Lusophone Africa has found its way into this book. I owe an equal debt to Shula Marks who, over the years, has provided me with criticism and inspiration. In the United States I learnt a great deal from ]eanne Penvenne, Marcia Wright and, especially, Leroy Vail. In Switzerland I benefitted from the friendship and assistance of Laurent Monier of the IUED in Geneva, Francois Iecquier of the University of Lausanne and Mariette Ouwerhand of the dépurtement évangélrlyue (the former Swiss Mission). In South Africa, Patricia Davison of the South African Museum introduced me to material culture and made me aware of the richness of difference; the late Monica Wilson taught me the fundamentals of anthropology and Andrew Spiegel and Robert Thornton struggled to keep me abreast of changes in the discipline; Sue Newton-King and Nigel Penn brought shafts of light from the eighteenthcentury to bear on early industrialism. Charles van Onselen laid a major part of the intellectual foundations on...
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