...Manual of Determinative Bacteriology” or “The Prokaryotes”. Each group of students will receive a TSA slant or broth containing a pure culture of an unknown bacterium belonging to the Family Enterobacteriaceae. It is the responsibility of the group to maintain stock cultures of the organism provided. Working stock cultures will be used to inoculate the various biochemical test media over the next several weeks and should be fresh and free from contaminants. A reserve stock culture should be made and after incubation and comparison with the original slant, kept with the original slant in the refrigerator. It is critically important that aseptic techniques are used during transfers and inoculations to prevent contamination of your cultures. If contamination is suspected, you will be able to fall back to your reserve stock. If you fail to maintain a reserve stock you will not be able to recover your organism if disaster strikes. The instructor will not provide a new culture for you to start with in the middle of the unknown exercises. It is your responsibility to: keep your organisms alive and fresh to run tests check with us if you question purity of your organism or your test results appropriately select media to identifying unknowns ask for...
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...FHO Media | No. | S. S. Agar | 4 | Bacillus cereus agar base | 4 ½ | E. C. Broth | 1 | Lauryl tryptose broth | 1 | Brilliant green bile broth | 2 | Palcam | 1 | Sodium chloride | 1 | PDA | 14 | Peptone | ½ + ½ + 5 | PCA | 16 | VRBA | 22 ½ | BPA | 17 | Nutrient broth | 1 ½ | Teaching Media / Item | No. | BBL™ Agar Grade A [BD] | 5 | BBL™ Agar Granulated [BD] | 4 | Agar Technical (Agar No. 3) | 5 | B. cereus selective agar base [pronadisa] | 1 | B. cereus agar base | 5 | Bacteriological peptone | 1 | BPA | 6 | Bismuth Sulphite Agar (Modified) | 2 | Brain Heart Infusion | 1 | BBL™ Brain Heart Infusion [BD] | 1 | Brilliant Green Agar [Difco] | 1 | Brilliant Green Agar [Oxoid] | 1 | BGBB | 3 | Buffered peptone water | 2 | Casamino acids [Difco] | 1 | Casein Digest [acumedia] | 1 | E. C. Broth (Reduced Bile Salts) | 3 | Eosin methylene blue agar (Levine) – Oxoid | 5 | Eosin methylene blue agar (Levine) - acumedia | 1 | Lactose broth | 7 | Lauryl tryptose broth (Lauryl sulphate broth) | 5 | Lysine iron agar | 1 | Malt extract [acumedia] | 2 | MacConkey Agar No. 3 [Oxoid] | 6 | MacConkey Agar [acumedia] | 1 | BBL™ MacConkey II Agar [BD] | 5 | MacConkey Agar [Oxoid] | 3 | MacConkey Broth | 1 | Mannitol salt agar [Oxoid] | 4 | Mannitol salt agar [acumedia] | 1 | M. R. S. Broth | 2 | M. R. V. P. Medium [Oxoid] | 3 | M. R. V. P. Medium [pronadisa] | 1 | BBL™ Mueller Hinton II Agar [BD] |...
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...Abstract The purpose of this exercise to become familiar with subtypes of culture media, to learn how to use streak and pour techniques and to generate a pure culture of a specific organism Hypothesis This exercise will allow me to gain an understanding of culture media, to use specific techniques such as streak and pour and generate cultures of specific organisms. Procedures Exercise 1 Part I 1. Disinfect the work area. 2. Melt the agar tubes. 3. Leave the 18 mL tube of MRS agar in hot water (50°C) for use in Part II. 4. Use the marking pencil to label the bottom of one Petri dish S. epidermidis. Pour one half (9mL) of the contents of a tube of nutrient agar into the S. epidermidis Petri dish and the other half into the bottom of an unmarked Petri dish. Cover the dishes and allow them to solidify for use in Part IV. 5. Pour the remaining melted nutrient agar into the unmarked Petri dishes (half a tube per dish). Cover the dishes and allow them to solidify for use in Part III. Part II 1. Disinfect the work area. 2. Label the bottom surface of three sterile Petri dishes L. acidophilus #1, #2, and #3, respectively. 3. Disinfect three test tubes by submerging them in boiling water for 5 minutes. The tubes will be hot, so use tongs or tweezers to lift them out of the water. Be careful not to contaminate the tubes by touching their lips or interiors. When the tubes are cool, label them to match the L. acidophilus Petri dishes. 4. Divide the liquid...
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...Brittney Guzman Anthony Spencer Tifuh, Nkweti Emmanuel Duodu, Amanda Boiter Microbial Growth on Lunchmeat Increases Over Time at Room Temperature Abstract Lunchmeat is a perfect medium for the rapid growth of microbes because it is high in moisture. How long can zip locked lunchmeat be left out before it becomes unsafe for consumption? In order to test the safety of lunchmeat being left out of refrigeration, an experiment was conducted over a three-day period. All turkey samples were in a zip locked bag, the 24 and 72 hour samples were left out at room temperature; the control remained refrigerated. All samples were inoculated into agar deeps, then into petri dishes to create a series of dilutions. We observed growth on all three Petri Dishes with the control having the least and 72-hour containing the most. This shows that although the turkey meat was sealed, microbial growth increases over time while left out at room temperature. This is important to maintain and know the safety of ingestion of lunchmeat after 24-72 hours. Introduction “Refrigerated storage is now one of the most widely practiced methods of controlling microbial growth in perishable foods. As a result of this practice, refrigerated storage of perishable foods has been shown to be a potential risk factor for the development of microbial hazards leading to foodborne illness”(Simon). Food poisoning is very common and in order to avoid this illness certain precautions need to be maintained to prevent this. Refrigeration...
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...To whom it may concern, I have after extensive research found that there is a problem in our little community that poses a serious problem for the health and safety of everybody living here. All around me, people ranging from children up to the elderly have been getting sick and everyone has been displaying the same symptoms. Therefore, I started to find out what might be causing this issue. The first thing I did was a survey in the neighborhood of who had symptoms and what the symptoms were. Additionally, I asked them when their symptoms started and what they were doing before the symptoms started. The survey allowed me to see how everyone’s illness connected as everyone displayed the same symptoms and it allowed me to narrow down the possible causes for the illnesses based on what people were doing before getting sick. The next thing I did was take my findings to an expert to see what could cause these symptoms. The expert was able to rule out infection, bacteria, viruses, and point to pollution as the cause for the illnesses. The next thing I did was get a research expert to test many variables of what might have been polluted such as the water, soil, or the plant life. The expert was able to determine that the soil, water, and plant life had all been polluted by gas. I did additional research to find out where the gas was coming from in order to pollute our community. By researching community blue prints and development plans I found out that there are gas lines running...
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...based factories. PC company policy allows contamination cleanup when required by environmental legislation. The company also needs to install smoke filtering systems before the law is instituted early next year. PC is concerned with the financial accounting treatment for two environmental issues: (a) environmental cleanup, and (b) smoke filter installation for year 20x2. Both issues, if not resolved, could lead to legal action against PC if not followed by a prescribed date. The Company needs to determine if the contaminated soil and smoke filter requirement should be disclosed on the financial statements as an asset retirement obligation, loss contingency, or an environmental obligation. APPLICABLE AUTHORITATIVE LITERATURE FASB Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 410 Asset Retirement and Environmental Obligations FASB Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 450 Contingencies DISCUSSION OF ALTERNATIVES The following section will address the alternative treatments accounting for both the remedial action and smoke filtration system under US GAAP. Recording both issues as a loss contingency will be discussed first, followed by soil contamination as environmental remediation, then applying the asset retirement obligation treatment for pollution from normal operations. Alternative 1: Contaminated Soil and Smoke Filter Disclose both environmental issues as a loss contingency using a footnote. Soil contamination and smoke filters both meet the definition...
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...outside sources, include all in-text citations and references in APA format. for Reference: Map of Chernobyl retrived from http://www.greenfacts.org/en/chernobyl/figtableboxes/map-chernobyl.htm The novel emphasizes that the "dead zone" around Chernobyl is actually rich in plant- and wildlife (which have tolerance levels for radiation different than humans). In this area, wild animals such as wolves have not only flourished in the absence of human activity, but have no fear of the humans they do encounter. http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/chernobyl-bg.html Flora and fauna There has been an ongoing scientific debate about the extent to which flora and fauna of the zone were affected by the radioactive contamination that followed the accident. Cases of mutant deformity in animals of the zone include partial albinism and other external malformations in swallows[2][3][4] and insect mutations.[5] A study of...
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...Environmental Affects on Human Health Principles of Health and Wellness/SCI 162 October 25, 2012 Yolonda Agnew While there are many things we do daily to keep ourselves healthy, many environmental factors can adversely affect our health: the air we breathe, the land we live on, and the water we drink. Bad air quality can irritate our eyes, throat, and nose, cause breathing problems, aggravating asthma and other respiratory problems. In addition, breathing bad air for extended periods can cause more severe health problems, such as heart disease, and can increase the chance of developing cancer. The elderly and young children and people with health problems are affected more often from bad air quality than healthy adults. While the United States is among the safest water in the world, we are still at risk. Any substance that leaks into the soil can enter the water supply; polluting the water, causing us to become ill. Drinking polluted water can cause stomach cramps, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. There are times when communities in the United Sates will issue boil-water alerts, asking residence to boil their water before using it to cook or drink, showing that our drinking water is at risk and can become infected. A large amount of the pollution that ultimately infects our water starts out polluting the land we live on. Soil pollution can be the cause of many illnesses, starting with headaches, fatigue...
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...Bioremediation is the use of microorganism metabolism to remove pollutants. Technologies can be generally classified as in situ or ex situ. In situ bioremediation involves treating the contaminated material at the site, while ex situ involves the removal of the contaminated material to be treated elsewhere. Some examples of bioremediation technologies are phytoremediation, bioventing, bioleaching, landfarming, bioreactor, composting, bioaugmentation, rhizofiltration, and biostimulation. Bioremediation can occur on its own (natural attenuation or intrinsic bioremediation) or can be spurred on via the addition of fertilizers to increase the bioavailability within the medium (biostimulation). Recent advancements have also proven successful via the addition of matched microbe strains to the medium to enhance the resident microbe population's ability to break down contaminants. Microorganisms used to perform the function of bioremediation are known as bioremediators.[1] Not all contaminants, however, are easily treated by bioremediation using microorganisms. For example, heavy metals such as cadmium and lead are not readily absorbed or captured by organisms. The assimilation of metals such as mercury into the food chain may worsen matters. Phytoremediation is useful in these circumstances because natural plants or transgenic plants are able to bioaccumulate these toxins in their above-ground parts, which are then harvested for removal.[2] The heavy metals in the harvested biomass...
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...material releases. The disaster was caused by a tsunami ranging to 15 meters The tsunami had been caused by strong earthquake- the strongest earthquake to ever hit Japan. It affected the cooling systems of three Fukushima Daiichi nuclear reactors by stopping the cooling as a result of interruption in the power supply. With no cooling in the reactors, the energy released from radioactive decay rose threatening not to be handled by the containment structures at the plant (Eisler 17). Water exposed to high levels of radiation threatened to damage the containment structure due to hydrogen build up. With damage to the containment structure, the environment was at high risk of full blown radiation contamination. The danger posed by the accident was the accident was the spread of radioactive contamination to water or the environment that the nearby residents came into contact with. This is why the Japanese government budgeted close to $14 billion for the radiation clean up and immediate relocation of residents (Eisler 29). One of the isotopes still found in the accident site is Cesium-137 that decays according to the following equation 55Cs^137 --> 56Ba^137 + -1e^0. The isotope could lead to development of acute radiation syndrome in humans that affects the skin, digestive system and hair (Loveland et.all 45). Cancer can develop as a result of not receiving appropriate radiation treatment. Nuclear energy is a safe way of producing energy if the right protective measures are taken. In...
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...Energy Inc. Date: October 19, 2013 Prepared by: Yuehan Zhang (Stefanie) Reviewed by: Professor Robert Elya ISSUE: Accounting for Energy Inc.’s environmental obligations, income tax and install smoke filters. BRIEF BACKGROUND OF COMPANY Energy Inc. (Energy) is a public company that operates in the oil industry. As of December 31, 2011, Energy recognized $ billion in revenue for the sale. Sometimes, Energy’s operations result in soil contamination and Energy should clean up this contamination when legislation requiring under the laws of the particular country. In addition, Energy has a widely published environmental policy in which it undertakes clean up all contamination that it causes. Energy is currently involved in environmental obligations, such as clean up the lands. ACCOUNTING QUESTIONS 1. Does Energy recognizes and accrues the liability of clean up costs in this year? What is the accounting treatment? 2. Is Energy has the obligations to undertake soil remediation in Dirty country? What is the accounting treatment for this operation in Dirty country? 3. What is the accounting treatment for new income tax? What is the accounting treatment for training employees? 4. Does Energy have obligations to install smoke filters this year? What is the accounting treatment for installing smoke filters in Energy’s factories next year? SUMMARY CONCLUSION ON ACCOUNTING QUESTIONS 1. Energy should recognize and accrue the liability of clean up...
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...Radioactive contamination With the development of the science and technology, nuclear energy is replacing conventional energy rapidly. It produces enormous energy by few resources. However, nuclear leak caused by an earthquake in Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant last year lead to a severe radioactive contamination. This raises great attention to nuclear safety. Radioactive contamination is the harm to individuals or equipment by the unregulated radioactive materials, such as radioactive gases, liquids, or particles. Almost everything can become contaminated by radioactive materials in environment. Anyone can intake of radioactive materials in the case of unconscious, even taking a walk or eat. A number of events can cause radioactive contamination. A well-known example is the explosion of the nuclear weapons. Previously, it was used as a mass destruction especially used in Second World War. Radioactive contamination also occurs when radioactive materials are not properly sealed. Laboratory mistakes and natural disasters are the most important reason. The effects of radioactive contamination vary. It depends on the degree of radioactive substances leaked. A low degree of contamination is more likely to be diluted by environment. It may not cause obvious harm. On the other hand, high levels of contamination can significantly threaten both people and the environment. If individuals live in a radioactive contamination, his body will suffer Serious destruction, especially...
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..."Discuss with reference to this BP case study the problems of corporate risk and liability entailed by the factors of uncertainty and lack of reliability of equipment. (in this case the blow-out preventer) State other examples and analyse them. How can companies plan for such contingencies and manage a major disaster when it arises in a damage limitation exercise?" The Deepwater Horizon oil spill of 22 April 2010 is perhaps the most striking example of a corporate disaster due to a company’s lack of certainty regarding some of its operations. First, it is the largest accidental marine oil spill in the history of oil industry, then it took the authorities and the companies almost three months to stop the leak and finally the spill caused extensive damage to wildlife and marine habitats and to the Gulf’s tourism and fishing industry, leading to one of the most complex trial of the US. And even more important, this accident was not caused by a natural disaster like Fukushima’s nuclear disaster was. What is more is that the responsible for this disaster are said to be BP and Transocean, hence companies with the means and power to prevent and stop such a disaster from happening. One might expect from a firm like BP to have efficient and safe equipment, especially when one knows how dreadful an oil spill can be. It seemed however that building oil gusher at such depths made it almost impossible for them to be absolutely sure of their equipment safety, a problem combined to a series...
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...SOIL ECOLOGY AND BIOREMIDIATION Faculty of Engineering and Architecture CIVE 652-Environmental biotechnology By: Contents INTRODUCTION 3 SOIL MICROORGANISMS 3 Bacteria and Actinomycetes 3 Protozoa 3 Algae 4 Fungi 4 Macrofauna and Mesofauna 4 SOIL UNDER OXIC AND ANOXIC CONDITIONS 4 SOIL CYCLES 5 Carbon Cycle 5 Nitrogen Cycle 6 Sulfur Cycle 7 SOIL POLLUTION 7 Main Causes of Soil Pollution: 7 Main Effects of Soil Pollution: 7 SOIL BIOREMEDIATION 8 EX SITU REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES 8 EX SITU NON-BIOLOGICAL REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES 9 1) Ex situ thermal processes 9 2) Ex situ chemical/physical remediation ( Soil scrubbing ) 9 EX SITU BIOLOGICAL REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES 9 1) Composting 10 2) Land farming 11 3)Biopiling ( Heap technique) 12 4) Bioslurry reactor 13 IN SITU REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES 13 IN SITU BIOLOGICAL REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES 14 1) Bioventing 14 2) Biosparging 15 3) Bioaugmentation: 15 4)Biostimulation 15 4) Bioslurping : 16 5) Phytoremediation 16 IN SITU NON-BIOLOGICAL REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES 16 1) In situ thermal processes 16 2) In situ chemical/physical process: Pump and treat processes 16 INFLUENCING FACTORS 16 CONCLUSION 17 Table of figures: Figure 1. Soil microorganisms pie chart 3 Figure 2. Acquisition of phosphate by Mycorrhizal roots………………………………...3 Figure 3. Mycorrhizal roots……………………………………………………………….4 Figure 4. Carbon Cycle 5 Figure 5. Nitrogen Cycle 6 Figure...
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...Bioremediation Methodologies Summer Teeters COM/172 June 23, 2014 Sherry Howard Salois Bioremediation Methodologies What is bioremediation? According to the Gale Encyclopedia of Science (2008), bioremediation is any process that purifies an environment polluted by organic or inorganic contaminants with the utilization of microorganisms or other such creatures. Intensive industrialization and inadequate disposal of organic and inorganic compounds have brought about long-term persistent sources of contamination of our environment. This is a major environmental, policy and health issue facing numerous countries today. Current methods for remediation of polluted environments incorporate chemical and physical remediation, incineration and bioremediation. These conventional physicochemical methodologies are for the most part costly and the remediation process is frequently incomplete. However, since its first commercialized use in the 1970s, experts in the environmental field claim that bioremediation has proven itself to be an economically viable and socially acceptable process to remove hazardous wastes from our environment (Cummings, 2010). In the ever-growing bioremediation field, recent advancements in technology have helped develop new methods of removing contaminants from soil more efficiently and cost effectively. The three primary methods of bioremediation incorporate the utilization of microbes, plants and enzymatic remediation. Every one of these three methods...
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