...“HPV vaccine cuts abnormal pap smears in 4 years” Skin & Allergy news 39.4(Apr 2008) P43 Abnormal Pap tests and cervical procedures have already declined markedly among young women who were vaccinated against the human papillomavirus in three pivotal clinical trials, according to data presented in Tampa at the annual meeting of the Society of Gynecologic Oncologists.****rewrite in your own words. Comparison of 4,696 vaccinated women with 4,759 women in placebo groups showed reductions of 19% in colposcopy, 22% in cervical biopsy, and 42% in excisional therapy at an average follow-up of 3.3 years after the first dose of the quadrivalent vaccine (Gardisil/Silgard) against human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6, 11, 16, and 18. (Macneil, 2008) The end-of-study data reported came from three large efficacy trials sponsored by Merck & Co., maker of the vaccine. All told, the studies randomized 18,150 women aged 16-26 years to the vaccine or a placebo. Participants had cervicovaginal sampling and Pap smears on their first day in the studies and were followed with Pap smears every 6-12 months for up to 48 months. Median follow-up was 4 years from day 1.****what the study is The most dramatic reduction was 43% in high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) seen on Pap smears. Although the drop was substantial, the numbers were small with only 41 cases in the placebo group and 24 among vaccinated women. Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) declined by 14%...
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...Abstract For the past several years, there has been a growing awareness of the epidemic of sexually transmitted diseases. One disease in particularly, Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), affects over six million individuals every year, comprised mostly of girls between fifteen and twenty-five years of age. Because there are over a hundred strains of this disease, contributing to about 70% of all cervical cancer cases, scientists have researched and developed a vaccine to protect against several strains of HPV. This vaccine is called Gardasil. The research that led to the development of the vaccine started in the 1980s, and finally in June of 2006 a pharmaceutical company, Merck & Co., had the vaccine approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Keywords: epidemic, Human Papilloma Virus, vaccine, Gardasil, Merck & Co Ethical Issues and Principles with Gardasil After 5 years of clinical trial, Gardasil has been proven to protect against four of about 40 types of HPV, according to the CDC's informational brochure. HPV strains 6 and 11 are responsible for 90 % of genital warts diagnosed in the United States, and HPV strains 16 and 18 are responsible for 70 % of cervical cancers (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). More specifically, Gardasil is expected to reduce the incidence of HPV related genital disease, including cervical, penile, vulvar, vaginal, anal cancer, precancerous lesions, genital warts, and laryngeal papillomatosis. In order to produce the...
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...NINTH EDITION Burton’s MICROBIOLOGY FOR THE HEALTH SCIENCES Paul G. Engelkirk, PhD, MT(ASCP), SM(AAM) Biomedical Educational Services (Biomed Ed) Belton, Texas Adjunct Faculty, Biology Department Temple College, Temple, TX Janet Duben-Engelkirk, EdD, MT(ASCP) Biomedical Educational Services (Biomed Ed) Belton, Texas Adjunct Faculty, Biotechnology Department Temple College, Temple, TX Acquisitions Editor: David B. Troy Product Manager: John Larkin Managing Editor: Laura S. Horowitz, Hearthside Publishing Services Marketing Manager: Allison Powell Designer: Steve Druding Compositor: Maryland Composition/Absolute Service Inc. Ninth Edition Copyright © 2011 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 1996 Lippincott-Raven, © 1992, 1988, 1983, 1979 JB Lippincott Co. 351 West Camden Street Baltimore, MD 21201 Printed in the People’s Republic of China All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees...
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...Biology 334 TA: Emily Parodi Bacteria Introduction: Water is many times the source of bacteria, for this reason it is necessary to examine water that could be the source of many infectious diseases such as cholera, dysentery and typhoid fever. During this experiment the examination o water samples was performed with the purpose of finding out it the water being examined contained bacterial organism, it is important from the microbiological type of view to look for specific types of bacteria because water can contain some bacteria that are harmless and other who are pathogens. To find out if water is contaminated scientist look for the presence of coliforms, like E coli and Enterobacter aerogenes, it’s easy for scientist to demonstrate the presence of fecal bacteria, because is found in the human intestine not in soil of water. If by examining water one encounters the presence of any fecal bacteria it’s possible that the water might be a contaminated an potentially cause disease. Some characteristics of coliforms are: They are gram negative, facultative anaerobic non endospore forming rods that ferment lactose to produce acid an gas in 48 hours at 35°C. In the experiment a water sample picked from a random source was used to look for the precense of coliforms using the membrane filter method wich consist in using a filter membrane wich have pores that are smaller than most of the bacteria including coliforms about 0.45um in diameter so bacteria gets retained in the membrane...
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...Microbiology: the study viruses and microscopic organisms I. Importance of Microbiology A. Different areas of study 1. Medical 2. Pharmaceutical 3. Industrial 4. Biotechnology 5. Food and dairy processing 6. Agriculture 7. Environmental B. Microorganisms are an important part of the human environment and health. C. Study of microorganisms brings insight into life processes in all forms of life. II. Viruses A. Not considered a live organism because: 1. Not a cell 2. Replicate by invading a cell, and using the cell to make more viruses 3. Do not grow 4. No homeostasis 5. Do not metabolize B. Structure – composed of: 1. Capsid or protein coat. 2. Some have an envelope (membrane) 3. Nucleic acid – either: RNA, DNA C. Size 1. About 20 nanometers to 250 nm (.0000000020m) in size 2. Can only be seen with electron microscope 3. Approximately 1000 times smaller than a bacteria D. Shapes E. Life Cycle 1. Viral DNA must invade a living cell to replicate a. Plant cell – through injury in cell wall b. Animal cell – punch hole or endocytosis c. Virus – restricted to one cell. 2. may go through one or both life cycles. a. Lytic life cycle - Attaches and injects DNA. - Replicate viral DNA. - Forms complete viruses. - Viruses fill cell, breaks open, and they spread b. Lysogenic life cycle - Does not make new virus. - Viral DNA injected, and makes modified DNA called a viroid. - A bacterium replicates many times. - Does not...
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...ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE DIVISION DESIGN, O & M UNIT FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF BIOREMEDIATION (An Aid to the Development of Bioremediation Proposals) APRIL 1998 S:\CP\BIOREM\NEW_BIO.DOC TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iv I. INTRODUCTION --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 II. POTENTIAL ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF BIOREMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 III. IV. A. B. C. D. E. PRESUMPTIVE EVIDENCE FOR BIOREMEDIATION ----------------------------------- 3 GLOSSARY OF TERMINOLOGY -------------------------------------------------------------- 3 Intrinsic Bioremediation --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 Engineered Bioremediation ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 Combination of Technologies-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 In Situ Bioremediation ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4 Ex Situ Bioremediation ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 V. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY -----------------------------------------------------------------------------...
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...1.0Introduction 1.1Background to the Problem Streptococcus Pneumoniae is the causative agent of lung disease Pneumonia. Pneumonia was described as early as two thousand five hundred years ago by the Hippocrates. DR. Williams Osler, whom has studied pneumonia throughout his career, described pneumonia as the “captain of the men of death” owing to its great effect on humanity (Pneumonia,2006).The term pneumonia refers to any infection of the lung. Pneumococcal pneumonia is the term that is used to describe pneumonia that is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Pneumococcal pneumonia not only affects the lungs but other parts of the body such as upper respiratory tract, middle ear, or the nervous system causing pneumococcal meningitis. Pneumococcal meningitis has a high fatality rate when compared to the other infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. The means of transmission of Streptococcus pneumoniae is via respiratory droplet from the mouth or nose of an infected person or a carrier. Penicillin became available in the 1940’s which changed radically the treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia which was based on watchful waiting. Despite this major development pneumonia still posed a major clinical problem today because of the resistance the organism developed against anti -microbial agents.Penicillin resistance is caused by a mosaic mutation of penicillin binding Protein (PBP) genes due to interspecies recombination of homologous genes. It is also recognized that a penicillin...
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...When a specimen, which may be urine, stool, other body fluid (CSF, synovial, pleural), as well as swabs from a wound, surgical incision, or specific area of the body (vaginal, eye, nares)is brought to the micro laboratory for culture it is inoculated on a nutrient plate or in a nutrient broth for growth, as well as specific complex, selective, or differential types of media. Some media (agar plates) contain substances that enhance the growth of certain organisms, while inhibiting the growth of others; some are highly selective for species; and others still can differentiate between species. Inoculating onto these different types of media can then guide the growth and identification of pathogens that are usually prevalent in a specific culture type. For example, Streptococcus agalactiae, also known as Group B Strep or GBS, is a normal flora of the digestive, urinary, and genital tracts, that is found in 20 - 40% of women. While it usually causes no illness in carriers of the bacteria, a pregnant woman colonized with GBS late in her pregnancy can pass it to her baby with very serious outcomes. Newborn GBS most often infects the lungs, blood , and spinal fluid, causing pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis, respectively. (ACOG, 2014) Because a vaginal swab will usually contain a number of mixed bacterial flora, it is important to isolate a pure culture of the organism, which can be used for testing and organism identification. If the culture isn’t pure, the chances of incorrect...
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...Bugs, bugs, bugs! Bugs are everywhere in our environment. The potential for infection never ends! The spread of infection is dependent upon three key factors. Pathogenic organisms, those that cause infection, require a source or home where they thrive, a means of transmission, and a susceptible host to be successful. The source of an infecting organisms is classified as endogenous or exogenous. Endogenous infections are caused by microorganisms that naturally inhabit the human body. These organisms constitute our “normal flora” and are found on or in our living structures. Exogenous infections are caused by microorganisms found outside the human body in our environment. These pathogens must “hitch a ride” on one of many” vehicles” of transmission to find it's way into the body and cause infection. To cause infection, a pathogenic microorganism must make the journey from it's home or reservoir, to it's potentially new home in the susceptible host. There are many ways that this can be accomplished. The primary modes of transmission include direct transmission, indirect transmission, and droplet transmission. All three are included in the more general category of contact transmission where infection is spread from person to person by means of touch. Considering the number of people that populate the planet, it is easy to understand why this is the most common and subsequently, why the #1 means of the prevention of the spread of infection is goog handwashing. Direct transmission requires...
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...* What is the infectious agent (pathogen) that causes this infectious disease? Hepatitis A is an acute infectious disease that occurs within the liver. The time of infection and expediting symptoms can take anywhere from two to six weeks. When there are symptoms around 10-15% of people experience a recurrence of symptoms during the six months after the initial infection. Acute liver failure occurs mainly in people who are old. Hepatitis A is caused by a virus. * How is this infectious agent transmitted through food or water? Hepatitis A is transmitted by both contaminated food and also water. You can also get it by having close contact with someone who currently has the virus. Practicing good hygiene and washing your hands often can cause you not to contract this disease. Some cases do not require treatment, and most people who are affected recover completely with no damage to the liver. * What is an example of a real life outbreak of this foodborne illness in the United States? A real life situation that has occurred before is that the virus was found in some berries. It sickened 180 people and sent 47 to the hospital. Hepatist A can take weeks to be found in your body. You may or may not experience any symptoms but some do and need to be treated for it. * What are the clinical symptoms, duration of the disease, and treatment if any? There are many different kinds of symptoms that can occur with this virus. You may experience fatigue, nausea and vomiting, muscle...
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...Anaerobic bioremediation of groundwater contaminated by chloroethenes Introduction Chloroethenes, such as tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and trichloroethylene (TCE) are one of the contaminants in soil and groundwater which is a significant problem domestically and internationally. Without extracting these contaminants from the ground, the in-situ treatment which directly degrades contaminants in soil or groundwater is now closely watched as an economical remediation technique. Especially, the in-situ bioremediation which degrades contaminants in-situ by activities of microbes is a safer and more economical technique than the physicochemical one and is being developed for practical application. This paper describes that anaerobic bioremediation which cleans up soil and groundwater contaminated by chloroethene such as TCE in-situ by anaerobic bacteria. 1. Degradative mechanism Anaerobic bioremediation is a remediation technique which injects organics, which become electron donors, together with nutrient salts such as nitrogen and phosphorus into groundwater and degrades contaminants by anaerobic bacteria. It is known that PCE and TCE are dechlorinated reductively by anaerobic bacteria and degraded into dichloroethylene (DCE), vinyl chloride (VC), ethylene and likewise, ethane (Fig. 1). Various types of anaerobic bacteria can degrade not only PCE and TCE but also cis-1,2-DCE. Its speed of degradation is relatively fast. On the other hand, by using cis-1,2- DCE and...
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...The purpose of this lab was to identify an unknown species of bacteria from 29 possible unknown broth cultures. This was done by conducting a series of tests in an attempt to isolate our particular bacteria. Daily Notes Day 1 – Chose unknown bacteria #70, which is a broth culture. It is cloudy and yellow in color, with sediment gathered at the bottom. It has a strong odor, and I question whether I have smelled it before. The first test I’m doing is a Gram stain. Doing 3 slides – all air dried and heat fixed. Also streaking 2 plates today: TSA plate, and 2nd plate will be based on the results of the Gram stain. Either: MSA= isolates S. aureus, inhibits G-, EMB= fecal coliforms, G- growth (selective isolation G- rods), MAC= promotes G- growth. I am worried that I won’t be able to achieve isolation of separate colonies from the broth culture when I streak the plates. Viewed results of Gram stain with microscope under 100x oil immersion. Results of 1st Gram stain were inconclusive, so staining again with another slide. Many more cells on this slide. 2nd Gram stain = G- bacilli (rods), confirmed with Claudia. Decide to streak 2nd plate = MAC since I believe I have a G- bacteria. Day 2 – Achieved isolation on both TSA and MAC agar’s. Definite growth on MAC means I do have a G- bacteria. Will now perform a 2nd Gram stain from TSA plate to confirm Gram status; confirmed that it is G- . After looking at the chart, decided to try to narrow down options by doing an...
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...Associate Level Material Name Sci/162 Week 7 Foodborne Illness Date [pic]Hepatitis A ? What is the infectious agent (pathogen) that causes this infectious disease? For example, the name of the bacteria, virus, or parasite.[pic] There are several types of Hepatitis. Infectious hepatitis, which is commonly referred to as Hepatitis A, infects the liver via the virus of the same name. This is commonly spread through contamination from feces. The virus is transmitted among people through direct contact with an infected person and from improper hygiene. For example, if a kitchen worker uses the restroom and does not properly wash their hands and goes directly back to preparing food the virus can be passed on. Hepatitis is a Picornavirus which means the virus non-enveloped, single stranded enclosed in a protein shell. Although there are several genotypes, only 1 serotype exists. ? [pic]How is this infectious agent transmitted through food or water? Hepatitis A[pic] can be transmitted [pic]through[pic] water [pic]and[pic] food from preparing food anywhere, whether an individual is at a restaurant, home or a friend’s house. If an individual is prepping food and he or she is infected with the hepatitis A virus it can easily spread to the next individual. Food handlers that have hepatitis can contaminate the food and water or if the use the restroom and do not wash his or her hands well can also spread the disease. [pic]Usually this type of spread is limited to family members or their...
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...INTRODUCTION There are many reasons for knowing the identity of microorganisms. The reasons range from the knowing the causative agent of a disease in a patient, so as to know how it can be treated, to knowing the correct microorganism to be used for making certain foods or antibiotics. This study was done by applying all the methods that have been learned so far in the microbiology laboratory class for the identification of an unknown bacterium. MEDIA LIST Unknown Bacterium #5 Mannitol Salt Agar Plate DNA Agar Plate Blood Agar Plate RESULTS/ DATA The Unknown #5 had the following morphology after Gram staining and observed under a brightfiled microscope: purple color, spherical shape and clustered like grape. After determining that it was a Gram positive staphylococcus, it was inoculated on a MSA plate, Blood Agar, DNA agar and Catalase test was also performed to help figure out the staphylococcus type. The Table below lists all of the biochemical tests, their purpose and results. TEST PURPOSE REAGENTS OBSERVATIONS RESULTS Gram Stain To determine the Gram reaction of the bacterium Crystal violet, Iodine, Alcohol, Safranin Purple grape cluster arrangement cocci Gram Positive coccus Mannitol Salt Agar To determine the if the bacterium can tolerate high saline levels and grow If the bacterium can ferment mannitol None There was a full growth and the mannitol turned to yellow (acidic) Positive Blood Agar To determine if the bacterium can hemolysis...
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...An obligate aerobe is an organism that needs oxygen to develop or mature. The organism can be a plant, a virus or a bacterium. It can only live in the presence of oxygen. Contrary to a facultative aerobe, which can live with or without the presence of oxygen. If oxygen is available in the environment, it will use it to grow, if not it will still grow, but the development will not be as fast as if oxygen is present. Since a human skin was swabbed for S. Epidermis, a temperature of 37 degree Celsius is required for the growth. L. Acidophilus have a range of temperature but the ultimate one is 37 degree Celsius. If both tubes are put under a range of temperature, the highest being 37 degree Celsius, what would be observe at each temperature change. In addition to the previous, have a set of cap tube tight as to let know air in. What would be observed? Culture media can be found in different varieties of consistency and substance structure. There are three general forms of culture media: solid, semi-solid and liquid. The liquid form is usually refer to as broth. Culture media are nutrient preparations used to cultivate microorganisms such as bacteria. An agar is a jellylike substance obtained from a red alga and used especially in culture media or to give firmness to foods. An agar slant is used to preserve bacteria cultures. It is put in a tube with cap, that way it does not become dry easily. The tube is then place on a rack. The agar slant take less space compare...
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