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Microeconomics - Basics

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Economics

Firm: Organisation that brings together FOP (land, labour, capital, entrepreneurship) to product goods and services for sale

Industry: group of firms that produce a single g/s (or related)

Explicit costs: payment made to outside suppliers of inputs
e.g. salaries/wages, raw material, overhead costs

implicit costs: do not involve direct payment of money, sacrifice of some alternative
e.g. salary forgone/interest forgone (factors are already owned by firm)

accounting cost: explicit cost

economic costs → opportunity cost to society (explicit + implicit costs)

traditional objective = profit maximization

profit = revenues – cost.

Non traditional objectives
- received decent dividend
- maximize long term value of omapny
- maximize own utility: salary, status, power, professional excellence
- aim to maximize short run TR /LR TR
- maximize growth in sales volume

PRODUCTION IN THE SHORT RUN

To increase production of g/s, need to employ more FOP

Short run → time period over which there is at least 1 fixed factor. Cannot increase level of production by altering fixed factors. Variable factors can be increased in supply in SR

Long run → time period long enough for all FOP to be varied

Law of diminishing marginal returns
- as more units of a variable factor are applied to a given quantity of a fixed factor, there is a point beyond which the extra output from add. Units of factor will eventually diminish
- output will eventually increase by a smaller amt
- fixed factor will be used up
- overcrowding FOP due to worsening factor combination

FIXED COST
- even if output is 0
TOTAL FIXED COST
- sum of all COP that do not vary with level of output (overhead costs)
AVERAGE FIXED COST
- amt of fixed cost per unit o/p

TOTAL VARIABLE COST
- costs incurred for use of variable factors
- e.g. cost of

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