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Microeconomics Programme

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Ричард Фейнман

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Когда я учился в Массачусетском технологическом институте, я любил подшучивать над людьми. Однажды в кабинете черчения какой-то шутник поднял лекало (кусок пластмассы для рисования гладких кривых — забавно выглядящая штука в завитушках) и спросил: "Имеют ли кривые на этих штуках какую-либо формулу?" Я немного подумал и ответил: "Несомненно. Это такие специальные кривые. Дай-ка я покажу тебе. — Я взял свое лекало и начал его медленно поворачивать. — Лекало сделано так, что, независимо от того, как ты его повернешь, в наинизшей точке каждой кривой касательная горизонтальна". Все парни в кабинете начали крутить свои лекала под различными углами, подставляя карандаш к нижней точке и по-всякому прилаживая его. Несомненно, они обнаружили, что касательная горизонтальна. Все были крайне возбуждены этим открытием, хотя уже много прошли по математике и даже "выучили", что производная (касательная) в минимуме (нижней точке) для любой кривой равна нулю (горизонтальна). Они не совмещали эти факты. Они не знали даже того, что они уже "знали". Я плохо представляю, что происходит с людьми: они не учатся путем понимания. Они учатся каким-то другим способом — путем механического запоминания или как-то иначе. Их знания так хрупки! Эту шутку я повторил четыре года спустя в Принстоне, разговаривая с опытным физиком, ассистентом Эйнштейна, который все время работал с гравитацией. Я предложил ему такую задачу: Вы взлетаете в ракете с часами на борту, а другие часы остаются на Земле. Задача состоит в том, что Вы должны вернуться, когда по земным часам пройдет ровно один час. Кроме того, Вы хотите, чтобы Ваши часы за время полета ушли вперед как можно больше. Согласно Эйнштейну, если взлететь очень высоко, часы пойдут быстрее, потому что, чем выше находишься в гравитационном поле, тем быстрее идут часы. Однако если Вы попытаетесь лететь слишком быстро, а у Вас только час в запасе и Вы должны двигаться быстро, чтобы успеть вернуться, то ваши часы из-за большой скорости замедлятся. Поэтому Вы не можете лететь слишком высоко. Вопрос сводится к следующему: по какой программе должны меняться скорость и высота, чтобы обеспечить максимальный уход вперед ваших часов? Ассистент Эйнштейна довольно долго работал над этой задачей, прежде чем понял, что ответ -— это просто свободное движение материи. Если Вы выстрелите вверх так, что время, необходимое снаряду, чтобы пролететь и упасть, составляет ровно час, это и будет правильное движение. Это — фундаментальный принцип эйнштейновской гравитации, гласящий, что для свободного движения собственное время максимально. Но когда я поставил задачу в такой форме — ракета с часами, — физик не узнал этого закона. Все произошло так же, как с парнями в кабинете черчения, но на этот раз это не был оробевший новичок. Значит, такой вид непрочных знаний может быть достаточно распространенным даже у весьма образованных людей. Когда я был студентом, я обычно ходил есть в один ресторанчик в Бостоне. Я забредал туда один, часто по несколько вечеров подряд. Ко мне привыкли, и меня обслуживала одна и та же официантка. Я заметил, что официантки всегда спешат, носятся вокруг. Поэтому однажды, просто удовольствия ради, я оставил под двумя стаканами чаевые — обычные для тех дней десять центов, два пятицентовика. Я наполнил каждый стакан доверху, опустил монетку, накрыл плотным листком бумаги и перевернул, так что верхняя часть стакана оказалась на столе. Затем я вытащил бумагу (вода не вытекала, потому что воздух в стакан пройти не мог — ободок стакана плотно прилегал к столу). Я оставил чаевые под стаканами, потому что знал, что официантки всегда спешат. Если бы десятицентовик был в одном стакане, официантка, торопясь подготовить стол для других посетителей, перевернула бы стакан, вода вылилась бы, и на этом бы все кончилось. Но после того, как она все это проделает с первым стаканом, что, черт возьми, она будет делать со вторым? Не может же она взять и поднять его? Уходя, я сказал официантке: "Осторожно, Сью. Вы дали мне сегодня удивительные стаканы — у них донышко наверху, а дырка внизу!" На следующий день, когда я пришел, у меня уже была другая официантка. Моя обычная не хотела меня обслуживать. "Сью очень сердится на Вас, — сказала новая официантка. — После того, как она взяла первый стакан и всюду разлилась вода, она позвала хозяина. Они поразмышляли над этим немного, но не могли же они стоять весь день, раздумывая, что делать? Поэтому в конце концов они подняли и второй стакан, и вода опять разлилась по всему полу. Была ужасная грязь, а потом Сью поскользнулась в луже. Они безумно сердиты". Я засмеялся. Она сказала: "Вовсе не смешно! А как бы Вам понравилось, если бы с Вами так поступили? Что бы Вы делали?" — Я принес бы глубокую тарелку и медленно и осторожно двигал бы стакан к краю стола. Вода вылилась бы в тарелку — ей вовсе не обязательно вытекать на пол. Тогда я взял бы и монетку. — А, это хорошая идея, — сказала она. В этот вечер я оставил чаевые под кофейной чашкой, которую перевернул кверху дном. На следующий день меня опять обслуживала та же новая официантка. — Зачем Вы оставили вчера чашку перевернутой кверху дном? — Ну, я подумал, что, хотя Вы очень спешите, Вам придется пойти на кухню и взять тарелку. Затем Вы медленно и сосредоточенно подвинете чашку к краю стола... — Я так и сделала, — призналась она, — но воды там не было!

Сформулируйте проблему, над которой размышляет автор, в виде вопроса. Сформулируйте тезис, который отражает Ваш ответ на вопрос Фейнмана. Обоснуйте свою позицию письменно.

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