...CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Many people in developing countries neither have their own bank accounts nor are they able to take out loans, transfer money or insure their families against risks such as illness, accident or death. In most cases, access to these financial services that are so central to sustainable development are either denied or made very difficult. Consequently, people frequently have no choice but to resort to local moneylenders who charge usurious rates of interest or use informal and, therefore, insecure ways of performing transactions such as payments and money transfer. The above is reflected in the quotation by the past Secretary-General of the United Nations: ‘‘The stark reality is that most people in the world still lack access to sustainable financial services, whether it is savings, credit or insurance. The great challenge before us is to address the constraints that exclude people from full participation in the financial sector. Together, we can and must build inclusive financial sectors that help people improve their lives (United Nations, 1997).’’ With almost thirty per cent of the country's population living in poverty, the Government of Ghana clearly faces an enormous challenge to reduce poverty especially in the three northern savannah regions where there is the greatest concentration of poor people. To achieve rapid and sustainable reduction in poverty, it is necessary to have an integrated policy with the various...
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...AMRITA BUSINESS SCHOOL, BENGALURU | MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS | MARKET RESEARCH PROJECT | | | Contents LIST OF TABLES 2 INTRODUCTION 2 WHY MICROFINANCE? 3 MICRO FINANCE SERVICE PROVIDERS 4 THE EMERGENCE OF PRIVATE MICROFINANCE INDUSTRY 4 MICRO FINANCE IS ALL AROUND US 5 LITRETURE REVIEW 6 SUMMARY OF Y. H. MALEGAM COMMITTEE REPORT 2011 14 Why Malegam Committee Report was Set up? 15 Key recommendation 16 PROFIT AND NON PROFIT ORGANIZATION 21 Differences between for-profit MFI’s and non-profit MFI’s 23 For Profit MFI 23 Non Profit MFI 24 METHODOLOGY 25 CAPITAL STRUCTURE AND ASSET ALLOCATION 25 DEPTH AND BREADTH OF OUTREACH 27 EFFICIENCY 28 PRODUCTIVITY 29 QUALITY OF THE PORTFOLIO 31 ANALYSIS OF NUMBER OF ACTIVE BORROWERS 33 PROFITABILITY AND SUSTAINABILITY 35 CONCLUSION 36 REFERENCES 36 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Table of Comparision 12 Table 2 Comparison of Debt Equity Ratio 25 Table 3 Debt Equity Ratio 26 Table 4 Comparison of Depth and Breadth of MFIs for the year 2012 with 2010 27 Table 5 Comparison of Depth and Breadth of MFIs for the year 2011 with 2010 27 Table 6 Operating Expense / Loan Portfolio 28 Table 7 Industry Standard for Operating Expense / Loan Portfolio 29 Table 8 Productivity of MFI’s for the year 2010 29 Table 9 Productivity of MFI’s for the year 2011 30 Table 10 Industry standards for year 2010 30 Table 11 Quality of portfolio for the year 2010 31 Table...
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...State of Microfinance in Bangladesh Prepared for Institute of Microfinance (InM) As part of the project on State of Microfinance in SAARC Countries By Dewan A. H. Alamgir 2009 Disclaimer Any opinions expressed and policy suggestions proposed in the document are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect the views of Institute of Microfinance (InM). The report also does not represent the official stand of the Government of the countries studied. 2 | State of Microfinance in Bangladesh List of Acronyms ADB ASA BBS BDT BEES BIDS BKB BMDA BRAC BRDB BSBL CARB CBO CBN CDF CFPR CIDA COSOP CPD DANIDA DFID DOL DOF EC FSP FSS FY GB GDP GOB HCP HIES IBBL IFAD IGA IGVGD InM JC LGED ME MFMSP Asian Development Bank Bangladeshi NGO (formerly Association for Social Advancement) Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics Bangladesh Taka Bangladesh Extension Education Services Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies Bangladesh Krishi Bank Barind Multi-Purpose Development Authority Building Resources Across Communities (Largest NGO) [Formerly Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee] Bangladesh Rural Development Board Bangladesh Sanchya Bank Limited Center for Agricultural Research-Barind (a Bangladeshi MFI) Community Based Organization Cost-of-basic-needs Credit and Development Forum Challenging the Frontiers of Poverty Reduction Programme Canadian International Development Agency Country Strategic Opportunities Paper (of IFAD) Centre for Policy Dialogue Danish International...
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...A PROJECT ON MICRO FINANCE MANAGEMENT AND ITS ANALYSIS IN INDIA BANKING MANAGEMENT CONTENTS PAGE NO. 1. ABSTRACT 3 2. OBJECTIVE 3 3. METHODOLOGY 3 4. INTRODUCTION 4 5. EMERGENCE OF MICRO FINANCE 5 6. CLIENTS OF MICRO FINANCE 6 7. MICRO FINANCE NEED IN INDIA 6 8. MICRO FINANCING REGULATIONS IN INDIA 7 9. ACTIVITIES IN MICRO FINANCE 8 10. LEGAL REGULATIONS 9 11. GOVERNMENT ‘S ROLE IN SUPPORTING MICRO FINANCE 12 12. MICRO FINANCE SUPPORTING WOMEN 13 13. MICRO FINANCE MODELS 14 14. SUCCESS OF MICRO FINANCE IN INDIA ...
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...Microfinance From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. Please help improve this article to make it understandable to non-experts, without removing the technical details. The talk page may contain suggestions. (January 2010) Community-based savings bank in Cambodia. There are a rich variety of financial institutions which serve the poor. Microfinance is the provision of financial services to low-income clients or solidarity lending groups including consumers and the self-employed, who traditionally lack access to banking and related services. More broadly, it is a movement whose object is "a world in which as many poor and near-poor households as possible have permanent access to an appropriate range of high quality financial services, including not just credit but also savings, insurance, and fund transfers."[1] Those who promote microfinance generally believe that such access will help poor people out of poverty. Microfinance is a broad category of services, which includes microcredit. Microcredit is provision of credit services to poor clients. Although microcredit is one of the aspects of microfinance, conflation of the two terms is endemic in public discourse. Critics often attack microcredit while referring to it indiscriminately as either 'microcredit' or 'microfinance'. Due to the broad range of microfinance services, it is difficult to assess impact, and very few...
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...China Microfinance Industry Assessment Report By He Guangwen, Du Xiaoshan, Bai Chengyu, and Li Zhanwu China Association of Microfinance Feb. 17, 2009 This report has been jointly accomplished by Prof. He Guangwen, Director of Rural Finance and Investment Research Center of China Agricultural University (CAU), Prof. Du Xiaoshan, Deputy Director of Rural Development Institute of China Academy of Social Sciences (CASS) and Chairman of Board of Directors of China Association of Microfinance (CAM), Mr. Bai Chengyu, Director of Division III of China International Centre for Economic and Technical Exchange (CICETE) and Secretary General of CAM with the support of the Network Strengthening Program (NSP) of CAM. Mr. Li Zhanwu, Division Director of Ministry of Human Resource and Social Security, Dr. Li Lili of Henan University of Finance and Economics, Dr. Zhang Zhengping, Associate Professor of Beijing Technology and Business University, Dr. Yang Jing of Beijing Material College, and Li Yaning, Yang Lu and Wang Dan from CAU have also joined the research work. Besides, this report has obtained the guidance and assistance from Ms. Wang Dan, Managing Deputy Secretary General of CAM, and the experts of SEEP. Mrs. Wang Li, President of Social Responsibility Department of Citi China has provided strong administrative and professional support. Hereby, special thanks should be given to the above fellows. For more information, pls contact Prof. He Guangwen at heguangwen@sina.com 1 ...
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...Why are some Microfinance Institutions not sustainable Ghana Christian University College SDM 201222101014 Introduction to Microfinance Mr. Sam Quin Word Count: 1273 Nov. 11, 2014 Table of Content Pg Introduction 3 Definition of Terms 3 Sustainability of Microfinance Institutions 4 Why some Microfinance are not sustainable Solution Evaluation Conclusion References Introduction Microfinance has existed in various forms for centuries, and even longer in Asia, where informal lending and borrowing stretches back for several thousand years. However, the birth of ‘modern’ microfinance is said to have occurred in the mid 1970s in rural Bangladesh. There, in the midst of a famine, Dr. Muhammad Yunus, professor of economics at the University of Chittagong, was becoming disillusioned with the abstract theories of economics that failed to explain why so many poor people were starving in Bangladesh (Jacques, 2010). Dr. Muhammad Yunus saw this challenge, determined to find a practical solution he lend money with zero interest, and Grameen Bank Project was born, it grew rapidly with more than six million borrowers as at 2006. Inspired by the success of the Grameen Bank, the 1970s and 80s saw rapid growth in the number of new micro-finance institutions appearing around the world, many of them started by NGOs and funded by grants...
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...Spandana Case Study: An Analysis This essay is based on the first randomized Impact evaluation of Microfinance. Section 1 explains the methodology of the study, Section 2 presents the data analysis and results, Section 3 presents the Caveats to be considered while interpresting the results, Section 4 presents some conclusions derived from the study and Section 5 talks about how some of the problems identified with respect to MFIs can be addressed. In a paper named “Miracle of Microfinance: Evidence from a randomized evaluation”, Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo, Rachel Glennerster and Cynthia Kinnan analyze the first randomized evaluation of the impact of introducing the standard microcredit group-based lending product in a new market. This study also follows the households over the longest period of any evaluation (three to 3.5 years after the introduction of the program in their areas) to trap impacts not only in the short run but also over the medium run. The results of this study compel us to think about the functional difference that the microfinance initiatives are making in the target community and whether it’s time to address this sphere of developmental finance with less fancy and more caution. SECTION 1: METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY CONSTRUCTION OF THE RCT Baseline Survey A baseline neighbourhood survey (2005) was conducted to assess baseline conditions such as household composition, education, employment, asset ownership, expenditure, borrowing, saving, and any businesses...
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...The introduction of microfinance banks in Nigeria is the inability of Nigerian Deposit Money Banks to provide sufficient financial service to the rural poor. Microfinance banks have taken up the challenges of the gap created by the Nigerian Deposit Money Banks. Microfinance banks can be seen as an economic growth method intended to advantage the low income part of a given country like Nigeria, both rural poor and urban poor. Since the advent of microfinance banking in Bangladesh in the mid 1970’s, several countries have copied this financing model. The Nigerian governments over the years have had to grapple with poverty and unemployment. The realization that many of these poor and/or unemployed persons are not without skills, ideas and willingness to work, must have propelled the government to make finance accessible to them The seeming popularity of this model among developing countries is predicated on poverty reduction prospect it offers. The Nigerian government cued into this popular thinking in 2005 when it inaugurated the microfinance banking scheme. This was founded to provide finance to economically active poor excluded from financing by conventional banks, provide employment, engender rural development and reduce poverty. This paper theoretically examines the impact of this institutions to Nigeria as a country. International Journal of Finance and Accounting Concept of Microfinance Microfinance pertain to the lending...
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...article “Microfinance and the Illusion of Development” by Bateman and Chang argue about how microfinance most often makes things worse. Microfinance is about small loan, microloan, which is used by poor people to support income for activities in daily life. The contemporary model of microfinance first experimented in Bangladesh by Dr. Muhammad Yunus. The assumption appeal of microfinance is to help poor people exit from their poverty life, establish a sustainable economic and social development trajectory. However, Bateman and Chang reject this view of microfinance. They said that microfinance creates a powerful institutional and political barrier to sustainable economic and social development, and also poverty reduction. There are six ways that microfinance model is such an adverse impact on both the local community level and national economy level. First, they argue that microfinance model ignores the crucial role of scale economies. Microfinance produces microenterprises which enterprises and agricultural units that are very small and always operate below minimum efficient scale. All enterprise sectors operate below the minimum level makes it impossible for any enterprise to survive and prosper in a competitive business environment. Africa has the highest number of micro-entrepreneurs per capita in the world, and the supply of microfinance is increasing rapidly year by year. However, Africa still remains stay in poverty precisely because the increasingly microfinance-dominant...
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...population in particular 3 2.1 A brief look at the competition: Usury and quick loans in Hungary 7 3. Description of Hungarian microfinance project 11 4. Risk analysis of micro-lending institution and its operations for disadvantaged groups as designed under the Micro-credit program for disadvantaged groups in Hungary and mitigation guidelines 12 4.1 Institution Related 13 4.2 Target Group Related 14 4.3 Product Related 15 4.4 Loan Process 21 4.5 Delinquency and Defaults 27 5. A set of indicators for risk monitoring and portfolio management 30 6. Conclusions and Recommendations 30 Table 1. Risk Areas and Mitigation Approaches 32 Table 2. Characteristics of Client Economic Activities 36 Table 3. Product Specification Sheet: Credit Product 38 Table 4. Loan Analysis Form 39 Table 5. Financial Statements With Loan Loss Provision and Reserve 42 Table 6. Portfolio Management Indicators 43 1. Executive summary This report has been commissioned by the UNDP, Project Nr. 00042644 “Micro-credit programme for disadvantaged groups in Hungary – with a special focus on the Roma population”. The project is in the start-up phase and undertakes to provide financial services to the Roma population in selected locations in Hungary. The initiative follows the footsteps of more or less successful Roma microfinance schemes in Bulgaria, Slovakia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia and...
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...MP A R Munich Personal RePEc Archive Attracting Microfinance Investment Funds: Promoting Microfinance Growth through Increased Investments in Kenya Jeffrey Ben Matu Duke University, International Development Program 18. April 2008 Online at http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12084/ MPRA Paper No. 12084, posted 12. December 2008 17:42 UTC Attracting Microfinance Investment Funds: Promoting Microfinance Growth Through Increased Investments in Kenya Master’s Project Master of Arts in International Development Policy Terry Sanford Institute of Public Policy Duke University Jeffrey Ben Matu Principal Policy Advisor Dr. Graham Glenday April 18, 2008 Acknowledgements This paper could not have been written without Dr. Graham Glenday who not only served as my policy advisor, but also encouraged and challenged me to do my best. I would also like to thank my other committee members; Dr. Cory Krupp and Dr. Rosemary Fernholz for patiently guiding me through the writing process and for their suggestions and continued support. To my family and friends, I thank you for your encouragement with reading and commenting on the paper. And to my wife Sharon, for believing in me and encouraging me to never accept less than my best efforts. Finally I would like to thank Jennefer Sebstad, Leila Webster, Stefan Staschen, and Jerry Grossman for reading and making comments on my drafts. Thank you all. 2 Table of Contents List of Acronyms…………………………….…………………………………………….……………………...
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...Sustainable Microentrepreneurship: The Roles of Microfinance, Entrepreneurship and Sustainability in Reducing Poverty in Developing Countries GUY VINCENT CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. THE RELATIONASHIPS BETWEEN MICROFINANCE, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SUSTAINABILITY IN REDUCING POVERTY IN LDCS 2.1. THE ROLE OF MICROFINANCE IN REDUCING POVERTY IN LDCS 2.2. THE ROLE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN REDUCING POVERTY IN LDCS 2.3. THE ROLE OF SUSTAINABILITY IN REDUCING POVERTY IN LDCS 3. SUCCESSFUL CASE STUDIES OF MICROFINANCE, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND MICROFINANCE IN REDUCING POVERTY IN LDCS 4. EFFECTS OF SUSTAINABLE MICROENTREPRENUERSHIP ON LDCS 5. CONCLUSION 6. REFERENCES 1. INTRODUCTION About 90 percent of the people in developing countries lack access to financial services from institutions, either for credit or savings1, which further fuels the “Vicious Cycle of Poverty” (refer to Fig. 1). If the people of LDCs have a limited capacity to invest in capital, productivity is restricted, incomes are inhibited, domestic savings remain low, and again, any increases in productivity are prevented. A lack of access to financial institutions also hinders the ability for entrepreneurs in LDCs to engage in new business ventures, inhibiting economic growth, and often, the sources and consequences of entrepreneurial activities are neither financially nor environmentally sustainable (existing for continuing future use). Microfinance serves as a means to empower the poor, and provides a...
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...Freedom (2009), and the recipient of 26 honorary doctorate degrees and more than sixty other special awards. There is little to no doubt that the man is accomplished, hailed as the father of microcredit and a pioneer of microfinance. However, his success lies in something seemingly marginal and that much more brilliant, which distinguishes him as an intellectual and a thinker worthy of a place on the thinkers.com top 50 list. The idea of microcredit was first brought to light by Dr. Akhtar Hameed Khan (founder of the Pakistan (now Bangladesh) Academy for Rural Development). Yunus, a follower of Dr. Khan’s work, sought to implement the concept as a unique social business model aiming to eradicate poverty, starting with Bangladesh. With banks refusing to provide loans to ‘high-risk’ markets, Yunus felt that the poor were left at a disadvantage, unable to escape the grip of poverty. “To Muhammad Yunus, micro-credit must be seen as an action for the promotion of the entrepreneurial capacity of disadvantaged families, elimination of informal markets, creation of income and well-being for citizens.” (Microfinance Africa) As such, he set out to establish the Grameen Bank. The Grameen Bank seeks to improve the lives of the poor by providing access to microfinance and technology. The foundation...
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...Urban Microfinance 9 5. Financial Inclusion in India 11 6. Microfinance as an Anti-Poverty Vaccine 15 7. Transformation of Microfinance in India 19 8. Scaling up Microfinance 22 9. Microfinance in India - A Tool For Poverty Reduction 26 10. SWOT Analysis of Microfinance 29 11. Delivery Models of Microfinance 32 12. Interest Rates in MFIs and prevailing trends 36 13. Scope of further study 42 14. Conclusion 44 15. Bibliography 46 OBJECTIVE OF THIS PROJECT WORK This project work tries to outline the prevailing condition of the Microfinance in India in the light of its emergence till now. Microfinance refers to small savings, credit and insurance services extended to socially and economically disadvantaged segments of society. It is emerging as a powerful tool for poverty alleviation in India. The prospect of Micro-Finance is dominated by SHGs (Self Help Groups) - Banks linkage Program. Its main aim is to provide a cost effective mechanism for providing financial services to the poor. To understand the transformation experiences better, the issues that trigger transformation were identified viz.: size, diversity of services, financial sustainability and focus. It is argued that the transformation experiences in India are not large in number. However, I found that there are three forms of organizations that seem to be popular in the microfinance sector...
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